Autism Spectrum Disorder, Microbiota And Nutritional Therapy Approaches

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 32 - 38, 15.12.2019

Şehriban Duyar Özer Gülçin Sağdıçoğlu Celep

Öz

Autism
Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that causes problems
related to communication, social, verbal and motor skills. Due to its
increasing prevalence and non treatment, interest in autism is increasing day
by day. New approaches to the treatment of autism are being developed by
considering the factors and symptoms in the etiology. Today, the intestine, defined
as the second brain, has been reported to be associated with changes in the
microbiota in autism, as in many diseases. 
As a result of changes in the brain due to increased intestinal
permeability in autism, therapeutic approaches to regulate microbiota
composition are being developed. Studies in the literature are mainly directed
to probiotics and prebiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, ketogenic diets and
gluten-free casein-free diets. The diet consumed is thought to be effective in
ASD behaviors and reduce symptoms; however, there is no sufficient
evidence-based study to establish medical nutrition therapy. In this review,
the differences in intestinal microbiota and current dietary approaches in
autism were evaluated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

autism, microbiota, diet, probiotic, omega-3

Kaynakça

• American Autism Association, (2016). What is autism?, Retrieved from: https://www.myautism.org/all-about-autism/what-is-autism.
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Publication.
• Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., & Durkin, M. S. (2018). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 67(6), 1.
• Castro, K., Baronio, D., Perry, I. S., Riesgo, R. D. S., & Gottfried, C. (2017). The effect of ketogenic diet in an animal model of autism induced by prenatal exposure to valproic acid. Nutritional neuroscience, 20(6), 343-350.
• Ciéslińska, A., Kostyra, E., & Savelkoul, H. F. J. (2017). Treating autism spectrum disorder with gluten-free and casein-free diet: the underlying microbiota-gut-brain axis mechanisms. HSOA journal of clinical immunology and immunotherapy, 3.
• De Theije, C. G., Wopereis, H., Ramadan, M., van Eijndthoven, T., Lambert, J., Knol, J., & Oozeer, R. (2014). Altered gut microbiota and activity in a murine model of autism spectrum disorders. Brain, behavior, and immunity, 37, 197-206.
• Dietert, R. R., Dietert, J. M., & De Witt, J. C. (2011). Environmental risk factors for autism. Emerging health threats journal, 4(1), 7111.
• Ding, H. T., Taur, Y., & Walkup, J. T. (2017). Gut microbiota and autism: key concepts and findings. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 47(2), 480-489.
• El-Rashidy, O., El-Baz, F., El-Gendy, Y., Khalaf, R., Reda, D., & Saad, K. (2017). Ketogenic diet versus gluten free casein free diet in autistic children: a case-control study. Metabolic brain disease, 32(6), 1935-1941.
• Evangeliou, A., Vlachonikolis, I., Mihailidou, H., Spilioti, M., Skarpalezou, A., & Makaronas, N. (2003) Application of a ketogenic diet in children with autistic behavior: pilot study. Journal of child neurology, 18,113–118. doi:10.1177/08830738030180020501
• Evrensel, A. & Ceylan, M. E. (2015). Gut-Brain Axis: The Role of Gut Microbiota in Psychiatric Disorders. Current approaches in psychiatry, 7(4), 461-472.
• Grimaldi, R., Cela, D., Swann, J. R., Vulevic, J., Gibson, G. R., Tzortzis, G., & Costabile, A. (2017). In vitro fermentation of B-GOS: impact on faecal bacterial populations and metabolic activity in autistic and non-autistic children. FEMS microbiology ecology, 93(2).
• Hsiao, E. Y., McBride, S. W., Hsien, S., Sharon, G., Hyde, E. R., McCue, T., & Patterson, P. H. (2013). Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell, 155(7), 1451-1463.
• Hyman, S. L., Stewart, P. A., Foley, J., Peck, R., Morris, D. D., Wang, H., & Smith, T. (2016). The gluten-free/casein-free diet: a double-blind challenge trial in children with autism. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 46(1), 205-220.
• Knivsberg, A. M., Reichelt, K. L., Høien, T., & Nødland, M. (2002). A randomised, controlled study of dietary intervention in autistic syndromes. Nutritional neuroscience, 5(4), 251-261.
• Lee, R. W., Corley, M. J., Pang, A., Arakaki, G., Abbott, L., Nishimoto, M., & Lum-Jones, A. (2018). A modified ketogenic gluten-free diet with MCT improves behavior in children with autism spectrum disorder. Physiology & behavior, 188, 205-211.
• Li, Q., Han, Y., Dy A. B. C., & Hagerman, R. J. (2017). The gut microbiota and autism spectrum disorders. Frontiers in cellular neuroscience, 11, 120.
