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Year 2021, , 221 - 233, 01.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.663858

Abstract

References

  • [1] Internet: Steel Statistical Yearbook 2017, World Steel Association, Brussels Belgium. https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:3e275c73-6f11-4e7f-a5d8-23d9bc5c508f/Steel+Statistical+Yearbook+2017.pdf, (2019).
  • [2] Wolf, M.M., Historical Aspects and Key Technologies, Cramb, A.W. (Ed), Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Casting 11th Edition, The AISE Steel Foundation, Pittsburgh, USA, (2003).
  • [3] Samarasekera, I.V., Chow, C., Continuous Casting of Steel Billets, Cramb, A.W. (Ed), Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Casting 11th Edition, The AISE Steel Foundation, Pittsburgh, USA, (2003).
  • [4] Gilles, H.L., Primary and Secondary Cooling, Cramb, A.W. (Ed), Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Casting 11th Edition, The AISE Steel Foundation, Pittsburgh, USA, (2003).
  • [5] Schade, J.H., O’Malley, R.J., Kemeny, F.I., Sahai, Y., Zacharias, D.J., Tundish Operations, Cramb, A.W. (Ed), Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Casting 11th Edition, The AISE Steel Foundation, Pittsburgh, USA, (2003).
  • [6] Schwerdtfeger, K.J., Heat Withdrawal in Continuous Casting of Steel, Cramb, A.W. (Ed), Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Casting 11th Edition, The AISE Steel Foundation, Pittsburgh, USA, (2003).
  • [7] Florio, B.J., Vynnycky, M., Mitchell, S.L., O’Brien, S.B.G., “On the interactive effects of mould taper and superheat on air gaps in continuous casting”, Acta Mech., 228(1): 233-254, (2017).
  • [8] Wang, T., Cai, S., Li, J., Xu, J., Chen, Z., Zhu, J., Cao, Z., Li, T., “Mould taper optimization for continuous casting steels by numerical simulation”, China Foundry, 7(1): 61-67, (2010).
  • [9] Amitan, V., Kravtsov, V., Sheludchnko, V., Mass, N., Birukov, A., Kabanets, A., “Development of optimal inner mould shape for high capacity billet continuous casting machines”, Metal 2005, Hradec nad Moravicí, Czech Republic, (2005).
  • [10] Zhu, L-G., Kumar, R.V., “Modelling of steel shrinkage and optimisation of mould taper for high speed continuous casting”, Ironmak. Steelmak., 34(1): 76-82, (2007).
  • [11] Chow, C., Samarasekera, I.V., Walker, B.N., Lockhart, G., “High speed continuous casting of steel billets: Part 2: Mould heat transfer and mould design”, Ironmak. Steelmak., 29(1): 61-69, (2002).
  • [12] Wang, T.M., Cai, S.W., Xu, J., Du, Y.Y., Zhu, J., Xu, J.J., Li, T.J., “Continuous casting mould for square steel billet optimised by solidification shrinkage simulation”, Ironmak. Steelmak., 37(5): 341-346, (2010).
  • [13] Fukada, N., Marukawa, Y., Abe, K., Ando, T., “Development of mold (HS-MOLD) for high speed casting”, Can. Metall. Quart., 38(5): 337-346, (1999).
  • [14] Heard, R., Kaell, N., “Technological developments for high speed casting of sensitive steel grades”, Can. Metall. Quart., 38(5): 331-335, (1999).
  • [15] Brimacombe, J.K., Samarasekera, I.V., Lait, J.E., Continuous Casting: Heat Flow, Solidification and Crack Growth, Volume 2, The Iron and Steel Society of AIME, Warrendale, USA, (1984).
  • [16] Li, C., Thomas, B.G., “Ideal taper prediction for billet casting”, 2003 ISSTech Steelmaking Conference, Indianapolis, USA, ISS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 685-700, (2003).
  • [17] Florio, B.J., Vynnycky, M., Mitchell, S.L., O’Brien, S.B.G., “Mould-taper asymptotics and air gap formation in continuous casting”, Appl. Math. Comput., 268: 1122-1139, (2015).
  • [18] Samarasekera, I.V., Brimacombe, J.K., “The continuous–casting mould”, Int. Mater. Rev., 23(1): 286-300, (1978).
  • [19] Thomas, B.G., “Modeling of the continuous casting of steel—past, present and future”, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 33(6): 795-812, (2002).
  • [20] Chaudhuri, S., Singh, R.K., Patwari, K., Majumdar, S., Ray, A.K., Singh, A.K.P., Neogi, N., “Design and implementation of an automated secondary cooling system for the continuous casting of billets”, ISA T., 49(1): 121-129, (2010).
  • [21] Ito, Y., Murai, T., Miki, Y., Mitsuzono, M., Goto, T., “Development of Hard Secondary Cooling by High-pressure Water Spray in Continuous Casting”, ISIJ Int., 51(9): 1454-1460, (2011).
  • [22] Raudensky, M., Horsky, J., “Secondary cooling in continuous casting and Leidenfrost temperature effects”, Ironmak. Steelmak., 32(2): 159-164, (2005).
  • [23] Raudensky, M., Tseng, A.A., Horsky, J., Kominek, J., “Recent developments of water and mist spray cooling in continuous casting of steels”, Metall. Res. Technol., 113(5): 509, (2016).
