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Investigation of Mechanical Behaviors of Motorcycle Frames Designed from Steel and Hybrid Materials under Static and Dynamic Loading

Year 2025, Early View, 1 - 1

Abstract

Motorcycle use is increasing and becoming widespread every day in the world, especially in Turkey. As the need for motorcycles increases, the basic structural parts of motorcycles, especially the frames, are desired to be stronger and cheaper as well as lighter. For this reason, although motorcycle frame materials are mostly steel or aluminum, in recent years hybrid materials consisting of composites and various alloys, especially in frame construction, have become widespread in the motorcycle industry. In this study, a preliminary design of two separate motorcycle frames consisting of steel and hybrid (steel, aluminum alloy and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites) materials were made with solid modeling, and a finite element model of both frames was created. Thus, the deformations and stresses created by the static and dynamic loads acting on the frame were analyzed, and the frames were compared in terms of static and acceleration loading.

Project Number

FDK-2020-9768

Thanks

Financial support for this study was provided by the Division of Scientific Research Projects (BAP), Erciyes University, Turkey (Project No. FDK-2020-9768).

References

  • [1] Mateusz, A., Arkadiusz, D., Piotr, S., “Motorcycle chassis design: frame development for the PreMoto3 motorcycle”, 10th International Conference on Research in Science and Technology, 18-20 December, Oxford, UK, 55-67, (2020).
  • [2] Fentahun, M.A., Savaş, M.A., “Materials Used in Automotive Manufacture and Material Selection Using Ashby Charts”, International Journal of Materials Engineering, 8(3): 40-54, (2018).
  • [3] Jeyapandiarajan, P., Kalaiarassan, G., Joel, J., Shirbhate, R., Telare, F.F., Bhagat, A., “Design and analysis of chassis for an electric motorcycle”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(5): 13563-13573, (2018).
  • [4] Dama, K.K., Malyala, S.K., Babu, V.S., Rao, R.N., Shaik, I.J., “Development of automotive flexbody chassis structure in conceptual design phase using additive manufacturing”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 4(9): 9919-9923, (2017).
  • [5] Mat, M.H, Ghani, A.R. Ab., “Design and analysis of ‘eco’ car chassis”, Procedia Engineering, 41:1756-1760, (2012).
  • [6] Rechena, D., “Motorcycle frame analysis”, IDMEC/IST, Master Thesis, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Portugal, (2014).
  • [7] Liang, Z., Cheng, L., Kiet, T., “Fatigue analysis of a motorcycle frame system based on a road test and the finite element method”, Materials Science Forum, 773-774:842-850, (2014).
  • [8] Tripathi, S., Ambikesh, R.K., “Design and FEA of motorcycle frame using carbon/flax hybrid composite as a light weight substitute to steel”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 8(6): 4554-4557, (2001).
  • [9] Neeraja, C.H., Sireesha, C.R., Jawaharlal, D., “Structural analysis of two wheeler suspension frame”, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 1(6): 1-6, (2012).
  • [10] Slaiman, H., “Strength and stiffness analysis of motorcycle frame”, Master’s Final Degree Project, Kaunas University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas, Lithuania, (2018).
  • [11] Information on https://www.motorcyclistonline.com/carbon-fiber-technology-carbon-framed-future-for-bmw. Access Date: 22.12.2015
  • [12] Information on https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/articles/motorcycles /motogp/carbon-fibre-motogp-it-s-long-story. Access Date: 02.09.2019
  • [13] Garofano A, Acanfora V, Fittipaldi F, Riccio A. “On the use of a hybrid metallic-composite design to increase mechanical performance of an automotive chassis”, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 32(9): 3853-3870, (2023).
  • [14] Foale, T., “Motorcycle handling and frame design-The art and science”, (2002).
  • [15] Iso 5751-1, Motorcycle tires and rims-Part 1: Design guides.
  • [16] Iso 5751-2, Motorcycle tires and rims (Metric Series)-Tyre sizes and Load carrying capacities.
  • [17] Iso 4249-3, Motorcycle tires and rims- Part 3: Rims.
  • [18] Information on https://chopperbuildershandbook.com. Access date: 14.04.2020
  • [19] Ansys (Version 2019 R2), Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Software, https://www.ansys.com/. Access date: 01.01.2019
  • [20] Kanani, A.Y., “Ansys Tutorial for Acp (Full composite tutorial in Ansys)”, University of Kent, UK, (2017).
  • [21] Cossalter, V., “Motorcycle Dynamics”, Gardners Books Limited Eastbourne, (2006).
  • [22] Bayrakceken, H., Duzgun, M., “Brake efficiency and braking distance analysis in vehicles”, Journal of Polytechnic, 8(2):153-160, (2005).
  • [23] Information on https://learnool.com/centrifugal-force-equation, Access date: 14.10.2023
  • [24] Number of Motorcycles in Traffic Exceeded 5 Million for the First Time, Anadolu Agency (Web page). Access date: May 2024
  • [25] KTM tech: ‘sooner or later everyone will have carbon-fibre frames’, https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/ (Web page) Access Date: 07.02.2024
Year 2025, Early View, 1 - 1

