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PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND POZZOLANIC PROPERTIES OF THE BRICKS USED

Year 2011, Volume: 24 Issue: 4, 959 - 972, 16.12.2011

Abstract

In this study, the pozzolanic and physicochemical properties of the bricks used in a number of historic buildings built between the second and ninth centuries were investigated. To test this assumption, samples were taken from certain historic buildings dating back to the Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire or Ottoman Empire in order to conduct ICP analyses, chemical analyses and XRD-based mineralogical analyses. To study the pozzolanic properties of the bricks, lime mortars were prepared in accordance with the TS 25 and ASTM C 593-05 standards. These analyses indicate that to some extent all the bricks sampled contain pozzolanic properties. These findings indicate that these bricks were fired at low temperatures in kilns.

Keywords: Historic building, brick, lime mortar, pozzolanic activity, physicochemical and mechanical characterization.

 

 

References

  • Elert, K., Cutrone, G., Navarro C.R. and Pardo, E.S. “Durability of Bricks used in the conservation of historic buildings- influence of composition and microstructure”. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 4: 91-99, (2003).
  • Artel, T. Yapı Malzemesi. Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi, YMB. İstanbul. pp.206 (Turkish book), (1961).
  • Davidovits, F. Les Mortiers de pouzzolanes artificielles chez Vitruve evolution et historique architecturale. These de D.E.A Les Cultures de L’Antiquite Classique. Universite Paris X-Nanterre, France, (1992).
  • Moropoulou, A., Polikreti, K., Bakolas, A. and Michailidis, P. “Correlation of physicochemical and mechanical properties of historical mortars and classification by multivariate statistics”. Cement and Concrete Research, 33:891-898, (2002).
  • Elsen, J. “Microscopy of historic mortars-A review”. Cement and Concrete Research, 36:1416–1424, (2006).
  • Sabir, B.B., Wild, S. and Bai, J. “Metakaolin and calcined clays as pozzolans for concrete”. Cement and Concrete Composites, 23(6) 441-454, (2001).
  • He, C., Osbaeck, B. and Makovicky, E. “Pozzolanic reactions of six principle clay minerals: activation, reactivity assessments and technological effects”. Cement and Concrete Research, 25(8): 1691–1702, (1995).
  • Baronia, G. and Binda, L. “Study of the Pozzolanicity of Some Bricks and Clays”. Construction and Building Materials, 11(1): 41-46, (1997).
  • Kakali, G., Perraki, T., Tsivilis, S. and Badogiannis, E. “Thermal treatment of kaolin: the effect of mineralogy on the pozzolanic activity. Applied Clay Science, 20(1-2): 73-80, (2001).
  • Frias Rojas, M. and Cabrera, J. “The effect of temperature on the hydration rate and stability of the hydration phases of metakaolin-lime water system”. Cement and Concrete Research, 32(1): 133-138, (2002).
  • Shvarzman, K., Kovler, K., Schamban, I., Grader, G.S. and Shter, G.E. “The effect of dehydroxylation/ amorphization degree on pozzolanic activity of kaolinite”. Cement and Concrete Research, 33: 405-416, (2003).
  • Chakchouk, A., Samet, B. and Mnif, T. “Influence of mineralogy of Tunisian clays on pozzolanic activity-assessment by different methods”. Cement and Concrete Research, 19: 57-65, (2006).
  • Kurugöl, S. “Effect of calcination on the pozzolanic activity of Ömerli clays”. VII.International Ceramic Congress, Afyon Kocatepe University, 26-28 November 2008, Afyon, Turkey, (2008).
  • Wild, S., Gailius, A., Hansen, H., Pederson, L. and Szwabowski, J. “Pozzolanic Properties of a Variety of European Clay Bricks”. Building Research and Information, 25(3): 170-175, (1997).
  • Standard ASTM C 593-95. “Standard Specification for Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use With Lime” (Reapproved 2000).
