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Reducing of Egg Cholesterol Content with Non-Nutritive Factors and Pharmacological Agents

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 2008 Sayı: 1, 87 - 93, 01.06.2008

Öz

Recent developments in poultry nutrition focused on researches about diet with various nutrients, natural products, non-nutritive factors or pharmacological agents as well as genetic selection to reduce egg cholesterol content. In this article, the information about non-nutritive dietary factors and pharmacological compounds as egg cholesterol-lowering agents will be given.

Kaynakça

  • Aslan, R., Dundar, Y., Eryavuz, A., Bulbul, A., Kucukurt, I., Fidan, A.F., and Akıncı, Z., 2005. Effects of Various Quantities of Yucca Schidigera Powder (Deodorase) Added to Diets on the Performance, Some Hematological and Biochemical Blood Parameters and Total Antioxidant Capacity of Laying Hens. Revue Med. Vet., 156 (6):350-355.
  • Beyer, R.S., and Jensen, L.S., 1991. Influence of Orotic Acid on Performance, Liver Lipid Content and Egg Cholesterol Level of Laying Hens. Poult. Sci., 70(11):2322-2328.
  • Birrenkott, G., Brockenfelt, G.E., Owens, M., and Halpin,E., 2000. Yolk and Blood Cholesterol Levels and Organoleptic Assessment of Eggs from Hens fed a Garlic-Supplemented Diet. Poult. Sci., 79: (Suppl 1.):75. (Abstr.).
  • Bocan, T.M.A., Mueller, S.B., Uhlendorf, P.P., Newton, R.S., and Krause, B.R., 1991. Comparison of CI-976 and ACAT Inhibitor and Selected Lipid-Lowering Agents for Antiatherosclerotic Activity in Iliacfemoral and Thoracic Aortic Lesions. A Biochemical, Morphological and Morphometric Evaluation. Atheriosclerosis and Thrombosis, 11:1830-1843.
  • Burgess, T.L., Burgess, C.L., and Wilson, J.D., 1962. Effect of MER-29 on Egg Production in the Chicken. Proc. of the Society for Exper. Biol. and Medic., 109:218-221.
  • Cecil, H.C., Bitman, J., Svoboda, J.A., and Thompson, M.J., 1981. Effects of Branched and Straight Chain Amines and Azasteroids on Blood and Egg Cholesterol of White Leghorn Chickens. Poult. Sci., 60:795-804.
  • Ceylan, N., Yenice, E., Gökçeyrek, D., ve Tuncer, E., 1999. İnsan Beslenmesinde Daha Sağlıklı Yumurta Üretimi Yönünde Kanatlı Besleme Çalışmaları. VIV Poultry YUTAV’99. Uluslararası Tavukçuluk Fuarı ve Konferansı 3-6/06/1999, İstanbul/Türkiye, 300-307.
  • Cheng, C.Y., and Hsu, M., 1997. Effects of Dietary Chromium on Egg Yolk Cholesterol Level. Department of Animal Production Technology,National Pingfung Politecnich Institute Taiwan, 91027 R.O.C. Presentedat AAAp.
  • Chowdhury, S.R., Chowdhury, S.D., and Smith, T.K., 2002. Effects of Dietary Garlic on Cholesterol Metabolism in Laying Hens. Poult. Sci., 81:1856-1862.
  • Clarenburg, R., Chung, I.A.K., and Wakefield, L.M., 1971. Reducing the Egg Cholesterol Level by Including Emulsified Sitosterol in Standard Chicken Diet. J. Nutr., 101:289-298.
  • Cohen, J., 2002. Tribasic Copper Concentration of Eggs and Tissues. Poult. Sci., 55(3):1077-1083.
  • Dam, R., Labate, M.E., Tam, S.W., and Cuervo-Torres, C., 1979. Effects of Diazacholesterol, Triparanol and β-Sitosterol on Egg Cholesterol Deposition in Coturnix Quail. Poult. Sci., 58: 985-987.
