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ULUSLARARASI ÇEVRE HUKUKUNDA YUMUŞAK ARAÇLARIN ROLÜNE İLİŞKİN BİR GÖZDEN GEÇİRME

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 824 - 868, 31.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1672865

Öz

Bu yasal inceleme, iklim değişikliği hukukunu sertlik ve yumuşaklık açısından test etmeye çalışacaktır. Çevre yasalarının, antlaşmaların ve kuralların genel olarak ve özellikle iklim değişikliğiyle ilgili olanların çok derin ve doğrudan anlamına yaklaşmak için bir içerik analizi yöntemi kullanacaktır. Hukukun olduğu gibi bir genel görünümünü göstermek için çevresel sert ve yumuşak hukuk araçlarına örnekler sunacaktır. Ardından, ilgili iklim değişikliği kurallarını, üç sertlik unsuru açısından doğalarını bulmak için test edecektir: yükümlülük, kesinlik ve delege etme. Böyle bir hukuk sisteminin, küreselleşme ve parçalanma gibi politik ve sosyal boyutlarında mevcut dünyanın temelini yansıttığı sonucuna varacak ve iklim değişikliği hukukunun bunu başarmak için yeterli potansiyele sahip yeni bir normatiflik düzeyine ihtiyaç duyduğunu göstermeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Proje Numarası