Abstract

Project Number

FDK-2020-9768

References

  • [1] Mateusz, A., Arkadiusz, D., Piotr, S., “Motorcycle chassis design: frame development for the PreMoto3 motorcycle”, 10th International Conference on Research in Science and Technology, 18-20 December, Oxford, UK, 55-67, (2020).
  • [2] Fentahun, M.A., Savaş, M.A., “Materials Used in Automotive Manufacture and Material Selection Using Ashby Charts”, International Journal of Materials Engineering, 8(3): 40-54, (2018).
  • [3] Jeyapandiarajan, P., Kalaiarassan, G., Joel, J., Shirbhate, R., Telare, F.F., Bhagat, A., “Design and analysis of chassis for an electric motorcycle”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 5(5): 13563-13573, (2018).
  • [4] Dama, K.K., Malyala, S.K., Babu, V.S., Rao, R.N., Shaik, I.J., “Development of automotive flexbody chassis structure in conceptual design phase using additive manufacturing”, Materials Today: Proceedings, 4(9): 9919-9923, (2017).
  • [5] Mat, M.H, Ghani, A.R. Ab., “Design and analysis of ‘eco’ car chassis”, Procedia Engineering, 41:1756-1760, (2012).
  • [6] Rechena, D., “Motorcycle frame analysis”, IDMEC/IST, Master Thesis, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Portugal, (2014).
  • [7] Liang, Z., Cheng, L., Kiet, T., “Fatigue analysis of a motorcycle frame system based on a road test and the finite element method”, Materials Science Forum, 773-774:842-850, (2014).
  • [8] Tripathi, S., Ambikesh, R.K., “Design and FEA of motorcycle frame using carbon/flax hybrid composite as a light weight substitute to steel”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 8(6): 4554-4557, (2001).
  • [9] Neeraja, C.H., Sireesha, C.R., Jawaharlal, D., “Structural analysis of two wheeler suspension frame”, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 1(6): 1-6, (2012).
  • [10] Slaiman, H., “Strength and stiffness analysis of motorcycle frame”, Master’s Final Degree Project, Kaunas University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Kaunas, Lithuania, (2018).
  • [11] Information on https://www.motorcyclistonline.com/carbon-fiber-technology-carbon-framed-future-for-bmw. Access Date: 22.12.2015
  • [12] Information on https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/articles/motorcycles /motogp/carbon-fibre-motogp-it-s-long-story. Access Date: 02.09.2019
  • [13] Garofano A, Acanfora V, Fittipaldi F, Riccio A. “On the use of a hybrid metallic-composite design to increase mechanical performance of an automotive chassis”, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, 32(9): 3853-3870, (2023).
  • [14] Foale, T., “Motorcycle handling and frame design-The art and science”, (2002).
  • [15] Iso 5751-1, Motorcycle tires and rims-Part 1: Design guides.
  • [16] Iso 5751-2, Motorcycle tires and rims (Metric Series)-Tyre sizes and Load carrying capacities.
  • [17] Iso 4249-3, Motorcycle tires and rims- Part 3: Rims.
  • [18] Information on https://chopperbuildershandbook.com. Access date: 14.04.2020
  • [19] Ansys (Version 2019 R2), Finite Element Analysis (FEA) Software, https://www.ansys.com/. Access date: 01.01.2019
  • [20] Kanani, A.Y., “Ansys Tutorial for Acp (Full composite tutorial in Ansys)”, University of Kent, UK, (2017).
  • [21] Cossalter, V., “Motorcycle Dynamics”, Gardners Books Limited Eastbourne, (2006).
  • [22] Bayrakceken, H., Duzgun, M., “Brake efficiency and braking distance analysis in vehicles”, Journal of Polytechnic, 8(2):153-160, (2005).
  • [23] Information on https://learnool.com/centrifugal-force-equation, Access date: 14.10.2023
  • [24] Number of Motorcycles in Traffic Exceeded 5 Million for the First Time, Anadolu Agency (Web page). Access date: May 2024
  • [25] KTM tech: ‘sooner or later everyone will have carbon-fibre frames’, https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/ (Web page) Access Date: 07.02.2024
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Finite Element Analysis , Solid Mechanics, Material Design and Behaviors, Numerical Modelling and Mechanical Characterisation
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Serkan Tabak 0009-0004-2929-6893