  • De Jong, A., Plat, J., and Mensink, R.P., 2003. Metabolic Effects of Plant Sterols and Stanols (Review). J. of Nutr. Biochem., 14:362-369.
  • DeSchijer, R., 1995. Lipid Composition of Egg Yolk and Blood Plasma as Influenced by Dietary Clenbuterol and Cholesterol. INFORM, 6(4):472.
  • Elkin, R.G., Freed, M.B., Kieft, K.A., and Newton, R.S., 1993a. Alteration of Egg Yolk Cholesterol Content and Plasma Lipoprotein Profiles Following Administration of a Totally Synthetic HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor to Laying Hens. J. of Agric. and Food Chem., 41:1094-1101.
  • Elkin, R.G., Yan, Z., Zhong, Y., Donkin, S.S., Buhman, K.K., Story, J.A., Turek, J.J., Porter, R.E., Anderson, M., Homan, R., and Newton, R.S., 1999. Select 3-Hyroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzim A Reductase Inhibitors Vary in their Ability to Reduce Egg Yolk Cholesterol Levels in Laying Hens through Alteration of Hepatic Cholesterol Biosynthesis and VLDL Composition. J. of Nutr., 129:1010-1019.
  • Elkin, R.G., 2007. Reducing Shell Egg Cholestrol Content. II. Review of Approaches Utilizing Non-Nutritive Dietary Factors or Pharmacological Agents and an Examination of Emerging Strategies. World’s Poult. Sci. J., 63:5-23.
  • Endo, A., 1980. Biological and Biochemical Aspects of ML-236B (Compactin) and Monacolin K, Specific Competitive Inhibitors of 3-Hydroxy 3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase. Pages 152-155 in Atherosclerosis V, Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Gotto AM, Smith LC and Allen B. (ed.) Springer-Verlag, New York.
  • Francis, G., Kerem, Z., Makkar, H.P.S., and Becker, K., 2002. The Biological Action of Saponins in Animal Systems: A Review. Br. J. Nutr., 88:587-605.
  • Furuse, M., Nakajima, S.L., Nakagawa, J., Shimizu, T., and Okumura, J.L., 1990. Regulation of Lipid Metabolism by Dietary Sorbose in Laying Hens. Poult. Sci., 69:1508-1512.
  • Han, L.K., Xu, B.J., Kimura, Y., Zheng, Y.N., and Okuda, H., 2000. Platycodi Radix Affects Lipid Metabolism in Mice with High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity. J. Nutr., 130:2760-2764.
  • Hargis, P.S., 1988. Modifying Egg Yolk Cholesterol in the Domestic Fowl: A Review. World’s Poult. Sci. J., 36:429-454.
  • Hebert, J.A., and Achee, V.N., 1993. Comparison of Fibrate Drugs on Cholesterol in Laying Hens. FASEB J., 7:567 (Abstr.).
  • Hunninghake, D.B., 1988. Clinical Trials of Lovastatin and Simvastatin Versus Cholestyramine. Atherosclerosis Reviews, 18:133-138.
  • Kim, J.H., Hong, S.T., Lee, H.S., and Kim, H.J., 2004. Oral Administration of Pravastatin Reduces Egg Cholesterol But Not Plasma Cholesterol in Laying Hens. Poult. Sci., 83:1539-143.
  • Kutlu, H.R., Gorgulu, M., and Unsal, I., 2001. Effects of Dietary Yucca Schidigera Powder on Performance and Egg Cholesterol Content of Laying Hens. J Appl. Anim. Res., 20:49-56.
  • Lien, T.F., Chen, S.Y., Shiau, S.P., Froman, D.P., and Hu, C.Y., 1996a. Chromium Picolinate Reduces Laying Hen Serum and Egg Yolk Cholesterol. The Professional Anim. Scientist, 12:77-80.
  • Lin, X., and Lin, F., 1997. Effects of Organic Chromium on Reduction of Yolk Cholesterol and Alleviation of Heat Stress in Laying Hens. Fujlan Agric. Univ., PRC.