  • [24] Alvarez de Toledo, G., Lainez, J., Cirion, J.C., “Model optimization of continuous casting steel secondary cooling”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 173(1-2): 287-291, (1993).
  • [25] Zhao, L., Wang, G., International Conference on Intelligent Control and Computer Application (ICCA 2016), Zhengzhou, China, 146-149, (2016).
  • [26] Chow, C., Samarasekera, I.V., “High speed continuous casting of steel billets: Part 1: General overview”, Ironmak. Steelmak., 29(1): 53-60, (2002).
  • [27] Samarasekera, I.V., Brimacombe, J.K., “Evolution or Revolution? — A New Era in Billet Casting”, Can. Metall. Quart., 38(5): 347-362, (1999).
  • [28] Samarasekera, I.V., Brimacombe, J.K., “The influence of mold behavior on the production of continuously cast steel billets”, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 13(1): 105-116, (1982).
  • [29] Barella, S., Gruttadauria, A., Mapelli, C., Mombelli, D., “Investigation of failure and damages on a continuous casting copper mould”, Eng. Fail. Anal., 36: 432-438, (2014).
  • [30] Übeyli, M., Çelik, E., Özer, E., “Improvement of Continuous Casting Operation Using a New Multi-Taper Mold at a Steel Plant in Turkey”, VIIIth International Metallurgical Congress, Ohrid, Macedonia, (2018).
  • [31] Shimada, M., Mitsutsuka, M., “On Heat Transfer Coefficient by Forced Water Cooling to Carbon Steel”, Tetsu-to-Hagane, 52(10): 1643-1650, (1966).
  • [32] Meng, Y., Thomas, B.G., “Heat-transfer and solidification model of continuous slab casting: CON1D”, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 34(5): 685-705, (2003).
  • [33] Kumar, S., Meech, J.A., Samarasekera, I.V., Brimacombe, J.K., “Knowledge Engineering an Expert System to Troubleshoot Quality Problems in the Continuous Casting of Steel Billets”, IFAC Proc., 25(17): 95-102, (1992).
  • [34] Emi, T., Surface defects on continuously cast strands, Cramb, A.W. (Ed), Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Casting 11th Edition, The AISE Steel Foundation, Pittsburgh, USA, (2003).
  • [35] ASTM E340-5, Standard practice for macroetching metals and alloys, ASTM International, USA, (2015).
  • [36] ASTM E10-18, Standard test method for Brinell Hardness of metallic materials, USA, (2018).
  • [37] Singh, S.N., Blazek, K.E., “Heat transfer and skin formation in a continuous-casting mold as a function of steel carbon content”, JOM-J. Min. Met. Mat. S., 26(10): 17-27, (1974).
  • [38] Singh, S.N., Blazek, K.E., “Heat-Transfer Profiles in Continuous Casting Mold as a Function of Various Casting Parameters”, National Open Hearth and Basic Oxygen Steel Conference Proceedings, ISS-AIME, St. Louis, Mo, USA, 59, 264-283, (1976).
  • [39] Saeki, T., Ooguchi, S., Mizoguchi, S., Yamamoto, T., Misumi, H., Tsuneoka, A., “Effect of Irregularity in Solidified Shell Thickness on Longitudinal Surface Cracks in CC Slabs”, Tetsu-to-Hagane, 68(13): 1773-1781, (1982).
  • [40] Vereecke, M., Vermeirsch, W., Meers, U., “The influence of operational parameters on the surface quality of continuously cast slabs”, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference Continuous Casting, Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dusseldorf, 128-141, (1988).
  • [41] Irving, W.R., Perkins, A., “Basic parameters affecting the quality of continuously cast slabs”, In Continuous Casting of Steel, Proceedings of an International Conference, The Metals Society and IRSID, Biarritz, France, 107-115, (1977).
  • [42] Ueshima, Y., Mizoguchi, S., Matsumiya, T., Kajioka, H., “Analysis of solute distribution in dendrites of carbon steel with δ/γ transformation during solidification”, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 17(4): 845-859, (1986).
  • [43] Kittaka, S., Uehara, M., Sato, T., Higashi, H., “High speed casting mold for billet caster (NS Hypermold)”, Nippon Steel Technical Report, Japan, No:82 (2000).
  • [44] Li, C., Thomas, B.G., “Maximum casting speed for continuous cast steel billets based on sub-mold bulging computation”, Steelmaking Conference Proceedings, Nashville, TN, USA, 109-130, (2002).
  • [45] Mazumdar, S., Ray, S.K., “Solidification control in continuous casting of steel”, Sadhana, 26(1): 179-198, (2001).
  • [46] Cheung, N., Santos, C.A., Spim, J.A., Garcia, A., “Application of a heuristic search technique for the improvement of spray zones cooling conditions in continuously cast steel billets”, Appl. Math. Modell., 30(1): 104-115, (2006).
  • [47] Irving, W.R., Continuous Casting of Steel 1st Edition, CRC Press, UK, (1993).
  • [48] Santos, C.A., Garcia, A., Frick, C.R., Spim, J.A., “Evaluation of heat transfer coefficients along the secondary cooling zones in the continuous casting of steel billets”, Inverse Prob. Sci. Eng., 14(6): 687-700, (2006).