Recep Ekici 0000-0002-4420-8431

Project Number FDK-2020-9768
Early Pub Date January 3, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date March 19, 2024
Acceptance Date September 5, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Early View

Cite

APA Tabak, S., & Ekici, R. (2025). Investigation of Mechanical Behaviors of Motorcycle Frames Designed from Steel and Hybrid Materials under Static and Dynamic Loading. Gazi University Journal of Science1-1.
AMA Tabak S, Ekici R. Investigation of Mechanical Behaviors of Motorcycle Frames Designed from Steel and Hybrid Materials under Static and Dynamic Loading. Gazi University Journal of Science. Published online January 1, 2025:1-1.
Chicago Tabak, Serkan, and Recep Ekici. “Investigation of Mechanical Behaviors of Motorcycle Frames Designed from Steel and Hybrid Materials under Static and Dynamic Loading”. Gazi University Journal of Science, January (January 2025), 1-1.
EndNote Tabak S, Ekici R (January 1, 2025) Investigation of Mechanical Behaviors of Motorcycle Frames Designed from Steel and Hybrid Materials under Static and Dynamic Loading. Gazi University Journal of Science 1–1.
IEEE S. Tabak and R. Ekici, “Investigation of Mechanical Behaviors of Motorcycle Frames Designed from Steel and Hybrid Materials under Static and Dynamic Loading”, Gazi University Journal of Science, pp. 1–1, January 2025.
ISNAD Tabak, Serkan - Ekici, Recep. “Investigation of Mechanical Behaviors of Motorcycle Frames Designed from Steel and Hybrid Materials under Static and Dynamic Loading”. Gazi University Journal of Science. January 2025. 1-1.
JAMA Tabak S, Ekici R. Investigation of Mechanical Behaviors of Motorcycle Frames Designed from Steel and Hybrid Materials under Static and Dynamic Loading. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2025;:1–1.
MLA Tabak, Serkan and Recep Ekici. “Investigation of Mechanical Behaviors of Motorcycle Frames Designed from Steel and Hybrid Materials under Static and Dynamic Loading”. Gazi University Journal of Science, 2025, pp. 1-1.
Vancouver Tabak S, Ekici R. Investigation of Mechanical Behaviors of Motorcycle Frames Designed from Steel and Hybrid Materials under Static and Dynamic Loading. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2025:1-.