  • Luhman, C.M., Miller, B.G., and Beitz, D.C., 1990. The Effect of Feeding Lovastatin and Colestipol on Production and Cholesterol Content of Eggs. Poult. Sci., 69:852-855.
  • Mahdavi, A.H., Rahmani, H.R., and Pourreza, J., 2005. Effect of Probiotic Supplements on Egg Quality and Laying Hens Performance. Int. J. of Poult. Sci., 4(7):488-492.
  • McCarty, M.F., 1991. The Case for Supplemental Chromium and a Survey of Clinical Studies with Chromium Picolinate. J of Appl. Nutr., 43:589.
  • McGonigle, K.E.M., and McCRacken, K.J., 2002. Study on the Effects of Annatto (Bixa orellana) and Yucca Schidigera on Cholesterol Content and Yolk Colour. J. Poult. Sci., 43:41-42.
  • McNaughton, J.L., 1978. Effect of Dietary Fiber on Egg Yolk, Liver and Plasma Cholesterol Concentrations of the Laying Hen. J. Nutr., 108:1842-1848.
  • Mersmann, H.J., 1998. Overview of the Effects of β-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists on Animal Growth Including Mechanisms of Action. J. of Anim. Sci., 76:160-172.
  • Mital, B.K., and Garg, S.K., 1995. Anticarcinogenic, Hypocholesterolemic and Antagonistic Activities of Lactobacillus Acidophilus. Crit. Rev. Microbial., 21(3):175-214.
  • Miyazaki, A., Sakai, M., Sakamoto, Y., and Horiuchi, S., 2003. Acyl-Coenzyme A: Cholesterol Acyltransferase Inhibitors for Controlling Hypercholesterolemia and Atherosclerosis. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs, 4: 1095-1099.
  • Mori, A.V., Mendonca, C.X., and Santos, C.O.F., 1999. Effect of Dietary Lipid-Lowering Drugs upon Plasma Lipids and Egg Yolk Cholesterol Levels of Laying Hens. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47:4731-4735.
  • Naber, E.C., 1976. The Cholesterol Problem, the Egg and Lipid Metabolism in the Laying Hen. Poult. Sci., 55:14-30.
  • Naber, E.C., Elliott, J.F., and Smith, T.L., 1982. Effect of Probucol on Reproductive Performance, Egg Yolk Cholesterol Content and Lipid Metabolism in the Laying Hen. Poult. Sci., 61:1118-1124.
  • Naber, E.C., 1990. Cholesterol Content of Eggs: Can and Should It Be Changed? Feedstuffs, 62(5):1,47,50-52.
  • Nakaue, H.S., Lowry, R.R., Cheeke, P.R., and Arscott, G.H., 1980. The Effect of Dietary Alfalfa or Varying Saponin Content on Yolk Cholesterol Level and Layer Performance. Poult. Sci., 59:2744-2748.
  • Nelson, S.J., Clegg, R.E., and Sanford, P.E., 1962. The Effect of Triparanol on Calcium and Cholesterol Levels in the Blood Sera of Laying Hens. Poult. Sci., 41:664-668.
  • Nishioka, T., Hyogo, H., Numata, Y., Yamaguchi, A., Kobuke, T., Komichi, D., Nonaka, M., Inoue, M., Nebashima, Y., Ogi, M., Iwamoto, K., Ishitobi, T., Ajima, T., Choyoma, K., and Tazuma, S., 2005. A Nuclear Receptor-Mediated Choleretic Action of Fibrates is Associated with Enhanced Canalicular Membrane Fluidity and Transporter Activity Mediating Bile Acid-Independent Bile Secretion. J. of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 12:211-217.
  • Oakenfull, D.G., and Sidhu, G.S., 1990. Could Saponins be a Useful Treatment for Hypercholesterolemia? European J Clin. Nutr., 44:79-88.
  • Page, T.G., 1991. Chromium, Trytophan and Picolinate in Diets for Pigs and Poultry PhD Dissertation. Lousiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA.