Effects of Using New Mold and Modified Secondary Cooling Scenario on Continuous Casting Process at a Steel Plant in Turkey

Year 2021, , 221 - 233, 01.03.2021
https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.663858

Abstract

In this study, new mold and modified secondary cooling scenario were applied at continuous casting part of a steel factory in Turkey to attain higher mold lifetime and good product quality with reduced process failures. In order to see the influence of these applications, a significant number of casting trials were performed in the factory to produce square steel billets. After finishing the casting, solidification and cooling of steel billets, the examinations were made to check whether the quality faults were formed or not on the products. A significant increase in productivity, quality and the mold lifetime were reached at the high-speed casting between 3.0 and 4.0 m/min for steel billet of 150x150 mm dimensions with the help of modifications made in both primary and secondary cooling zones. For the peritectic grade steels, higher casting speed and much lower breakouts were recorded compared to the old mold.

References

  • [1] Internet: Steel Statistical Yearbook 2017, World Steel Association, Brussels Belgium. https://www.worldsteel.org/en/dam/jcr:3e275c73-6f11-4e7f-a5d8-23d9bc5c508f/Steel+Statistical+Yearbook+2017.pdf, (2019).
  • [2] Wolf, M.M., Historical Aspects and Key Technologies, Cramb, A.W. (Ed), Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Casting 11th Edition, The AISE Steel Foundation, Pittsburgh, USA, (2003).
  • [3] Samarasekera, I.V., Chow, C., Continuous Casting of Steel Billets, Cramb, A.W. (Ed), Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Casting 11th Edition, The AISE Steel Foundation, Pittsburgh, USA, (2003).
  • [4] Gilles, H.L., Primary and Secondary Cooling, Cramb, A.W. (Ed), Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Casting 11th Edition, The AISE Steel Foundation, Pittsburgh, USA, (2003).
  • [5] Schade, J.H., O’Malley, R.J., Kemeny, F.I., Sahai, Y., Zacharias, D.J., Tundish Operations, Cramb, A.W. (Ed), Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Casting 11th Edition, The AISE Steel Foundation, Pittsburgh, USA, (2003).
  • [6] Schwerdtfeger, K.J., Heat Withdrawal in Continuous Casting of Steel, Cramb, A.W. (Ed), Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Casting 11th Edition, The AISE Steel Foundation, Pittsburgh, USA, (2003).
  • [7] Florio, B.J., Vynnycky, M., Mitchell, S.L., O’Brien, S.B.G., “On the interactive effects of mould taper and superheat on air gaps in continuous casting”, Acta Mech., 228(1): 233-254, (2017).
  • [8] Wang, T., Cai, S., Li, J., Xu, J., Chen, Z., Zhu, J., Cao, Z., Li, T., “Mould taper optimization for continuous casting steels by numerical simulation”, China Foundry, 7(1): 61-67, (2010).
  • [9] Amitan, V., Kravtsov, V., Sheludchnko, V., Mass, N., Birukov, A., Kabanets, A., “Development of optimal inner mould shape for high capacity billet continuous casting machines”, Metal 2005, Hradec nad Moravicí, Czech Republic, (2005).
  • [10] Zhu, L-G., Kumar, R.V., “Modelling of steel shrinkage and optimisation of mould taper for high speed continuous casting”, Ironmak. Steelmak., 34(1): 76-82, (2007).
  • [11] Chow, C., Samarasekera, I.V., Walker, B.N., Lockhart, G., “High speed continuous casting of steel billets: Part 2: Mould heat transfer and mould design”, Ironmak. Steelmak., 29(1): 61-69, (2002).