None

Kaynakça

  • Abbott KW and Snidal D, ‘Hard and Soft Law in International Governance’ (2000) 54(3) International Organization 421-456.
  • Abbott KW, Keohane RO, Moravcsik A, Slaughter AM and Snidal D, ‘The Concept of Legalization’ (2000) 54(3) International Organization 401-419.
  • Abnett K, ‘Opinion Polls Signal EU Election Result Could Hamper Climate Action – Research’ Reuters (January 24, 2024) <https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/opinion-polls-signal-eu-election-result-could-hamper-climate-action-research-2024-01-23/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=Newsletter&utm_campaign=Sustainable-Switch&utm_term=012524&user_email=04d064c1ed3d0d3822a34481a5d7d6fecfd0772269d328a3e24ebef1b1a9f60c> accessed 26 January 2025.
  • Acheampong AO and Opoku EEO, ‘Environmental Degradation and Economic Growth: Investigating Linkages and Potential Pathways’ (2023) 123 Energy Economics 106734.
  • Agreement on Environmental Cooperation between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People’s Republic of China, 7 September 1993.
  • Agreement on Great Lakes Water Quality, November 22, 1978, Canada-US, T.I.A.S. No. 10, 789.
  • Ahmed A and Mustofa J, ‘Role of Soft Law in Environmental Protection: An Overview’ (2016) 4(2) Global Journal of Politics and Law Research 1-18.
  • Alimuddin SZ and Muhammad A, ‘Soft Law and Protection of Climate Migrants: A Case Study of Bangladesh’ (2023) 6(1) Nation State: Journal of International Studies 18-33.
  • Aoláin FN, ‘’Soft Law’, Informal Lawmaking and ‘New Institutions’ in the Global Counter-Terrorism Architecture’ (2021) 32(3) The European Journal of International Law 919-941.
  • Asselt HV, ‘Managing the Fragmentation of International Environmental Law: Forests at the Intersection of the Climate and Biodiversity Regimes’ (2012) 44 International Law and Politics 1205-1278.
  • Barsalou O and Picard MH, ‘International Environmental Law in an Era of Globalized Waste’ (2018) 17(3) Chinese Journal of Environmental Law 887-906.
  • Bell S, Donald McGillivray and Ole W Pederson, Environmental Law (8th edn, OUP 2013).
  • Bodansky D, ‘Customary (And Not So Customary) International Environmental Law’ (1995) 3(1) Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 105-119.
  • Bodansky D, ‘The Paris Climate Change Agreement: A New Hope?’ (2016) 110(2) American Journal of International Law 288-319.
  • Bodansky D, International Environmental Law: Mapping the Field (OUP 2008).
  • Bodansky D, The Art and Craft of International Environmental Law (Harvard University Press 2010).
  • Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford, ‘Environmental law: Treaties (MEAs/IEAs)’ <https://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/law-env/treaties> accessed 22 January 2024.
  • Cartaxo TDM, ‘Theories of Legal Sources and Soft Law: of the Unbearable Lightness of Ought’ (2016) Faculty of Law, NOVA University Lisbon 1-26.
  • Chamon M, ‘Soft Law and Challenges to Access to Justice’ in Melanie Fink (ed), Redressing Fundamental Rights Violations by the EU: The Promise of the ‘Complete System of Remedies (CUP 2024) 366-390.
  • Chinkin C, ‘The Challenge of Soft Law: Development and Change in International Law’ (1989) 38(4) The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 733-752.
  • Clark K, ‘The Paris Agreement: Its Role in International Law and American Jurisprudence’ (2018) 8(2) Notre Dame Journal of International & Comparative Law 108-130.
  • Corlett RT, ‘The Anthropocene Concept in Ecology and Conservation’ (2015) 30(1) Trends in Ecology & Evolution 36-41.
  • Crutzen P and Stoermer E, ‘The Anthropocene’ (2000) 41 IGBP Newsletter 17.
  • Dupuy PM, ‘Prosper Weil's Article: A Stimulating Warning’ (2020) Symposium on Prosper Weil, Towards Relative Normativity in International Law <https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/prosper-weils-article-a-stimulating-warning/5E242326306B0F0202D98EC0018C789F> accessed 12 April 2022.
  • Dupuy PM, ‘Sof Law and the International Law of the Environment’ (1999) 12(2) Michigan Journal of International Law 420-435.
  • Eckersley R, ‘Soft law, hard politics, and the Climate Change Treaty’ in Christian Reus-Smit (ed), The Politics of International Law (CUP 2004).
  • Esty D and Arriba-Sellier ND, ‘Zeroing in on Net-Zero: From Soft Law to Hard Law in Corporate Climate Change Pledges’ (2023) 94(3) University of Colorado Law Review 635-679.
  • Etemire U, ‘Insights on the UNEP Bali Guidelines and the Development of Environmental Democratic Rights’ (2016) 28(3) Journal of Environmental Law 1-21.
  • Ferris E and Bergmann J, ‘Soft Law, Migration and Climate Change Governance’ (2017) 8(1) Journal of Human Rights and the Environment 6-29.
  • Friedrich J, International Environmental soft law (Springer 2013).
  • Guruparan K and Zerk J, ‘Influence of Soft Law Grows in International Governance’ (Chatham House, August 2021) <https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/06/influence-soft-law-grows-international-governance> accessed 22 February 2025.
  • Guzman AT and Meyer TL, ‘International Soft Law’ (2010) 2(1) Journal of Legal Analysis 171-225. Hanson CA, ‘Hard and Soft Law in the Paris Climate Agreement’ (2021) 925 Student Publications <https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/925> accessed 18 April 2022.
  • Hart HLA, The Concept of Law (2nd edn, Clarendon Press 1994).
  • Hillgenberg H, ‘A Fresh Look at Soft Law’ (1999) 10(3) European Journal of International Law 499-515. Honkonen T, The Common but Differentiated Responsibility Principle in Multilateral Environmental Agreements: Regulatory and Policy Aspects (Kluwer Law International 2009).
  • ILA, New Delhi Declaration of Principles of International Law Relating to Sustainable Development, ILA 70th Conference, A/CONF.199/8 (New Delhi, India, 2-6 April 2002) <http://www2.ecolex.org/server2neu.php/libcat/docs/LI/MON-070850.pdf> accessed 24 December 2021.
  • International Court of Justice, Advisory opinion on Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, 8 July 1998.