  • Panda, A.K., Reddy, M.R., Rama Rao, S.V., and Praharaj N.K., 2003. Production Performance, Serum/Yolk Cholesterol and Immune Competence of White Leghorn Layers as Influenced by Dietary Supplementation with Probiotic. Tropical Anim. Health and Prod., 35(1):85-94.
  • Pesti, G.M., and Bakalli, R.I., 1998. Studies on the Effect of Feeding Cupric Sulfate Pentahydrate to Laying Hens on Egg Cholesterol Content. Poult. Sci., 77:1540-1545.
  • Press, R.I., Geller, J., and Evans, G.W., 1990. The Effects of Chromium on Serum Cholesterol and Alleviation of Heat Stress in Laying Hens. Fujian Agric. Univ., PRC.
  • Reddy, R.V., Lightsey, S.F., and Maurice, D.V., 1991. Research Note: Effect of Feeding Garlic Oil on Performance and Egg Yolk Cholesterol Concentration. Poult. Sci., 70:2006-2009.
  • Scholtyssek, S., 1992. Fütterungseinflüsse auf den Cholesterin Gehalt im Ei: International Tagung, Schweine und Geflügelernahrung, 1-3/12/1992.
  • Sharma, R.K., Singh, R.A., Pal, R.N., and Agarwal, C.K., 1979. Cholesterol Content of Chicken Egg as Affected by Feeding Garlic, Sarpaganda and Nicotinic Acid. Agric. Univ. J. Res., 9:263-265.
  • Sim, J.S., and Bragg, D.B., 1977. Effect of Dietary Factors on Serum and Egg Yolk Cholesterol Levels of Laying Hens. Poult. Sci., 56:1616-1621.
  • Singh, R.A., 1972. Effects of D-Thyroxine and Nicotinic Acid on Cholesterol Metabolism of Laying Hens. Indian J. of Anim. Sci., 42:433-435.
  • Staels, B., Dallongeville, J., Auwerx, J., Schoonjans, K., Leitersdorf, E., and Fruchart, J.C., 1998. Mechanism of Action of Fibrates on Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism. Circulation, 98:2088-2093.
  • Turner, S.W., Jungbluth, G.L., and Knuth, D.W., 2002. Effect of Concomitant Colestipol Hydrochloride Administration on the Bioavailability of Diltiazem from Immediate- and Sustained-Release Formulations. Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition, 23:369-377. USDA, 2002. Agricultural Statistics. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
  • Waldroup, P.W., Ndife, L.I., Hellwig, H.M., Hebert, J.A., and Berrio, L. 1986. Influence of Probucol (4,4’isopropylidine dithio)-bis (2,6-di-t-butyl-phenol) on Egg Yolk Cholesterol Content and Performance of Laying Hens. Poult. Sci., 65:1949-1954.
  • Wang, J.J., and Pan, T.M., 2003. Effect of Red Mold Rice Supplements on Serum and Egg Yolk Cholesterol Levels of Laying Hens. J. of Agric. and Food Chem., 51:4824-4829.
  • Weggemans, R.M., Zock, P.L., and Katan, M.B., 2001. Dietary Cholesterol from Eggs Increases the Ratio of Total Cholesterol to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Humans: A Metaanalysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73:885-891.
  • Weiss, F.G., and Scott, M.L., 1979. Effects of Dietary Fiber, Fat and Total Energy upon Plasma Cholesterol and Other Parameters in Chickens. J. Nutr., 109:693-701.
  • Wu, H., Dwyer, K.M., Fan, Z., Shircore, A., Fan, J., and Dwyer, J.H., 2003. Dietary Fiber and Progression of Atherosclerisis: The Los Angeles Atheroschlerosis Study. Amer. J. of Clin. Nutr., 78:1085-1091.

Yumurta Kolesterol İçeriğinin Besinsel Olmayan Rasyon Faktörleriyle ve İlaçlarla Azaltılması

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 2008 Sayı: 1, 87 - 93, 01.06.2008

Öz

Kanatlı hayvan beslemedeki son gelişmeler, yumurtanın kolesterol içeriğinin genetik seleksiyonun yanı sıra rasyondaki çeşitli besin maddeleriyle, doğal ürünlerle, besinsel olmayan faktörlerle veya ilaçlarla azaltılması yönündeki çalışmalar üzerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Bu makalede, yumurta kolesterolünü düşürücü etkenler olarak; besinsel olmayan rasyon faktörleri ve ilaçlar hakkında bilgi verilecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Aslan, R., Dundar, Y., Eryavuz, A., Bulbul, A., Kucukurt, I., Fidan, A.F., and Akıncı, Z., 2005. Effects of Various Quantities of Yucca Schidigera Powder (Deodorase) Added to Diets on the Performance, Some Hematological and Biochemical Blood Parameters and Total Antioxidant Capacity of Laying Hens. Revue Med. Vet., 156 (6):350-355.
  • Beyer, R.S., and Jensen, L.S., 1991. Influence of Orotic Acid on Performance, Liver Lipid Content and Egg Cholesterol Level of Laying Hens. Poult. Sci., 70(11):2322-2328.
  • Birrenkott, G., Brockenfelt, G.E., Owens, M., and Halpin,E., 2000. Yolk and Blood Cholesterol Levels and Organoleptic Assessment of Eggs from Hens fed a Garlic-Supplemented Diet. Poult. Sci., 79: (Suppl 1.):75. (Abstr.).
  • Bocan, T.M.A., Mueller, S.B., Uhlendorf, P.P., Newton, R.S., and Krause, B.R., 1991. Comparison of CI-976 and ACAT Inhibitor and Selected Lipid-Lowering Agents for Antiatherosclerotic Activity in Iliacfemoral and Thoracic Aortic Lesions. A Biochemical, Morphological and Morphometric Evaluation. Atheriosclerosis and Thrombosis, 11:1830-1843.
  • Burgess, T.L., Burgess, C.L., and Wilson, J.D., 1962. Effect of MER-29 on Egg Production in the Chicken. Proc. of the Society for Exper. Biol. and Medic., 109:218-221.
  • Cecil, H.C., Bitman, J., Svoboda, J.A., and Thompson, M.J., 1981. Effects of Branched and Straight Chain Amines and Azasteroids on Blood and Egg Cholesterol of White Leghorn Chickens. Poult. Sci., 60:795-804.
  • Ceylan, N., Yenice, E., Gökçeyrek, D., ve Tuncer, E., 1999. İnsan Beslenmesinde Daha Sağlıklı Yumurta Üretimi Yönünde Kanatlı Besleme Çalışmaları. VIV Poultry YUTAV’99. Uluslararası Tavukçuluk Fuarı ve Konferansı 3-6/06/1999, İstanbul/Türkiye, 300-307.
  • Cheng, C.Y., and Hsu, M., 1997. Effects of Dietary Chromium on Egg Yolk Cholesterol Level. Department of Animal Production Technology,National Pingfung Politecnich Institute Taiwan, 91027 R.O.C. Presentedat AAAp.
  • Chowdhury, S.R., Chowdhury, S.D., and Smith, T.K., 2002. Effects of Dietary Garlic on Cholesterol Metabolism in Laying Hens. Poult. Sci., 81:1856-1862.
  • Clarenburg, R., Chung, I.A.K., and Wakefield, L.M., 1971. Reducing the Egg Cholesterol Level by Including Emulsified Sitosterol in Standard Chicken Diet. J. Nutr., 101:289-298.
  • Cohen, J., 2002. Tribasic Copper Concentration of Eggs and Tissues. Poult. Sci., 55(3):1077-1083.
  • Dam, R., Labate, M.E., Tam, S.W., and Cuervo-Torres, C., 1979. Effects of Diazacholesterol, Triparanol and β-Sitosterol on Egg Cholesterol Deposition in Coturnix Quail. Poult. Sci., 58: 985-987.
  • De Jong, A., Plat, J., and Mensink, R.P., 2003. Metabolic Effects of Plant Sterols and Stanols (Review). J. of Nutr. Biochem., 14:362-369.