  • [12] Wang, T.M., Cai, S.W., Xu, J., Du, Y.Y., Zhu, J., Xu, J.J., Li, T.J., “Continuous casting mould for square steel billet optimised by solidification shrinkage simulation”, Ironmak. Steelmak., 37(5): 341-346, (2010).
  • [13] Fukada, N., Marukawa, Y., Abe, K., Ando, T., “Development of mold (HS-MOLD) for high speed casting”, Can. Metall. Quart., 38(5): 337-346, (1999).
  • [14] Heard, R., Kaell, N., “Technological developments for high speed casting of sensitive steel grades”, Can. Metall. Quart., 38(5): 331-335, (1999).
  • [15] Brimacombe, J.K., Samarasekera, I.V., Lait, J.E., Continuous Casting: Heat Flow, Solidification and Crack Growth, Volume 2, The Iron and Steel Society of AIME, Warrendale, USA, (1984).
  • [16] Li, C., Thomas, B.G., “Ideal taper prediction for billet casting”, 2003 ISSTech Steelmaking Conference, Indianapolis, USA, ISS-AIME, Warrendale, PA, 685-700, (2003).
  • [17] Florio, B.J., Vynnycky, M., Mitchell, S.L., O’Brien, S.B.G., “Mould-taper asymptotics and air gap formation in continuous casting”, Appl. Math. Comput., 268: 1122-1139, (2015).
  • [18] Samarasekera, I.V., Brimacombe, J.K., “The continuous–casting mould”, Int. Mater. Rev., 23(1): 286-300, (1978).
  • [19] Thomas, B.G., “Modeling of the continuous casting of steel—past, present and future”, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 33(6): 795-812, (2002).
  • [20] Chaudhuri, S., Singh, R.K., Patwari, K., Majumdar, S., Ray, A.K., Singh, A.K.P., Neogi, N., “Design and implementation of an automated secondary cooling system for the continuous casting of billets”, ISA T., 49(1): 121-129, (2010).
  • [21] Ito, Y., Murai, T., Miki, Y., Mitsuzono, M., Goto, T., “Development of Hard Secondary Cooling by High-pressure Water Spray in Continuous Casting”, ISIJ Int., 51(9): 1454-1460, (2011).
  • [22] Raudensky, M., Horsky, J., “Secondary cooling in continuous casting and Leidenfrost temperature effects”, Ironmak. Steelmak., 32(2): 159-164, (2005).
  • [23] Raudensky, M., Tseng, A.A., Horsky, J., Kominek, J., “Recent developments of water and mist spray cooling in continuous casting of steels”, Metall. Res. Technol., 113(5): 509, (2016).
  • [24] Alvarez de Toledo, G., Lainez, J., Cirion, J.C., “Model optimization of continuous casting steel secondary cooling”, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 173(1-2): 287-291, (1993).
  • [25] Zhao, L., Wang, G., International Conference on Intelligent Control and Computer Application (ICCA 2016), Zhengzhou, China, 146-149, (2016).
  • [26] Chow, C., Samarasekera, I.V., “High speed continuous casting of steel billets: Part 1: General overview”, Ironmak. Steelmak., 29(1): 53-60, (2002).
  • [27] Samarasekera, I.V., Brimacombe, J.K., “Evolution or Revolution? — A New Era in Billet Casting”, Can. Metall. Quart., 38(5): 347-362, (1999).
  • [28] Samarasekera, I.V., Brimacombe, J.K., “The influence of mold behavior on the production of continuously cast steel billets”, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 13(1): 105-116, (1982).
  • [29] Barella, S., Gruttadauria, A., Mapelli, C., Mombelli, D., “Investigation of failure and damages on a continuous casting copper mould”, Eng. Fail. Anal., 36: 432-438, (2014).
  • [30] Übeyli, M., Çelik, E., Özer, E., “Improvement of Continuous Casting Operation Using a New Multi-Taper Mold at a Steel Plant in Turkey”, VIIIth International Metallurgical Congress, Ohrid, Macedonia, (2018).
