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COVID-19 VE DERİNLEŞEN YOKSULLUK

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 74 - 91, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46849/guiibd.1143648

Öz

Tarih boyunca pandemi ve salgınların insan toplulukları üzerinde birçok etkisi olmuştur. Bu dönemlerde toplumsal bir sorun olan yoksulluk kavramı farklı boyutlarıyla ve daha derin etkileriyle karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Son yüzyıldaki tıbbi gelişmelere rağmen salgınlar toplumlar için tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Salgınlar bazen belirli bir bölgede etkisini gösterirken bazen de yayılarak pandemi haline gelmektedir. Salgınların en önemli yönü insan kaybına yol açması olsa da ekonomi üzerinde de önemli yansımaları olmaktadır. Bu yansımalar içinde yoksulluk üzerindeki etkileri önemlidir. Yoksulluk, sürdürülebilir geçim kaynakları sağlamak için gelir ve üretken kaynaklarının eksikliğinden daha fazlasını içermektedir. Açlık ve yetersiz beslenme, eğitime ve diğer temel hizmetlere sınırlı erişim, sosyal ayrımcılık ve dışlanmanın yanı sıra karar alma süreçlerine katılım eksikliği de bunun belirtileri arasındadır. Pandemi süreci çeşitli sosyal gruplar arasında orantısız bir yoksulluk ortaya çıkmasına yol açmaktadır. Bundan dolayı yoksulluğun ortadan kaldırılmasının hem sosyal hem de ekonomik etkileri olacaktır. Pandemi dönemleri yoksulluğun temelini oluşturan işsizlik ve eksik istihdamı etkilemektedir. Bu nedenle, üretken istihdam fırsatlarının yaratılması, yoksulluğun azaltılması ve sürdürülebilir ekonomik ve sosyal kalkınmanın sağlanması için esastır. Yoksullar, özellikle kadınlar ve genç insanlar için hem gelir hem de güçlenme sağlayan insana yakışır işler sağlanması da işin farklı bir boyutudur.

Bu çalışmada Covid-19 salgınının, en genel haliyle gelire sahip olamama olarak tanımlanan yoksulluk üzerindeki etkisi ele alınacaktır. Yoksulluk herkes tarafından bilinen bir gerçeklik olmakla birlikte yoksulluğun ölçülmesi konusunda farklı görüşler vardır. Literatürde yer alan çalışmaların bir kısmı bir standart oluşturmaya çalışırken bazı çalışmalarda yoksul nüfusun sayısını tespite yöneliktir. Bu çalışmalar yoksulluğun ölçümüyle ilgili birçok yöntemin ortaya çıkmasına yol açmıştır. Bu kapsamda çalışmada literatüre katkı olması açısından çok boyutlu yoksulluğu ölçme yöntemi olarak Alkire-Foster yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Bu yöntem kullanılarak Türkiye için yapılan analizde 2019 ve 2020 yılı önceki yıllarla karşılaştırılarak Covid-19 döneminde yoksulluğun etkisi ölçülmüştür. Alkire-Foster yöntemi, her bir kişinin aynı anda karşı karşıya kaldığı sağlık, eğitim veya yaşam standartları gibi çoklu yoksunlukları yansıtır. Elde edilen sonuçta rakamın büyümesi yoksulluğun arttığını, küçülmesi ise yoksulluğun azaldığını göstermektedir.