  • DeSchijer, R., 1995. Lipid Composition of Egg Yolk and Blood Plasma as Influenced by Dietary Clenbuterol and Cholesterol. INFORM, 6(4):472.
  • Elkin, R.G., Freed, M.B., Kieft, K.A., and Newton, R.S., 1993a. Alteration of Egg Yolk Cholesterol Content and Plasma Lipoprotein Profiles Following Administration of a Totally Synthetic HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitor to Laying Hens. J. of Agric. and Food Chem., 41:1094-1101.
  • Elkin, R.G., Yan, Z., Zhong, Y., Donkin, S.S., Buhman, K.K., Story, J.A., Turek, J.J., Porter, R.E., Anderson, M., Homan, R., and Newton, R.S., 1999. Select 3-Hyroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzim A Reductase Inhibitors Vary in their Ability to Reduce Egg Yolk Cholesterol Levels in Laying Hens through Alteration of Hepatic Cholesterol Biosynthesis and VLDL Composition. J. of Nutr., 129:1010-1019.
  • Elkin, R.G., 2007. Reducing Shell Egg Cholestrol Content. II. Review of Approaches Utilizing Non-Nutritive Dietary Factors or Pharmacological Agents and an Examination of Emerging Strategies. World’s Poult. Sci. J., 63:5-23.
  • Endo, A., 1980. Biological and Biochemical Aspects of ML-236B (Compactin) and Monacolin K, Specific Competitive Inhibitors of 3-Hydroxy 3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase. Pages 152-155 in Atherosclerosis V, Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium. Gotto AM, Smith LC and Allen B. (ed.) Springer-Verlag, New York.
  • Francis, G., Kerem, Z., Makkar, H.P.S., and Becker, K., 2002. The Biological Action of Saponins in Animal Systems: A Review. Br. J. Nutr., 88:587-605.
  • Furuse, M., Nakajima, S.L., Nakagawa, J., Shimizu, T., and Okumura, J.L., 1990. Regulation of Lipid Metabolism by Dietary Sorbose in Laying Hens. Poult. Sci., 69:1508-1512.
  • Han, L.K., Xu, B.J., Kimura, Y., Zheng, Y.N., and Okuda, H., 2000. Platycodi Radix Affects Lipid Metabolism in Mice with High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity. J. Nutr., 130:2760-2764.
  • Hargis, P.S., 1988. Modifying Egg Yolk Cholesterol in the Domestic Fowl: A Review. World’s Poult. Sci. J., 36:429-454.
  • Hebert, J.A., and Achee, V.N., 1993. Comparison of Fibrate Drugs on Cholesterol in Laying Hens. FASEB J., 7:567 (Abstr.).
  • Hunninghake, D.B., 1988. Clinical Trials of Lovastatin and Simvastatin Versus Cholestyramine. Atherosclerosis Reviews, 18:133-138.
  • Kim, J.H., Hong, S.T., Lee, H.S., and Kim, H.J., 2004. Oral Administration of Pravastatin Reduces Egg Cholesterol But Not Plasma Cholesterol in Laying Hens. Poult. Sci., 83:1539-143.
  • Kutlu, H.R., Gorgulu, M., and Unsal, I., 2001. Effects of Dietary Yucca Schidigera Powder on Performance and Egg Cholesterol Content of Laying Hens. J Appl. Anim. Res., 20:49-56.
  • Lien, T.F., Chen, S.Y., Shiau, S.P., Froman, D.P., and Hu, C.Y., 1996a. Chromium Picolinate Reduces Laying Hen Serum and Egg Yolk Cholesterol. The Professional Anim. Scientist, 12:77-80.
  • Lin, X., and Lin, F., 1997. Effects of Organic Chromium on Reduction of Yolk Cholesterol and Alleviation of Heat Stress in Laying Hens. Fujlan Agric. Univ., PRC.
  • Luhman, C.M., Miller, B.G., and Beitz, D.C., 1990. The Effect of Feeding Lovastatin and Colestipol on Production and Cholesterol Content of Eggs. Poult. Sci., 69:852-855.