  • [31] Shimada, M., Mitsutsuka, M., “On Heat Transfer Coefficient by Forced Water Cooling to Carbon Steel”, Tetsu-to-Hagane, 52(10): 1643-1650, (1966).
  • [32] Meng, Y., Thomas, B.G., “Heat-transfer and solidification model of continuous slab casting: CON1D”, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 34(5): 685-705, (2003).
  • [33] Kumar, S., Meech, J.A., Samarasekera, I.V., Brimacombe, J.K., “Knowledge Engineering an Expert System to Troubleshoot Quality Problems in the Continuous Casting of Steel Billets”, IFAC Proc., 25(17): 95-102, (1992).
  • [34] Emi, T., Surface defects on continuously cast strands, Cramb, A.W. (Ed), Making, Shaping and Treating of Steel: Casting 11th Edition, The AISE Steel Foundation, Pittsburgh, USA, (2003).
  • [35] ASTM E340-5, Standard practice for macroetching metals and alloys, ASTM International, USA, (2015).
  • [36] ASTM E10-18, Standard test method for Brinell Hardness of metallic materials, USA, (2018).
  • [37] Singh, S.N., Blazek, K.E., “Heat transfer and skin formation in a continuous-casting mold as a function of steel carbon content”, JOM-J. Min. Met. Mat. S., 26(10): 17-27, (1974).
  • [38] Singh, S.N., Blazek, K.E., “Heat-Transfer Profiles in Continuous Casting Mold as a Function of Various Casting Parameters”, National Open Hearth and Basic Oxygen Steel Conference Proceedings, ISS-AIME, St. Louis, Mo, USA, 59, 264-283, (1976).
  • [39] Saeki, T., Ooguchi, S., Mizoguchi, S., Yamamoto, T., Misumi, H., Tsuneoka, A., “Effect of Irregularity in Solidified Shell Thickness on Longitudinal Surface Cracks in CC Slabs”, Tetsu-to-Hagane, 68(13): 1773-1781, (1982).
  • [40] Vereecke, M., Vermeirsch, W., Meers, U., “The influence of operational parameters on the surface quality of continuously cast slabs”, Proceedings of the 4th International Conference Continuous Casting, Verlag Stahleisen mbH, Dusseldorf, 128-141, (1988).
  • [41] Irving, W.R., Perkins, A., “Basic parameters affecting the quality of continuously cast slabs”, In Continuous Casting of Steel, Proceedings of an International Conference, The Metals Society and IRSID, Biarritz, France, 107-115, (1977).
  • [42] Ueshima, Y., Mizoguchi, S., Matsumiya, T., Kajioka, H., “Analysis of solute distribution in dendrites of carbon steel with δ/γ transformation during solidification”, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 17(4): 845-859, (1986).
  • [43] Kittaka, S., Uehara, M., Sato, T., Higashi, H., “High speed casting mold for billet caster (NS Hypermold)”, Nippon Steel Technical Report, Japan, No:82 (2000).
  • [44] Li, C., Thomas, B.G., “Maximum casting speed for continuous cast steel billets based on sub-mold bulging computation”, Steelmaking Conference Proceedings, Nashville, TN, USA, 109-130, (2002).
  • [45] Mazumdar, S., Ray, S.K., “Solidification control in continuous casting of steel”, Sadhana, 26(1): 179-198, (2001).
  • [46] Cheung, N., Santos, C.A., Spim, J.A., Garcia, A., “Application of a heuristic search technique for the improvement of spray zones cooling conditions in continuously cast steel billets”, Appl. Math. Modell., 30(1): 104-115, (2006).
  • [47] Irving, W.R., Continuous Casting of Steel 1st Edition, CRC Press, UK, (1993).
  • [48] Santos, C.A., Garcia, A., Frick, C.R., Spim, J.A., “Evaluation of heat transfer coefficients along the secondary cooling zones in the continuous casting of steel billets”, Inverse Prob. Sci. Eng., 14(6): 687-700, (2006).
There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Mechanical Engineering
Authors