• Louis, P. (2012). Does the human gut microbiota contribute to the etiology of autism spectrum disorders?. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 57(8); 1987-1989
• Mankad, D., Dupuis, A., Smile, S., Roberts, W., Brian, J., Lui, T., & Anagnostou, E. (2015). A randomized, placebo controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of young children with autism. Molecular autism, 6(1), 18.
• Marı´-Bauset, S., Zazpe, I., Mari-Sanchis, A., Llopis-Gonza´lez, A., & Morales- Sua´rez-Varela, M. (2014) Evidence of the Gluten-Free and Casein- Free Diet in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review. Journal of child neurology, 29, 1718-1727
• Mazahery, H., Conlon, C. A., Beck, K. L., Mugridge, O., Kruger, M. C., Stonehouse, W., & von Hurst, P. R. (2019). A randomised controlled trial of vitamin D and omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of irritability and hyperactivity among children with autism spectrum disorder. The Journal of steroid biochemistry and molecular biology, 187, 9-16.
• Mazahery, H., Stonehouse, W., Delshad, M., Kruger, M. C., Conlon, C. A., Beck, K. L., & von Hurst, P. R. (2017). Relationship between long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and autism spectrum disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control and randomised controlled trials. Nutrients, 9(2), 155.
• Mitsui, R., Ono, S., Karaki, S., & Kuwahara, A. (2005). Neural and nonneural mediation of propionate-induced contractile responses in the rat distal colon. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility. 17, 585–594. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2005. 00669.x
• Murphy, C. M., Wilson, C. E., Robertson, D. M., Ecker, C., Daly, E. M., Hammond, N., & McAlonan, G. M. (2016). Autism spectrum disorder in adults: diagnosis, management, and health services development. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment, 12, 1669.
• Napoli, E., Dueñas, N., & Giulivi, C. (2014). Potential therapeutic use of the ketogenic diet in autism spectrum disorders. Frontiers in pediatrics, 2, 69.
• National Autism Society. (2016). What is autism?, Retrieved from: http://www.autism.org.uk/about/what-is.aspx.
• National Institute of Mental Health. (2015). Transforming the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses, Autism Spectrum Disorder. Retrieved from: http://www.nimh.nih.gov.
• Newell, C., Bomhof, M. R., Reimer, R. A., Hittel, D. S., Rho, J. M., & Shearer, J. (2016). Ketogenic diet modifies the gut microbiota in a murine model of autism spectrum disorder. Molecular autism, 7(1), 37.
• Ooi, Y. P., Weng, S. J., Jang, L. Y., Low, L., Seah, J., Teo, S., & Sung, M. (2015). Omega-3 fatty acids in the management of autism spectrum disorders: findings from an open-label pilot study in Singapore. European journal of clinical nutrition, 69(8), 969.
• Pennesi, C. M., & Klein, L. C. (2012). Effectiveness of the gluten-free, casein-free diet for children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder: based on parental report. Nutritional neuroscience, 15(2), 85-91.
• Rooks, M. G., & Garrett, W. S. (2016). Gut microbiota, metabolites and host immunity. Nature reviews immunology, 16(6), 341.
• Ruskin, D. N., Svedova, J., Cote, J. L., Sandau, U., Rho, J. M., Kawamura Jr, M., & Masino, S. A. (2013). Ketogenic diet improves core symptoms of autism in BTBR mice. PLoS One, 8(6), e65021.
• Sheppard, K. W., Boone, K. M., Gracious, B., Klebanoff, M. A., Rogers, L. K., Rausch, J., & Keim, S. A. (2017). Effect of omega-3 and-6 supplementation on language in preterm toddlers exhibiting autism spectrum disorder symptoms. Journal of autism and developmental disorders, 47(11), 3358-3369.
• Sommer, F., & Bäckhed, F. (2013) The gut microbiota--masters of host development and physiology. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 11, 227–238.
• Tomova, A., Husarova, V., Lakatosova, S., Bakos, J., Vlkova, B., Babinska, K., & Ostatnikova, D. (2015). Gastrointestinal microbiota in children with autism in Slovakia. Physiology & behavior, 138, 179-187.
• Tuohy, K. M., Venuti, P., Cuva, S., Furlanello, C., Gasperotti, M., Mancini, A., & Mena, P. (2014). Diet and the Gut Microbiota–How the Gut: Brain Axis Impacts on Autism. Diet-microbe interactions in the gut (pp. 225-245).
• Vasquez, A. (2017). Biological plausibility of the gut–brain axis in autism. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1408(1), 5-6.
• Vuong, H. E., & Hsiao, E. Y. (2017). Emerging roles for the gut microbiome in autism spectrum disorder. Biological psychiatry, 81(5), 411-423.