  • Mahdavi, A.H., Rahmani, H.R., and Pourreza, J., 2005. Effect of Probiotic Supplements on Egg Quality and Laying Hens Performance. Int. J. of Poult. Sci., 4(7):488-492.
  • McCarty, M.F., 1991. The Case for Supplemental Chromium and a Survey of Clinical Studies with Chromium Picolinate. J of Appl. Nutr., 43:589.
  • McGonigle, K.E.M., and McCRacken, K.J., 2002. Study on the Effects of Annatto (Bixa orellana) and Yucca Schidigera on Cholesterol Content and Yolk Colour. J. Poult. Sci., 43:41-42.
  • McNaughton, J.L., 1978. Effect of Dietary Fiber on Egg Yolk, Liver and Plasma Cholesterol Concentrations of the Laying Hen. J. Nutr., 108:1842-1848.
  • Mersmann, H.J., 1998. Overview of the Effects of β-Adrenergic Receptor Agonists on Animal Growth Including Mechanisms of Action. J. of Anim. Sci., 76:160-172.
  • Mital, B.K., and Garg, S.K., 1995. Anticarcinogenic, Hypocholesterolemic and Antagonistic Activities of Lactobacillus Acidophilus. Crit. Rev. Microbial., 21(3):175-214.
  • Miyazaki, A., Sakai, M., Sakamoto, Y., and Horiuchi, S., 2003. Acyl-Coenzyme A: Cholesterol Acyltransferase Inhibitors for Controlling Hypercholesterolemia and Atherosclerosis. Current Opinion in Investigational Drugs, 4: 1095-1099.
  • Mori, A.V., Mendonca, C.X., and Santos, C.O.F., 1999. Effect of Dietary Lipid-Lowering Drugs upon Plasma Lipids and Egg Yolk Cholesterol Levels of Laying Hens. J. Agric. Food Chem., 47:4731-4735.
  • Naber, E.C., 1976. The Cholesterol Problem, the Egg and Lipid Metabolism in the Laying Hen. Poult. Sci., 55:14-30.
  • Naber, E.C., Elliott, J.F., and Smith, T.L., 1982. Effect of Probucol on Reproductive Performance, Egg Yolk Cholesterol Content and Lipid Metabolism in the Laying Hen. Poult. Sci., 61:1118-1124.
  • Naber, E.C., 1990. Cholesterol Content of Eggs: Can and Should It Be Changed? Feedstuffs, 62(5):1,47,50-52.
  • Nakaue, H.S., Lowry, R.R., Cheeke, P.R., and Arscott, G.H., 1980. The Effect of Dietary Alfalfa or Varying Saponin Content on Yolk Cholesterol Level and Layer Performance. Poult. Sci., 59:2744-2748.
  • Nelson, S.J., Clegg, R.E., and Sanford, P.E., 1962. The Effect of Triparanol on Calcium and Cholesterol Levels in the Blood Sera of Laying Hens. Poult. Sci., 41:664-668.
  • Nishioka, T., Hyogo, H., Numata, Y., Yamaguchi, A., Kobuke, T., Komichi, D., Nonaka, M., Inoue, M., Nebashima, Y., Ogi, M., Iwamoto, K., Ishitobi, T., Ajima, T., Choyoma, K., and Tazuma, S., 2005. A Nuclear Receptor-Mediated Choleretic Action of Fibrates is Associated with Enhanced Canalicular Membrane Fluidity and Transporter Activity Mediating Bile Acid-Independent Bile Secretion. J. of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis, 12:211-217.
  • Oakenfull, D.G., and Sidhu, G.S., 1990. Could Saponins be a Useful Treatment for Hypercholesterolemia? European J Clin. Nutr., 44:79-88.
  • Page, T.G., 1991. Chromium, Trytophan and Picolinate in Diets for Pigs and Poultry PhD Dissertation. Lousiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA.