Destekleyen Kurum

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Proje Numarası

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Teşekkür

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Kaynakça

  • Alkire, S., Roche, J.M., (2012), “Beyond Headcount: The Alkire-Foster Approach to Multidimensional Child Poverty Measurement”, Editör: Isabel Ortiz, Louise Moreira Daniels, Solrun Engilbertsdottir, UNICEF, NewYork, 18-21.
  • Bradshaw, J. (2001), “Child Poverty and Child Outcomes “, Chıldren & Socıety Vol: 16 (2002) pp. 131–140 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/CHI.707
  • Buheji, M., Katiane da Costa, C., Godfred, B., Bartola, M., Yuri, L., Simone, S,, Mohammed H. & Tulika, C. (2020), “The Extent Of Covıd-19 Pandemic Socio-Economic Impact on Global Poverty, A Global Integrative Multidisciplinary Review, American Journal of Economics, 10(4): 213-224.
  • Decerf, B., Francisco H. G. F., Daniel G. M. & Olivier S. (2020), “ Lives and Livelihoods: Estimates of the Global Mortality and Poverty Effects of the Covıd 19 Pandemic”, IZA – Institute of Labor Economics, 1-37.
  • Dünya Bankası, Poverty, https://data.worldbank.org/topic/poverty.
  • Han, J., Bruce D. M. & James X. S. (2020), “Income and Poverty in the Covıd-19 Pandemic”, NBER Working Paper, No. 27729, 1-33.
  • IMF (2020a), Gabriela, C. & Futoshi, N. “How COVID-19 Will Increase Inequality in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies”, October 29 2020, /https://blogs.imf.org/2020/10/29/how-covid-19-will-increase-inequality-in-emerging-markets-and-developing-economies/
  • IMF (2020b), Daniel, G., Stefania, F. & Johannes, W. “COVID-19: Without Help, Low-Income Developing Countries Risk a Lost Decade”, August 27 2020, https://blogs.imf.org/2020/08/27/covid-19-without-help-low-income-developing-countries-risk-a-lost-decade/
  • ILO (2020), “COVID-19 and the World of Work: Impact and Policy Responses”, Downloaded at https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/--- dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_738753.pdf
  • Mukherjee, Joia S. (2007), “Structural Violence, Poverty and the Aıds Pandemic”, Development, 50(2), 115-121.
  • Ningrum, P. A., Alexandra, H. & Saputra, A. (2020), “The Potential of Poverty in the City of Palangka Raya: Study Smıs Affected Pandemic COVID-19”, Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal, (BIRCI-Journal), Volume 3, No 3, August, 1626-1634.
  • OPHI, (2021), “Alkire-Foster Method”, https://ophi.org.uk/policy/alkire-foster-methodology/ Parolin, Z., Megan, C., Jordan, M., Jane, W. & Christopher, W. (2020), “Monthly Poverty Rates in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Poverty and Socıal Polıcy Workıng Paper, October 15, 1-24.
  • Ratcliffe, C.&Mc Kernan, S-M. (2010), “Childhood Poverty Persistence: Facts and Consequences”, The Urban Institute, Brief 14 June, 1-10.
  • Rowntree, B. S. (1901), Poverty, a Study of Town Life, Macmillan and Co. Limited, New York, 1-437.
  • Suryahadi, A., Al Izzati, R., & Suryadarma, D. (n.d.). (2020), “Estimating the Impact of Covid-19 on Poverty in Indonesia, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2020.1779390
  • Sumner, A., Hoy, C. & Ortiz-Juarez, E. (2020a), “Estimates of the Impact Of COVID-19 on Global Poverty”, Working Paper 2020/43, World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER), United Nations University, Helsinki.
  • Sumner, A., Ortiz-Juarez, E. & Hoy, Chris. (2020b), “Precarity and the Pandemic: COVID-19 and Poverty Incidence, Intensity, and Severity in Developing Countries”, WIDER Working Paper, 2020/77, 1-24.
  • Social Watch. (2019), “ILO: Poor Quality Employment a Major Challenge”, | Social Watch. Retrieved 12 May 2020, from http://www.socialwatch.org/node/18215
  • Tavares, Fernando Flores & Betti Gianni (2021). “The Pandemic of Poverty, Vulnerability, and COVID-19: Evidence from a Fuzzy Multidimensional Analysis of Deprivations in Brazil”, World Development, Volume 139.
  • TÜİK (2020). Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Gelir-ve-Yasam-Kosullari-Arastirmasi-2020-37404#:~:text=E%C5%9Fde%C4%9Fer%20hanehalk%C4%B1%20kullan%C4%B1labilir%20fert%20medyan,%21%2C9%20olarak%20ger%C3%A7ekle%C5%9Fti.
  • University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing (2010), Social Problems: Continuity and Change, https://open.lib.umn.edu/socialproblems/chapter/2-4-the-consequences-of-poverty/#:~:text=Poor%20people%20are%20more%20likely%20to%20have%20several%20kinds%20of,likely%20to%20commit%20street%20crime
  • UN (2020a), Everyone Included: Social Impact of COVID-19. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/everyoneincluded-covid-19.html), Everyone Included: Social Impact of COVID-19 | DISD (un.org)
  • UN (2020b), UN/DESA Policy Brief #86: The Long-term Impact of COVID-19 on Poverty, 15 October 2020.
  • UNU (2020), UNU.edu (https://unu.edu/news/news/covid-19-could-drive-global-poverty-back-over-one-billion-people.html)
  • UNDP (2019), “Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2019”, United Nations Development Programme and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, 1-21.
  • World Vision (2021), “What is Poverty? It’s not as Simple as you Think”, https://www.worldvision.ca/stories/child-sponsorship/what-is-poverty
  • Yasmin S., Alam M.A., Bin Ali F., Banik Rr.& Salma N. (2021 ), “ Psychological Impact of Covıd-19 among People from the Banking Sector in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00456-0