  • IPCC, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (Geneva 2021).
  • IPCC, ‘Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) “Climate Change 2023” – Synthesis Report’ (WMO & UNEP, Geneva 2023) <https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2023/03/Doc5_Adopted_AR6_SYR_Longer_Report.pdf> accessed 22 February 2025.
  • Jalil S, ‘Toward an International Grundnorm for Climate Change: Ensuring Sustainability Away from Traditional Notion of Security’ (2025) 17(3) Sustainability 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031034.
  • Jolly S and Trivedi A, ‘Principle of CBDR-RC: Its Interpretation and Implementation through NDCs in the Context of Sustainable Development’ (2021) 11(3) Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy 309-348. Kerkhof MVD, ‘The Trail Smelter Case Re-examined: Examining the Development of National Procedural Mechanisms to Resolve a Trail Smelter Type Dispute’ (2011) 27(3) Merkourios 68-83.
  • Kim RK, ‘Unravelling the Maze of Multilateral Environmental Agreements: A Macroscopic Analysis of International Environmental Law and Governance for the Anthropocene’ (2013) PhD thesis, Australian National University.
  • Kotzé LJ, ‘A Global Environmental Constitution for the Anthropocene?’ (2019) 8(1) Transnational Environmental Law 11-33.
  • Lamotte KR, ‘Mechanisms for Global Agreement’ in Martella RR and Grosko JB (eds), International Environmental Law: The Practitioner's Guide to the Laws of the Planet (American Bar Association 2014) 965-975.
  • Lawrence P and Wong D, ‘Soft Law in the Paris Climate Agreement: Strength or Weakness?’ (2017) 26(3) Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 276-286.
  • Miler RA, ‘Pandemic as Transboundary Harm: Lessons from Trail Smelter Arbitration’ (20230 55) International Law and Politics 259-337.
  • Nadarajah H, ‘Fewer Treaties, More Soft Law: What does it Mean for the Arctic and Climate Change’ in Heininen L, Exner-Pirot H and Barnes J (eds), Climate Change and the Arctic: Global Origins, Regional Responsibilities? (Akureyri, Iceland: Arctic Portal, Arctic Yearbook 2020) 1-14.
  • Natarajan U, ‘Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) and the environment’ in Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos A and Brooks V (eds), Research Methods in Environmental Law: A Handbook (Edward Elgar Publishing 2017) 207-236.
  • OECD, Regulatory Co-operation for an Interdependent World (Paris 1994) <https://www.anu.edu.au/fellows/jbraithwaite/_documents/Articles/Lessons%20for%20Regulatory%20Co-operation.pdf> accessed 21 December 2021 Orellana MA, Typology of Instruments of Public Environmental International Law, United Nations ECLAG Environment and Development series no. 158 <https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/publication/files/37186/S1420605_en.pdf> accessed 13 December 2021.
  • Paulo Otero, Legalidade e Administração Pública: O Sentido da Vinculação Administrativa à Juridicidade (Almedina 2007).
  • Petropoulou ID and Eliantonin M, ‘Soft Law Behind the Scenes: Transparency, Participation and the European Union’s Soft Law Making Process in the Field of Climate Change’ (2023) 14(2) European Journal of Risk Regulation 292-312.
  • Pickering J, McGee JS, Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen SI and Wenta J, ‘Global Climate Governance between Hard and Soft Law: Can the Paris Agreement's 'Crème Brûlée' Approach Enhance Ecological Reflexivity?’ (2019) 31(1) Journal of Environmental Law 1-28.
  • Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Arg. v. Uru.), Merits, 2010 ICJ REP. 14, (Apr. 20).
  • Rajamani L, ‘The Increasing Currency and Relevance of Rights-Based Perspectives in the International Negotiations on Climate Change’ (2010) 22(3) Journal of Environmental Law 391-429.
  • Raustiala K, ‘Forms and Substance in International Agreements’ (2005) 99(3) The American Journal of International Law 581 ss.
  • Ruiz B, ‘No Forest Convention but Ten Tree Treaties’ (FAO 2001) <http://www.fao.org/3/y1237e/y1237e03.htm> accessed 09 May 2022.
  • Shelton D, ‘Soft Law’ in JD Armstrong (ed), Routledge Handbook of International Law (Routledge 2009) 68-80. Stone S, ‘Common but Differentiated Responsibilities in International Law’ (2004) 98(2) American Journal of International Law 276-301.
  • UNEP, ‘Multilateral Environmental Agreements’ <https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/21491/MEA-handbook-Vietnam.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y> accessed 27 December 2021.
  • UNEP, ‘Putting Rio Principle 10 Into Action’ (2015) <https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/11201/UNEP%20MGSB-SGBS%20BALI%20GUIDELINES-Interactive.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y> accessed 26 January 2024.
  • UNEP, Training Manual on International Environmental Law (Nairobi 2006).
  • UNFCCC, ‘Global Climate Action’ (2024) <https://climateaction.unfccc.int/> accessed 25 January 2024.
  • Voigt C and Gao X, ‘Accountability in the Paris Agreement: The Interplay between Transparency and Compliance’ (2020) 1 Nordic Environmental Law Journal 31-57.
  • Wanner M, ‘The Effectiveness of Soft Law in International Environmental Regimes: Participation and Compliance in Hyogo Framework for Action’ (2021) 21 Int Environ Agreements 113-132.
  • Weber M (trans. Talcott Parsons), The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (first published 1930, Routledge 1992).
  • Weil P, ‘Towards Relative Normativity in International Law?’ (1983) 77 The American Journal of International Law 413-442.
  • Weiss EB, ‘International Environmental Law: Contemporary Issues and the Emergence of a New World Order’ (1993) 81 The Georgetown Law Journal 675-710.
  • Wiersema A, ‘The New International Law Makers? Conferences of the Parties to Multilateral Environmental Agreements’ (2009) 31(1) Michigan Journal of International Law 231-287.
  • Yilmaz D and Isinkaralar O, ‘Climate Action Plans in Under Climate-Resilient Urban Policies’ (2021) 7(2) Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences 140.

A REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF SOFT INSTRUMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2, 824 - 868, 31.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1672865

Öz

This legal review will attempt to test the climate change law in terms of hardness and softness. It will deploy a content analysis method in order to approach the very deep and direct meaning of the environmental laws, treaties, and rules in general and those related to climate change in particular. It will present examples of environmental hard and soft law instruments to show an overview of the law as it is. Then it will accordingly test the relevant climate change rules to find out their nature in terms of the three elements of hardness: obligation, precision, and delegation. It will conclude that such a legal system reflects the very basis of the current world in its political and social dimensions, such as globalization and fragmentation, and it aims to demonstrate that climate change law needs a new level of normativity with sufficient potential to achieve it.

Etik Beyan

Not applicable

Destekleyen Kurum

None

Proje Numarası

None

Teşekkür

None

Kaynakça

  • Abbott KW and Snidal D, ‘Hard and Soft Law in International Governance’ (2000) 54(3) International Organization 421-456.
  • Abbott KW, Keohane RO, Moravcsik A, Slaughter AM and Snidal D, ‘The Concept of Legalization’ (2000) 54(3) International Organization 401-419.
  • Abnett K, ‘Opinion Polls Signal EU Election Result Could Hamper Climate Action – Research’ Reuters (January 24, 2024) <https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/opinion-polls-signal-eu-election-result-could-hamper-climate-action-research-2024-01-23/?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=Newsletter&utm_campaign=Sustainable-Switch&utm_term=012524&user_email=04d064c1ed3d0d3822a34481a5d7d6fecfd0772269d328a3e24ebef1b1a9f60c> accessed 26 January 2025.
  • Acheampong AO and Opoku EEO, ‘Environmental Degradation and Economic Growth: Investigating Linkages and Potential Pathways’ (2023) 123 Energy Economics 106734.
  • Agreement on Environmental Cooperation between the Government of the Republic of India and the Government of the People’s Republic of China, 7 September 1993.
  • Agreement on Great Lakes Water Quality, November 22, 1978, Canada-US, T.I.A.S. No. 10, 789.
  • Ahmed A and Mustofa J, ‘Role of Soft Law in Environmental Protection: An Overview’ (2016) 4(2) Global Journal of Politics and Law Research 1-18.
  • Alimuddin SZ and Muhammad A, ‘Soft Law and Protection of Climate Migrants: A Case Study of Bangladesh’ (2023) 6(1) Nation State: Journal of International Studies 18-33.
  • Aoláin FN, ‘’Soft Law’, Informal Lawmaking and ‘New Institutions’ in the Global Counter-Terrorism Architecture’ (2021) 32(3) The European Journal of International Law 919-941.
  • Asselt HV, ‘Managing the Fragmentation of International Environmental Law: Forests at the Intersection of the Climate and Biodiversity Regimes’ (2012) 44 International Law and Politics 1205-1278.
  • Barsalou O and Picard MH, ‘International Environmental Law in an Era of Globalized Waste’ (2018) 17(3) Chinese Journal of Environmental Law 887-906.
  • Bell S, Donald McGillivray and Ole W Pederson, Environmental Law (8th edn, OUP 2013).
  • Bodansky D, ‘Customary (And Not So Customary) International Environmental Law’ (1995) 3(1) Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 105-119.
  • Bodansky D, ‘The Paris Climate Change Agreement: A New Hope?’ (2016) 110(2) American Journal of International Law 288-319.
  • Bodansky D, International Environmental Law: Mapping the Field (OUP 2008).
  • Bodansky D, The Art and Craft of International Environmental Law (Harvard University Press 2010).
  • Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford, ‘Environmental law: Treaties (MEAs/IEAs)’ <https://libguides.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/law-env/treaties> accessed 22 January 2024.
  • Cartaxo TDM, ‘Theories of Legal Sources and Soft Law: of the Unbearable Lightness of Ought’ (2016) Faculty of Law, NOVA University Lisbon 1-26.
  • Chamon M, ‘Soft Law and Challenges to Access to Justice’ in Melanie Fink (ed), Redressing Fundamental Rights Violations by the EU: The Promise of the ‘Complete System of Remedies (CUP 2024) 366-390.
  • Chinkin C, ‘The Challenge of Soft Law: Development and Change in International Law’ (1989) 38(4) The International and Comparative Law Quarterly 733-752.