  • Panda, A.K., Reddy, M.R., Rama Rao, S.V., and Praharaj N.K., 2003. Production Performance, Serum/Yolk Cholesterol and Immune Competence of White Leghorn Layers as Influenced by Dietary Supplementation with Probiotic. Tropical Anim. Health and Prod., 35(1):85-94.
  • Pesti, G.M., and Bakalli, R.I., 1998. Studies on the Effect of Feeding Cupric Sulfate Pentahydrate to Laying Hens on Egg Cholesterol Content. Poult. Sci., 77:1540-1545.
  • Press, R.I., Geller, J., and Evans, G.W., 1990. The Effects of Chromium on Serum Cholesterol and Alleviation of Heat Stress in Laying Hens. Fujian Agric. Univ., PRC.
  • Reddy, R.V., Lightsey, S.F., and Maurice, D.V., 1991. Research Note: Effect of Feeding Garlic Oil on Performance and Egg Yolk Cholesterol Concentration. Poult. Sci., 70:2006-2009.
  • Scholtyssek, S., 1992. Fütterungseinflüsse auf den Cholesterin Gehalt im Ei: International Tagung, Schweine und Geflügelernahrung, 1-3/12/1992.
  • Sharma, R.K., Singh, R.A., Pal, R.N., and Agarwal, C.K., 1979. Cholesterol Content of Chicken Egg as Affected by Feeding Garlic, Sarpaganda and Nicotinic Acid. Agric. Univ. J. Res., 9:263-265.
  • Sim, J.S., and Bragg, D.B., 1977. Effect of Dietary Factors on Serum and Egg Yolk Cholesterol Levels of Laying Hens. Poult. Sci., 56:1616-1621.
  • Singh, R.A., 1972. Effects of D-Thyroxine and Nicotinic Acid on Cholesterol Metabolism of Laying Hens. Indian J. of Anim. Sci., 42:433-435.
  • Staels, B., Dallongeville, J., Auwerx, J., Schoonjans, K., Leitersdorf, E., and Fruchart, J.C., 1998. Mechanism of Action of Fibrates on Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism. Circulation, 98:2088-2093.
  • Turner, S.W., Jungbluth, G.L., and Knuth, D.W., 2002. Effect of Concomitant Colestipol Hydrochloride Administration on the Bioavailability of Diltiazem from Immediate- and Sustained-Release Formulations. Biopharmaceutics and Drug Disposition, 23:369-377. USDA, 2002. Agricultural Statistics. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
  • Waldroup, P.W., Ndife, L.I., Hellwig, H.M., Hebert, J.A., and Berrio, L. 1986. Influence of Probucol (4,4’isopropylidine dithio)-bis (2,6-di-t-butyl-phenol) on Egg Yolk Cholesterol Content and Performance of Laying Hens. Poult. Sci., 65:1949-1954.
  • Wang, J.J., and Pan, T.M., 2003. Effect of Red Mold Rice Supplements on Serum and Egg Yolk Cholesterol Levels of Laying Hens. J. of Agric. and Food Chem., 51:4824-4829.
  • Weggemans, R.M., Zock, P.L., and Katan, M.B., 2001. Dietary Cholesterol from Eggs Increases the Ratio of Total Cholesterol to High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Humans: A Metaanalysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 73:885-891.
  • Weiss, F.G., and Scott, M.L., 1979. Effects of Dietary Fiber, Fat and Total Energy upon Plasma Cholesterol and Other Parameters in Chickens. J. Nutr., 109:693-701.
  • Wu, H., Dwyer, K.M., Fan, Z., Shircore, A., Fan, J., and Dwyer, J.H., 2003. Dietary Fiber and Progression of Atherosclerisis: The Los Angeles Atheroschlerosis Study. Amer. J. of Clin. Nutr., 78:1085-1091.
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Şenay Sarıca Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2008
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2008 Cilt: 2008 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Sarıca, Ş. (2008). Yumurta Kolesterol İçeriğinin Besinsel Olmayan Rasyon Faktörleriyle ve İlaçlarla Azaltılması. Journal of Agricultural Faculty of Gaziosmanpaşa University (JAFAG), 2008(1), 87-93.