  • Standard TS 25. Trass. (Natural Pozzolan for use in Cement and Concrete - Definitions, Requirements and Conformity Criteria). Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, (2008).
  • Standard EN 1936. “Natural Stone Test Methods- Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity”, Brussels, (2006).
  • Standard ASTM C 618-03. “Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete”, (2003).
  • Standard TS EN 1015-11. “Turkish Standard, Methods of Test Mortar for Masonry – Part 11 Determination of compressive and flexure strength of hardened mortars”. Ankara, (2000).
  • Standard TS EN 12390-6. “Turkish Standard, Testing hardened concrete - Part 6: Tensile splitting strength of test specimens”. Ankara, (2002).
  • Standard TS EN 14579. “Natural Stone Test Methods - Determination of sound speed propagation”, Ankara, (2006).
  • Postacıoğlu, B.,Çakıroğlu, N. and Ortabaşı, N. Kayseri Puzolanları. İTÜ, Mim.Fak, İstanbul [Turkish book], (1960).
  • Böke, H., Akkurt. S. and İpekoğlu, B. “Tarihi Yapılarda Kullanılan Horasan Harcının Özellikleri”. Yapı Dergisi, No: 269, İstanbul, (2004).
  • Shvarzman, K., Kovler, K., Schamban, I., Grader, G.S. and Shter, G.E. “Influence of chemical and phase composition of mineral admixture on their pozzolanic activity”. Ad.Cem.Res., 14: 35-41, (2002).
  • Tezukaa, N., Lowa. I.M., Davies, I.J., Priorc, M. and Studer, A. “In situ neutron diffraction investigation on the phase transformation sequence of kaolinite and halloysite to mullite”. Physica B 385–386, 555–557, (2006).
  • Robert, S. Thermal Analysis of Materials. CRC. Pres., Pp 166, (1993).
  • Lopez-Arce, P. and Garcia-Guinea, J. “Weathering traces in ancient bricks from historic buildings”. Building and Environment, 40: 929-941, (2005).
  • Chakchouk, A., Samet, B. and Mnif, T. “Study on the potential use of Tunisian clays as pozzolanic materials”. Applied Clay Science, 33: 69-88, (2006).
  • Wild, S., Khatib, J.M. and O'Farrell, M. “Sulphate resistance of mortar containing ground brick calcined at different temperatures”. Cement and Concrete Research, 27 (5): 697–709, (1997).
  • Fang, P.A. and Wu, Z.P. “Effect of microstructural evolution on the mechanical properties of lepidolite based glass-ceramics”. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, pp 1381-1385, (2002).
  • İnan K., Tanyolu, E. Mineraloji, Cilt-II, p. 218, İstanbul. (Turkish Book), (1982).
  • Yılmaz, B. and Ediz, N. “The use raw and calcined diatomite in cement production”. Cem Concr. Comp, 30: 202-211, (2008).
  • Krzmanc, M.M., Valant, M. and Suvorov D. “The dielectric properties of Plajioklase feldispars”. Material in Tehnologie, 37: 1-2, 13-17, (2003).
  • Kobayashi, Y. and Kato, E. “Low Temperature Fabrication of Anorthite Ceramics”. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 77(3): 833-834, (1994).
  • Iqbal, Y. and Lee, W.E. “Microstructural evolution in triaxial porcelain”. J. Am. Ceram. Soc, 83(12): 3121-3127, (2000).
  • Aardt, J.H.P. and Visser, S. “Calcium Hydroxide Attack on Feldspars and Clays: Possible Relevance to Cement - Aggregate Reactions”, Cement and Concrete Research, 7: 643-648, (1997).
  • Mitchell, R.S. and Hart,. S.C. “Heated mineral mixture related to ancient ceramic pabteb: X-Ray diffraction study”. In: Allen R.O, editor, Archeological chemistry Iv. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 145-155, (1989).
  • Lee, S., Youn, J.K. and Moon, H.S. “Phase Transformation Sequence from Kaolinite to Mullite Investigated by an Energy-Filtering Transmission Electron Microscope”, Journal of American Ceramic Society, 82(10):.2841-2848, (1999).
  • McConville, C.J. and Lee. E.W. “Micro-structural development on firing illite and smectite clays compared with that in kaolinite”. J.Am.Ceram Soc. 88: 2267-2277, (2005).
Year 2011, Volume: 24 Issue: 4, 959 - 972, 16.12.2011

Abstract

References

  • Elert, K., Cutrone, G., Navarro C.R. and Pardo, E.S. “Durability of Bricks used in the conservation of historic buildings- influence of composition and microstructure”. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 4: 91-99, (2003).
  • Artel, T. Yapı Malzemesi. Güzel Sanatlar Akademisi, YMB. İstanbul. pp.206 (Turkish book), (1961).
  • Davidovits, F. Les Mortiers de pouzzolanes artificielles chez Vitruve evolution et historique architecturale. These de D.E.A Les Cultures de L’Antiquite Classique. Universite Paris X-Nanterre, France, (1992).
  • Moropoulou, A., Polikreti, K., Bakolas, A. and Michailidis, P. “Correlation of physicochemical and mechanical properties of historical mortars and classification by multivariate statistics”. Cement and Concrete Research, 33:891-898, (2002).
  • Elsen, J. “Microscopy of historic mortars-A review”. Cement and Concrete Research, 36:1416–1424, (2006).
  • Sabir, B.B., Wild, S. and Bai, J. “Metakaolin and calcined clays as pozzolans for concrete”. Cement and Concrete Composites, 23(6) 441-454, (2001).
  • He, C., Osbaeck, B. and Makovicky, E. “Pozzolanic reactions of six principle clay minerals: activation, reactivity assessments and technological effects”. Cement and Concrete Research, 25(8): 1691–1702, (1995).
  • Baronia, G. and Binda, L. “Study of the Pozzolanicity of Some Bricks and Clays”. Construction and Building Materials, 11(1): 41-46, (1997).
  • Kakali, G., Perraki, T., Tsivilis, S. and Badogiannis, E. “Thermal treatment of kaolin: the effect of mineralogy on the pozzolanic activity. Applied Clay Science, 20(1-2): 73-80, (2001).
  • Frias Rojas, M. and Cabrera, J. “The effect of temperature on the hydration rate and stability of the hydration phases of metakaolin-lime water system”. Cement and Concrete Research, 32(1): 133-138, (2002).
  • Shvarzman, K., Kovler, K., Schamban, I., Grader, G.S. and Shter, G.E. “The effect of dehydroxylation/ amorphization degree on pozzolanic activity of kaolinite”. Cement and Concrete Research, 33: 405-416, (2003).
  • Chakchouk, A., Samet, B. and Mnif, T. “Influence of mineralogy of Tunisian clays on pozzolanic activity-assessment by different methods”. Cement and Concrete Research, 19: 57-65, (2006).
  • Kurugöl, S. “Effect of calcination on the pozzolanic activity of Ömerli clays”. VII.International Ceramic Congress, Afyon Kocatepe University, 26-28 November 2008, Afyon, Turkey, (2008).
  • Wild, S., Gailius, A., Hansen, H., Pederson, L. and Szwabowski, J. “Pozzolanic Properties of a Variety of European Clay Bricks”. Building Research and Information, 25(3): 170-175, (1997).
  • Standard ASTM C 593-95. “Standard Specification for Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use With Lime” (Reapproved 2000).
  • Standard TS 25. Trass. (Natural Pozzolan for use in Cement and Concrete - Definitions, Requirements and Conformity Criteria). Turkish Standard Institution, Ankara, (2008).
  • Standard EN 1936. “Natural Stone Test Methods- Determination of real density and apparent density, and of total and open porosity”, Brussels, (2006).
  • Standard ASTM C 618-03. “Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete”, (2003).
  • Standard TS EN 1015-11. “Turkish Standard, Methods of Test Mortar for Masonry – Part 11 Determination of compressive and flexure strength of hardened mortars”. Ankara, (2000).
  • Standard TS EN 12390-6. “Turkish Standard, Testing hardened concrete - Part 6: Tensile splitting strength of test specimens”. Ankara, (2002).
  • Standard TS EN 14579. “Natural Stone Test Methods - Determination of sound speed propagation”, Ankara, (2006).
  • Postacıoğlu, B.,Çakıroğlu, N. and Ortabaşı, N. Kayseri Puzolanları. İTÜ, Mim.Fak, İstanbul [Turkish book], (1960).
  • Böke, H., Akkurt. S. and İpekoğlu, B. “Tarihi Yapılarda Kullanılan Horasan Harcının Özellikleri”. Yapı Dergisi, No: 269, İstanbul, (2004).
  • Shvarzman, K., Kovler, K., Schamban, I., Grader, G.S. and Shter, G.E. “Influence of chemical and phase composition of mineral admixture on their pozzolanic activity”. Ad.Cem.Res., 14: 35-41, (2002).
  • Tezukaa, N., Lowa. I.M., Davies, I.J., Priorc, M. and Studer, A. “In situ neutron diffraction investigation on the phase transformation sequence of kaolinite and halloysite to mullite”. Physica B 385–386, 555–557, (2006).
  • Robert, S. Thermal Analysis of Materials. CRC. Pres., Pp 166, (1993).
  • Lopez-Arce, P. and Garcia-Guinea, J. “Weathering traces in ancient bricks from historic buildings”. Building and Environment, 40: 929-941, (2005).
  • Chakchouk, A., Samet, B. and Mnif, T. “Study on the potential use of Tunisian clays as pozzolanic materials”. Applied Clay Science, 33: 69-88, (2006).
  • Wild, S., Khatib, J.M. and O'Farrell, M. “Sulphate resistance of mortar containing ground brick calcined at different temperatures”. Cement and Concrete Research, 27 (5): 697–709, (1997).
  • Fang, P.A. and Wu, Z.P. “Effect of microstructural evolution on the mechanical properties of lepidolite based glass-ceramics”. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, pp 1381-1385, (2002).
  • İnan K., Tanyolu, E. Mineraloji, Cilt-II, p. 218, İstanbul. (Turkish Book), (1982).
  • Yılmaz, B. and Ediz, N. “The use raw and calcined diatomite in cement production”. Cem Concr. Comp, 30: 202-211, (2008).
  • Krzmanc, M.M., Valant, M. and Suvorov D. “The dielectric properties of Plajioklase feldispars”. Material in Tehnologie, 37: 1-2, 13-17, (2003).
  • Kobayashi, Y. and Kato, E. “Low Temperature Fabrication of Anorthite Ceramics”. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 77(3): 833-834, (1994).
  • Iqbal, Y. and Lee, W.E. “Microstructural evolution in triaxial porcelain”. J. Am. Ceram. Soc, 83(12): 3121-3127, (2000).
  • Aardt, J.H.P. and Visser, S. “Calcium Hydroxide Attack on Feldspars and Clays: Possible Relevance to Cement - Aggregate Reactions”, Cement and Concrete Research, 7: 643-648, (1997).
  • Mitchell, R.S. and Hart,. S.C. “Heated mineral mixture related to ancient ceramic pabteb: X-Ray diffraction study”. In: Allen R.O, editor, Archeological chemistry Iv. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 145-155, (1989).
  • Lee, S., Youn, J.K. and Moon, H.S. “Phase Transformation Sequence from Kaolinite to Mullite Investigated by an Energy-Filtering Transmission Electron Microscope”, Journal of American Ceramic Society, 82(10):.2841-2848, (1999).
  • McConville, C.J. and Lee. E.W. “Micro-structural development on firing illite and smectite clays compared with that in kaolinite”. J.Am.Ceram Soc. 88: 2267-2277, (2005).
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Architecture & City and Urban Planning
Authors

Sedat Kurugöl This is me

Çigdem Tekın

Publication Date December 16, 2011
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 24 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Kurugöl, S., & Tekın, Ç. (2011). PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND POZZOLANIC PROPERTIES OF THE BRICKS USED. Gazi University Journal of Science, 24(4), 959-972.
AMA Kurugöl S, Tekın Ç. PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND POZZOLANIC PROPERTIES OF THE BRICKS USED. Gazi University Journal of Science. December 2011;24(4):959-972.
Chicago Kurugöl, Sedat, and Çigdem Tekın. “PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND POZZOLANIC PROPERTIES OF THE BRICKS USED”. Gazi University Journal of Science 24, no. 4 (December 2011): 959-72.
EndNote Kurugöl S, Tekın Ç (December 1, 2011) PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND POZZOLANIC PROPERTIES OF THE BRICKS USED. Gazi University Journal of Science 24 4 959–972.
IEEE S. Kurugöl and Ç. Tekın, “PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND POZZOLANIC PROPERTIES OF THE BRICKS USED”, Gazi University Journal of Science, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 959–972, 2011.
ISNAD Kurugöl, Sedat - Tekın, Çigdem. “PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND POZZOLANIC PROPERTIES OF THE BRICKS USED”. Gazi University Journal of Science 24/4 (December 2011), 959-972.
JAMA Kurugöl S, Tekın Ç. PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND POZZOLANIC PROPERTIES OF THE BRICKS USED. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2011;24:959–972.
MLA Kurugöl, Sedat and Çigdem Tekın. “PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND POZZOLANIC PROPERTIES OF THE BRICKS USED”. Gazi University Journal of Science, vol. 24, no. 4, 2011, pp. 959-72.
Vancouver Kurugöl S, Tekın Ç. PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND POZZOLANIC PROPERTIES OF THE BRICKS USED. Gazi University Journal of Science. 2011;24(4):959-72.