  • Clark K, ‘The Paris Agreement: Its Role in International Law and American Jurisprudence’ (2018) 8(2) Notre Dame Journal of International & Comparative Law 108-130.
  • Corlett RT, ‘The Anthropocene Concept in Ecology and Conservation’ (2015) 30(1) Trends in Ecology & Evolution 36-41.
  • Crutzen P and Stoermer E, ‘The Anthropocene’ (2000) 41 IGBP Newsletter 17.
  • Dupuy PM, ‘Prosper Weil's Article: A Stimulating Warning’ (2020) Symposium on Prosper Weil, Towards Relative Normativity in International Law <https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/american-journal-of-international-law/article/prosper-weils-article-a-stimulating-warning/5E242326306B0F0202D98EC0018C789F> accessed 12 April 2022.
  • Dupuy PM, ‘Sof Law and the International Law of the Environment’ (1999) 12(2) Michigan Journal of International Law 420-435.
  • Eckersley R, ‘Soft law, hard politics, and the Climate Change Treaty’ in Christian Reus-Smit (ed), The Politics of International Law (CUP 2004).
  • Esty D and Arriba-Sellier ND, ‘Zeroing in on Net-Zero: From Soft Law to Hard Law in Corporate Climate Change Pledges’ (2023) 94(3) University of Colorado Law Review 635-679.
  • Etemire U, ‘Insights on the UNEP Bali Guidelines and the Development of Environmental Democratic Rights’ (2016) 28(3) Journal of Environmental Law 1-21.
  • Ferris E and Bergmann J, ‘Soft Law, Migration and Climate Change Governance’ (2017) 8(1) Journal of Human Rights and the Environment 6-29.
  • Friedrich J, International Environmental soft law (Springer 2013).
  • Guruparan K and Zerk J, ‘Influence of Soft Law Grows in International Governance’ (Chatham House, August 2021) <https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/06/influence-soft-law-grows-international-governance> accessed 22 February 2025.
  • Guzman AT and Meyer TL, ‘International Soft Law’ (2010) 2(1) Journal of Legal Analysis 171-225. Hanson CA, ‘Hard and Soft Law in the Paris Climate Agreement’ (2021) 925 Student Publications <https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/925> accessed 18 April 2022.
  • Hart HLA, The Concept of Law (2nd edn, Clarendon Press 1994).
  • Hillgenberg H, ‘A Fresh Look at Soft Law’ (1999) 10(3) European Journal of International Law 499-515. Honkonen T, The Common but Differentiated Responsibility Principle in Multilateral Environmental Agreements: Regulatory and Policy Aspects (Kluwer Law International 2009).
  • ILA, New Delhi Declaration of Principles of International Law Relating to Sustainable Development, ILA 70th Conference, A/CONF.199/8 (New Delhi, India, 2-6 April 2002) <http://www2.ecolex.org/server2neu.php/libcat/docs/LI/MON-070850.pdf> accessed 24 December 2021.
  • International Court of Justice, Advisory opinion on Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons, 8 July 1998.
  • IPCC, Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis (Geneva 2021).
  • IPCC, ‘Sixth Assessment Report (AR6) “Climate Change 2023” – Synthesis Report’ (WMO & UNEP, Geneva 2023) <https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2023/03/Doc5_Adopted_AR6_SYR_Longer_Report.pdf> accessed 22 February 2025.
  • Jalil S, ‘Toward an International Grundnorm for Climate Change: Ensuring Sustainability Away from Traditional Notion of Security’ (2025) 17(3) Sustainability 1034. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17031034.
  • Jolly S and Trivedi A, ‘Principle of CBDR-RC: Its Interpretation and Implementation through NDCs in the Context of Sustainable Development’ (2021) 11(3) Washington Journal of Environmental Law & Policy 309-348. Kerkhof MVD, ‘The Trail Smelter Case Re-examined: Examining the Development of National Procedural Mechanisms to Resolve a Trail Smelter Type Dispute’ (2011) 27(3) Merkourios 68-83.
  • Kim RK, ‘Unravelling the Maze of Multilateral Environmental Agreements: A Macroscopic Analysis of International Environmental Law and Governance for the Anthropocene’ (2013) PhD thesis, Australian National University.
  • Kotzé LJ, ‘A Global Environmental Constitution for the Anthropocene?’ (2019) 8(1) Transnational Environmental Law 11-33.
  • Lamotte KR, ‘Mechanisms for Global Agreement’ in Martella RR and Grosko JB (eds), International Environmental Law: The Practitioner's Guide to the Laws of the Planet (American Bar Association 2014) 965-975.
  • Lawrence P and Wong D, ‘Soft Law in the Paris Climate Agreement: Strength or Weakness?’ (2017) 26(3) Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law 276-286.