Emin Çelik 0000-0001-6986-039X

Demet Zalaoğlu 0000-0002-1116-6327

Emre Özer 0000-0001-9880-8566

Publication Date March 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Çelik, E., Zalaoğlu, D., & Özer, E. (2021). Effects of Using New Mold and Modified Secondary Cooling Scenario on Continuous Casting Process at a Steel Plant in Turkey. Gazi University Journal of Science, 34(1), 221-233. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.663858
AMA Çelik E, Zalaoğlu D, Özer E. Effects of Using New Mold and Modified Secondary Cooling Scenario on Continuous Casting Process at a Steel Plant in Turkey. Gazi University Journal of Science. March 2021;34(1):221-233. doi:10.35378/gujs.663858
Chicago Çelik, Emin, Demet Zalaoğlu, and Emre Özer. “Effects of Using New Mold and Modified Secondary Cooling Scenario on Continuous Casting Process at a Steel Plant in Turkey”. Gazi University Journal of Science 34, no. 1 (March 2021): 221-33. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.663858.
EndNote Çelik E, Zalaoğlu D, Özer E (March 1, 2021) Effects of Using New Mold and Modified Secondary Cooling Scenario on Continuous Casting Process at a Steel Plant in Turkey. Gazi University Journal of Science 34 1 221–233.
IEEE E. Çelik, D. Zalaoğlu, and E. Özer, “Effects of Using New Mold and Modified Secondary Cooling Scenario on Continuous Casting Process at a Steel Plant in Turkey”, Gazi University Journal of Science, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 221–233, 2021, doi: 10.35378/gujs.663858.
ISNAD Çelik, Emin et al. “Effects of Using New Mold and Modified Secondary Cooling Scenario on Continuous Casting Process at a Steel Plant in Turkey”. Gazi University Journal of Science 34/1 (March 2021), 221-233. https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.663858.
JAMA Çelik E, Zalaoğlu D, Özer E. Effects of Using New Mold and Modified Secondary Cooling Scenario on Continuous Casting Process at a Steel Plant in Turkey. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2021;34:221–233.
MLA Çelik, Emin et al. “Effects of Using New Mold and Modified Secondary Cooling Scenario on Continuous Casting Process at a Steel Plant in Turkey”. Gazi University Journal of Science, vol. 34, no. 1, 2021, pp. 221-33, doi:10.35378/gujs.663858.
Vancouver Çelik E, Zalaoğlu D, Özer E. Effects of Using New Mold and Modified Secondary Cooling Scenario on Continuous Casting Process at a Steel Plant in Turkey. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2021;34(1):221-33.