COVID-19 AND DEEPENING POVERTY

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 74 - 91, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.46849/guiibd.1143648

Öz

Although pandemics and epidemics have significantly affected human communities throughout history, this social problem exhibits different and deeper dimensions today. Despite the medical advances in the last century, epidemics pose a threat to societies. While epidemics sometimes show their effect in a particular region, sometimes they spread and become a pandemic. Although the most vital aspect of outbreaks is the loss of people, they also have grave repercussions for the economy. One of these reflections is the poverty effect. Poverty means more than a lack of income and productive resources to provide sustainable livelihoods and encompasses hunger and malnutrition, limited access to education and other fundamental services, social discrimination, exclusion, and lack of participation in decision-making processes. Pandemics lead to the emergence of disproportionate poverty among various social groups, and thus the combat for eradication of poverty will have both social and economic effects. Pandemic periods bring along unemployment and underemployment problems, which form the basis of poverty. Therefore, employment opportunities are essential for poverty reduction and sustainable economic and social development. Providing respectable jobs that provide both income and empowerment for the poor, especially women and young people, is another requirement of the situation.

The current study discussed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on poverty, which is the inability to have income in its most general form. Although poverty is a reality known to everyone, there are different views on the measurement of poverty. While some studies in the literature seek to establish a standard, some studies aim to determine the number of poor people. These studies have produced many methods of measuring poverty. In this context, this research, preferring the Alkire-Foster multidimensional poverty measurement method, calculated the impact of poverty in Turkiye during the COVID-19 period by comparing 2019 and 2020 with previous years. The Alkire-Foster expresses the multiple deprivations that each person simultaneously faces, such as health, education, or living standards. Upward results indicate higher poverty, while downward results.