  • Miler RA, ‘Pandemic as Transboundary Harm: Lessons from Trail Smelter Arbitration’ (20230 55) International Law and Politics 259-337.
  • Nadarajah H, ‘Fewer Treaties, More Soft Law: What does it Mean for the Arctic and Climate Change’ in Heininen L, Exner-Pirot H and Barnes J (eds), Climate Change and the Arctic: Global Origins, Regional Responsibilities? (Akureyri, Iceland: Arctic Portal, Arctic Yearbook 2020) 1-14.
  • Natarajan U, ‘Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) and the environment’ in Philippopoulos-Mihalopoulos A and Brooks V (eds), Research Methods in Environmental Law: A Handbook (Edward Elgar Publishing 2017) 207-236.
  • OECD, Regulatory Co-operation for an Interdependent World (Paris 1994) <https://www.anu.edu.au/fellows/jbraithwaite/_documents/Articles/Lessons%20for%20Regulatory%20Co-operation.pdf> accessed 21 December 2021 Orellana MA, Typology of Instruments of Public Environmental International Law, United Nations ECLAG Environment and Development series no. 158 <https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/publication/files/37186/S1420605_en.pdf> accessed 13 December 2021.
  • Paulo Otero, Legalidade e Administração Pública: O Sentido da Vinculação Administrativa à Juridicidade (Almedina 2007).
  • Petropoulou ID and Eliantonin M, ‘Soft Law Behind the Scenes: Transparency, Participation and the European Union’s Soft Law Making Process in the Field of Climate Change’ (2023) 14(2) European Journal of Risk Regulation 292-312.
  • Pickering J, McGee JS, Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen SI and Wenta J, ‘Global Climate Governance between Hard and Soft Law: Can the Paris Agreement's 'Crème Brûlée' Approach Enhance Ecological Reflexivity?’ (2019) 31(1) Journal of Environmental Law 1-28.
  • Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Arg. v. Uru.), Merits, 2010 ICJ REP. 14, (Apr. 20).
  • Rajamani L, ‘The Increasing Currency and Relevance of Rights-Based Perspectives in the International Negotiations on Climate Change’ (2010) 22(3) Journal of Environmental Law 391-429.
  • Raustiala K, ‘Forms and Substance in International Agreements’ (2005) 99(3) The American Journal of International Law 581 ss.
  • Ruiz B, ‘No Forest Convention but Ten Tree Treaties’ (FAO 2001) <http://www.fao.org/3/y1237e/y1237e03.htm> accessed 09 May 2022.
  • Shelton D, ‘Soft Law’ in JD Armstrong (ed), Routledge Handbook of International Law (Routledge 2009) 68-80. Stone S, ‘Common but Differentiated Responsibilities in International Law’ (2004) 98(2) American Journal of International Law 276-301.
  • UNEP, ‘Multilateral Environmental Agreements’ <https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/21491/MEA-handbook-Vietnam.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y> accessed 27 December 2021.
  • UNEP, ‘Putting Rio Principle 10 Into Action’ (2015) <https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/11201/UNEP%20MGSB-SGBS%20BALI%20GUIDELINES-Interactive.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y> accessed 26 January 2024.
  • UNEP, Training Manual on International Environmental Law (Nairobi 2006).
  • UNFCCC, ‘Global Climate Action’ (2024) <https://climateaction.unfccc.int/> accessed 25 January 2024.
  • Voigt C and Gao X, ‘Accountability in the Paris Agreement: The Interplay between Transparency and Compliance’ (2020) 1 Nordic Environmental Law Journal 31-57.
  • Wanner M, ‘The Effectiveness of Soft Law in International Environmental Regimes: Participation and Compliance in Hyogo Framework for Action’ (2021) 21 Int Environ Agreements 113-132.
  • Weber M (trans. Talcott Parsons), The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (first published 1930, Routledge 1992).
  • Weil P, ‘Towards Relative Normativity in International Law?’ (1983) 77 The American Journal of International Law 413-442.
  • Weiss EB, ‘International Environmental Law: Contemporary Issues and the Emergence of a New World Order’ (1993) 81 The Georgetown Law Journal 675-710.
  • Wiersema A, ‘The New International Law Makers? Conferences of the Parties to Multilateral Environmental Agreements’ (2009) 31(1) Michigan Journal of International Law 231-287.
  • Yilmaz D and Isinkaralar O, ‘Climate Action Plans in Under Climate-Resilient Urban Policies’ (2021) 7(2) Kastamonu University Journal of Engineering and Sciences 140.
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Hukuk Teorisi, İçtihat ve Hukuki Yorum, Hukuk ve Beşeri Bilimler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Sarkawt Jalil 0000-0002-9656-3339

Proje Numarası None
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Nisan 2025
Kabul Tarihi 2 Haziran 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Jalil, S. (2025). A REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF SOFT INSTRUMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 824-868. https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1672865
AMA Jalil S. A REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF SOFT INSTRUMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW. HHFD. Ağustos 2025;15(2):824-868. doi:10.32957/hacettepehdf.1672865
Chicago Jalil, Sarkawt. “A REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF SOFT INSTRUMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 15, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2025): 824-68. https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1672865.
EndNote Jalil S (01 Ağustos 2025) A REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF SOFT INSTRUMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 15 2 824–868.
IEEE S. Jalil, “A REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF SOFT INSTRUMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW”, HHFD, c. 15, sy. 2, ss. 824–868, 2025, doi: 10.32957/hacettepehdf.1672865.
ISNAD Jalil, Sarkawt. “A REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF SOFT INSTRUMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 15/2 (Ağustos2025), 824-868. https://doi.org/10.32957/hacettepehdf.1672865.
JAMA Jalil S. A REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF SOFT INSTRUMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW. HHFD. 2025;15:824–868.
MLA Jalil, Sarkawt. “A REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF SOFT INSTRUMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW”. Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 15, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 824-68, doi:10.32957/hacettepehdf.1672865.
Vancouver Jalil S. A REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF SOFT INSTRUMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW. HHFD. 2025;15(2):824-68.