Proje Numarası

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Kaynakça

  • Alkire, S., Roche, J.M., (2012), “Beyond Headcount: The Alkire-Foster Approach to Multidimensional Child Poverty Measurement”, Editör: Isabel Ortiz, Louise Moreira Daniels, Solrun Engilbertsdottir, UNICEF, NewYork, 18-21.
  • Bradshaw, J. (2001), “Child Poverty and Child Outcomes “, Chıldren & Socıety Vol: 16 (2002) pp. 131–140 Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/CHI.707
  • Buheji, M., Katiane da Costa, C., Godfred, B., Bartola, M., Yuri, L., Simone, S,, Mohammed H. & Tulika, C. (2020), “The Extent Of Covıd-19 Pandemic Socio-Economic Impact on Global Poverty, A Global Integrative Multidisciplinary Review, American Journal of Economics, 10(4): 213-224.
  • Decerf, B., Francisco H. G. F., Daniel G. M. & Olivier S. (2020), “ Lives and Livelihoods: Estimates of the Global Mortality and Poverty Effects of the Covıd 19 Pandemic”, IZA – Institute of Labor Economics, 1-37.
  • Dünya Bankası, Poverty, https://data.worldbank.org/topic/poverty.
  • Han, J., Bruce D. M. & James X. S. (2020), “Income and Poverty in the Covıd-19 Pandemic”, NBER Working Paper, No. 27729, 1-33.
  • IMF (2020a), Gabriela, C. & Futoshi, N. “How COVID-19 Will Increase Inequality in Emerging Markets and Developing Economies”, October 29 2020, /https://blogs.imf.org/2020/10/29/how-covid-19-will-increase-inequality-in-emerging-markets-and-developing-economies/
  • IMF (2020b), Daniel, G., Stefania, F. & Johannes, W. “COVID-19: Without Help, Low-Income Developing Countries Risk a Lost Decade”, August 27 2020, https://blogs.imf.org/2020/08/27/covid-19-without-help-low-income-developing-countries-risk-a-lost-decade/
  • ILO (2020), “COVID-19 and the World of Work: Impact and Policy Responses”, Downloaded at https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/--- dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_738753.pdf
  • Mukherjee, Joia S. (2007), “Structural Violence, Poverty and the Aıds Pandemic”, Development, 50(2), 115-121.
  • Ningrum, P. A., Alexandra, H. & Saputra, A. (2020), “The Potential of Poverty in the City of Palangka Raya: Study Smıs Affected Pandemic COVID-19”, Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal, (BIRCI-Journal), Volume 3, No 3, August, 1626-1634.
  • OPHI, (2021), “Alkire-Foster Method”, https://ophi.org.uk/policy/alkire-foster-methodology/ Parolin, Z., Megan, C., Jordan, M., Jane, W. & Christopher, W. (2020), “Monthly Poverty Rates in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic, Poverty and Socıal Polıcy Workıng Paper, October 15, 1-24.
  • Ratcliffe, C.&Mc Kernan, S-M. (2010), “Childhood Poverty Persistence: Facts and Consequences”, The Urban Institute, Brief 14 June, 1-10.
  • Rowntree, B. S. (1901), Poverty, a Study of Town Life, Macmillan and Co. Limited, New York, 1-437.
  • Suryahadi, A., Al Izzati, R., & Suryadarma, D. (n.d.). (2020), “Estimating the Impact of Covid-19 on Poverty in Indonesia, Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2020.1779390
  • Sumner, A., Hoy, C. & Ortiz-Juarez, E. (2020a), “Estimates of the Impact Of COVID-19 on Global Poverty”, Working Paper 2020/43, World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER), United Nations University, Helsinki.
  • Sumner, A., Ortiz-Juarez, E. & Hoy, Chris. (2020b), “Precarity and the Pandemic: COVID-19 and Poverty Incidence, Intensity, and Severity in Developing Countries”, WIDER Working Paper, 2020/77, 1-24.
  • Social Watch. (2019), “ILO: Poor Quality Employment a Major Challenge”, | Social Watch. Retrieved 12 May 2020, from http://www.socialwatch.org/node/18215
  • Tavares, Fernando Flores & Betti Gianni (2021). “The Pandemic of Poverty, Vulnerability, and COVID-19: Evidence from a Fuzzy Multidimensional Analysis of Deprivations in Brazil”, World Development, Volume 139.
  • TÜİK (2020). Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Gelir-ve-Yasam-Kosullari-Arastirmasi-2020-37404#:~:text=E%C5%9Fde%C4%9Fer%20hanehalk%C4%B1%20kullan%C4%B1labilir%20fert%20medyan,%21%2C9%20olarak%20ger%C3%A7ekle%C5%9Fti.
  • University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing (2010), Social Problems: Continuity and Change, https://open.lib.umn.edu/socialproblems/chapter/2-4-the-consequences-of-poverty/#:~:text=Poor%20people%20are%20more%20likely%20to%20have%20several%20kinds%20of,likely%20to%20commit%20street%20crime
  • UN (2020a), Everyone Included: Social Impact of COVID-19. https://www.un.org/development/desa/dspd/everyoneincluded-covid-19.html), Everyone Included: Social Impact of COVID-19 | DISD (un.org)
  • UN (2020b), UN/DESA Policy Brief #86: The Long-term Impact of COVID-19 on Poverty, 15 October 2020.
  • UNU (2020), UNU.edu (https://unu.edu/news/news/covid-19-could-drive-global-poverty-back-over-one-billion-people.html)
  • UNDP (2019), “Global Multidimensional Poverty Index 2019”, United Nations Development Programme and Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative, 1-21.
  • World Vision (2021), “What is Poverty? It’s not as Simple as you Think”, https://www.worldvision.ca/stories/child-sponsorship/what-is-poverty
  • Yasmin S., Alam M.A., Bin Ali F., Banik Rr.& Salma N. (2021 ), “ Psychological Impact of Covıd-19 among People from the Banking Sector in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00456-0
Toplam 27 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Rengin Ak 0000-0003-0364-9975

Berna Ak Bingül 0000-0002-2813-2780

Armağan Türk 0000-0002-6646-9333

Proje Numarası ....
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 18 Ekim 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2022
Kabul Tarihi 4 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Ak, R., Ak Bingül, B., & Türk, A. (2022). COVID-19 VE DERİNLEŞEN YOKSULLUK. Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 8(2), 74-91. https://doi.org/10.46849/guiibd.1143648

Giresun Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi