PROFESYONEL SPORCULARIN KULLANDIĞI SPORCU TAKVİYE ÜRÜNLERİNİN HELAL SAĞLIKLI YAŞAM ve ETİK KURALLARINA UYGUNLUĞUNUN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

Öz

Bu çalışma; sporcuların fizyolojik ve fiziksel özelliklerini geliştirmek için kullanılan sporcu takviye ürünlerinin, sporcuların sağlığı üzerindeki olumsuz yan etkilerini, elde edilen sportif derecenin helal ve etik kurallara uygun olup olmadığının belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Özellikle profesyonel seviyede yarışan sporcuların başarıya ulaşabilmek için doğru beslenme kaynaklarına ihtiyacı bulunmaktadır. Yapılan araştırmalarda, doğal yollar yerine alınan sporcu beslenme takviye ürünlerinin profesyonel sporcular arasında %1-2 arasında avantaj sağladığı belirtilmektedir. Ayrıca, sporcular tarafından büyüme, gelişme ve üreme fonksiyonları için kullanılan bazı hormonlar (anabolik steroidler, büyüme hormonu vb), oral yolla ilaç olarak alınmakta veya vücuda enjeksiyon şeklinde uygulanmaktadır. Özellikle mücadele sporlarında yarışan kadın sporcular arasında güç, kuvvet ve kas kütlesini artırmak gibi özelliklerinden dolayı anabolik steroid kullanımının yaygın olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Bu uygulamalar, genellikle kadınların hormonal dengelerini bozarak seslerinde kalınlaşma, kıllanma ve üreme sağlıklarına zarar verebilmektedir. Erkeklerde kullanılan anabolik steroidlerin ise karaciğer, böbrek, kalp damar rahatsızlıkları ve üreme sağlıklarına olumsuz etkileri bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca, son dönemde spordan emekli profesyonel sporcular arasında erken ölümlerin sayısı da hızla artmaktadır. Bunun sebebinin, geçmişte kullandıkları spor takviyelerin organlarında meydana getirdiği zararlardan kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Diğer taraftan spor camiasında, başarıya ulaşabilmek için her şeyin yapılabileceği anlayışı bulunmaktadır. Ancak, kullanılan bu maddeler, insan vücuduna telafisi mümkün olmayan zararlar vermektedir. Bunların dışında, sportif başarıya ulaşabilmek için her şeyi yapabilirim anlayışı; helal, sağlıklı yaşam ve etik kurallara uygun davranışlar değildir. Sonuç olarak, profesyonel seviyede mücadele eden sporcuların yüksek rekabet gerektiren spor dallarında, Dünya Dopingle Mücadele Ajansının doping kuralları çerçevesinde, doktor kontrolünde ve yine adet/miktarları belirlenerek insan sağlığına zarar vermeyen ve helallik şüphesi bulunmayan bazı takviye ürünlerini kullanmaları tavsiye edilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Profesyonel Sporcular
• Sporcu Takviye Ürünleri
• Helal Sağlıklı Yaşam ve Etik Kurallar

EVALUATION OF THE COMPLIANCE OF ATHLETE SUPPLEMENT PRODUCTS USED BY PROFESSIONAL ATHLETES WITH HALAL HEALTHY LIFE AND ETHICAL RULES

Öz

This study was conducted to determine the negative side effects of sports supplements used to enhance athletes' physiological and physical characteristics on athletes' health, and whether the athletic performance achieved is halal and complies with ethical principles. Athletes competing at the professional level, in particular, need proper nutritional resources to achieve the target. Research indicates that supplements taken instead of natural methods offer a 1-2% advantage among professional athletes. Some hormones used by athletes for growth, development, and reproduction are administered as oral drugs or injected into the body in the form of anabolic steroids and growth hormone. The use of anabolic steroids is particularly common among female athletes competing in combat sports, due to their potential to increase strength, power, and muscle mass. In female, however, these drugs disrupts their hormonal balance, causing deepening of their voice, hair growth, and harm to their reproductive health. In male, the use of anabolic steroids can have also negative impact on liver, kidney, cardiovascular, and reproductive health. The number of too early deaths among professional athletes who have recently retired from sports has been rapidly increasing. This is thought that it is due to the damage to their organs caused by past use of sports supplements. As a result, there's a perception in the sports community that anything can be done to achieve success. These substances cause irreparable harm to the human body. This "do anything" mentality is not consistent with a halal, healthy lifestyle or ethical principles. Furthermore, athletes competing at the professional level are advised to use some of these substances in highly competitive sports, in accordance with the World Anti-Doping Agency's doping regulations and under the supervision of a doctor by determining the correct dosage and quantity without harming human health.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Professional Athletes
• Sports Supplements
• Halal Healthy Living and Ethical Rules

Kaynakça

1. Adamson, J.W, Vapnek, D. (1991). Recombi-nant erythropoietin to improve athletic performance, N. Engl. J. Med, 324:698-699.
2. Artioli, G.G. Gualano, B. Smith, A. Stout, J. & Lancha, A.H. (2010). Role of betaalanine supplementation on muscle carnosine and exer-cise performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 42: 1162–1173.
3. Ataman, K.Y. (2024). Küresel Helal Yaşam Perspektifinden Müzekki’n-Nüfûs (Nefislerin Terbiyesi) Kitap Kritiği. Academic Platform, Journal of Halal Lifestyle, 6(1), 53-57.
4. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Sports Medicine and Fitness (AAPCSMF). (1997). Adolescents and anabolic steroids: a subject review.. Pediatrics. Jun;99(6):904-8. PMID: 9190555.
5. Bamberger, M. Yaeger, D. (1997). Over the edge. Sports Illustrated Apr 14,86:60-64.
6. Barone, S. (1986). Vitamins, in Craig CR, Stit-zel RE (eds): Modern Pharmacology, 2nd ed. Boston: Little, Brown, pp 1066-1075.
7. BBC, (2025), Lance Armstrong Story, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/spor/2015/01/150127_lance_armstrong_doping [ET:04.11.2025].
8. Beckett, A.H. Cowan, DA. (1979). Misuse of drugs in sport. Br J Sports Med, 12:185-194.

9. Bell, A.T. (1996). The use of ergogenic aids in athletics, in Zachazewski JE, Magee DJ, Quillen WS (eds): Athletic Injuries and Rehabilitation. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, pp 293-313.
10. Brien, A.J. Simon, T.L. (1987). The effects of red blood cell infusion on 10-km race time. JAMA, 257:2761-2765. Bowers, L.D. (1998). Athletic drug testing. Clin Sports Med, 17:299-318.
11. Balsom, P.D. Soderlund, K. & Ekblom, B. (1994). Creatine in humans with special reference to creatine supplementation. Sports Med, 18: 268–280.
12. Bahrke, M. S. & Yesalis, C. E. (2004). Abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids and related substances in sport and exercise. Current opinion in pharmacology, 4(6), 614-620.
13. Banfi, G. Marinelli, M. Roi, G.S. & Agape, V. (1993). Usefulness of free testosterone/cortisol ratio during a season of elite speed skating athletes. Int. J. Sports Med.14:373-9.
14. Bell, D. R., Blackburn, J. T., Norcorss, M. F., Ondrak, K. S., Hudson, J. D., Hackney, A. C., & Padua, D. A. (2012). Estrogen and muscle stiffness have a negative relationship in females. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arth-roscopy, 20(2), 361-367.
15. Bescos, R. Sureda, A. Tur, J.A. & Pons, A. (2012). The effect of nitric-oxide-related supplements on human performance. Sports Med, 42: 99–117.
16. Bhasin, S. Woodhouse, L. & Storer, T.W. (2001). Proof of the effect of testosterone on skeletal muscle. J. Endocrinol, 170:27-38
17. Bloomer, R. J. (2010). Nitric oxide supplements for sports. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 32(2), 14-20.
18. Cadegiani, F.A. & Kater, C.E. (2019). Basal hormones and biochemical markers as predictors of overtraining syndrome in Male athletes: The EROS-Basal study. J. Athl. Train, 54, 906–914.
19. Chaudry, Muhammed M. (1992). Islamic Food Laws: Philosophical Basis and Practical İmplications, Food Technology, 46(10) 92-104.
20. Cheng, J. Santiago, K.A. Abutalib, Z. Temme, K.E. Hulme, A. Goolsby, M.A. Esopenko, C.L. & Casey, E.K. (2020). Menstrual Irregularity, Hormonal Contraceptive Use, and Bone Stress Injuries in Collegiate Female Athletes in the United States. PM&R.
21. Clarkson, P.M. (1996). Nutrition for improved sports performance: Current issues on ergogenic aids. Sports Med, 21: 393-401.
22. CNFPT, (2009). Ethique et Service Public, Delegation Premiere Couronne Centre de Resour-ces Documentaires.
23. Costello, J.T. Bieuzen, F. & Bleakley, C.M. (2014). Where are all the female participants in Sports and Exercise Medicine research? Eur. J. Sport Sci, 14, 847–851.
24. Davis, J. & Green, J. (2009). Caffeine and anaerobic performance: Ergogenic value and mec-hanisms of action. Sports Med. 39: 813–832.
25. De Jonge, X.A.K.J. (2003). Effects of the menstrual cycle on exercise performance. Sports Med, 33, 833–851.
26. Diken, A. Kayadibi, Ö. (2022). Örgütlerde İnsan Unsuruna Helal Perspektifinden Bakış. Academic Platform Journal of Halal Lifestyle, 4(2), 50-58.
27. Dziedzic, C. E. & Higham, D. G. (2014). Performance nutrition guidelines for international rugby sevens tournaments. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 24(3), 305-314.
28. Ekblom, B., & Berglund, B. (1991). Effect of erythropoietin administration on mammal aerobic power. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 1(2), 88-93.
29. Eklund, E. Berglund, B. Labrie, F. Carlström, K. Ekström, L. & Hirschberg, A.L. (2017). Serum androgen profile and physical performance in women Olympic athletes. Br. J. Sports Med, 51:1301-08
30. Enea, C. Boisseau, N. Diaz, V. & Dugué, B. (2008). Biological factors and the determination of androgens in female subjects. Steroids, 73(12), 1203-1216.
31. Enea, C. Boisseau, N. Fargeas-Gluck, M.A. Diaz, V. & Dugué, B. (2011). Circulating and-rogens in women: exercise-induced changes. Sports Med, 41:1-15
32. Erdem, M. (1997). İlahi Dinlerin Kutsal Kitaplarında Helâl Ve Haram Anlayışı Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Ankara Üniversitesi Dergisi, 37 (1), 151-173.
33. Ferrando, A.A. Sheffield-Moore, M. Paddon-Jones, D. Wolfe, R.R. & Urban, R.J. (2003). Differential anabolic effects of testosterone and amino acid feeding in older men. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 88:358–62
34. Feldman, E.B. (1999). Creatine: A dietary supplement and ergogenic aid. Nutr Rev, 57:45-50.
35. Francaux, M. & Poortmans, J. R. (2006). Side effects of creatine supplementation in athletes. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 1(4), 311-323.
36. Fratamico, P.M. Crawford, C.G. (1999). Detection by commercial particle-based assays. In: Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology, Robinson, R. K. (Ed.), Vol. 2, Academic Press, the UK, pp. 655-661.
37. Garthe, I. Maughan, R. J. (2018). Athletes and supplements: prevalence and perspectives. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 28(2), 126-138.
38. Gazali, İ. (1975). İhyau Ulumiddin, İstanbul Bedir Yayınevi. Cilt:2 (Çeviren: Ahmed Serdaroğlu).
39. Gunby, P. (1984). Olympics drug testing: Basis for future study. JAMA, 252:454-455, 459-460.
40. Gleason, E.D. Fuxjager, M.J. Oyegbile, T.O. & Marler, C.A. (2009). Testosterone release and social context: when it occurs and why. Front Neuroendocrinol, 30:460–9
41. Gomes, R.V. Moreira, A. Lodo, L. Nosaka, K. Coutts, A.J. & Aoki, M.S. (2013). Monitoring training loads, stress, immune-endocrine responses and performance in tennis players. Biol. Sport, 30:173-80
42. Gooren, L. J. Bunck, M. C. (2004). Transsexuals and competitive sports. European Journal of Endocrinology, 151(4), 425-429.
43. Haupt, H.A. (1993). Anabolic steroids and growth hormone. Am J Sports Med. ;21:468-474.
44. Hagmar, M. Berglund, B. Brismar, K. & Hirschberg, A.L. (2009). Hyperandrogenism May Explain Reproductive Dysfunction in Olympic Athletes. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 41, 1241–1248.
45. Handelsman, D.J. & Hirschberg, A.L.(2018). Bermon, S. Circulating testosterone as the hormonal basis of sex differences in athletic performance. Endocr. Rev. 39, 803–829.
46. Harris, R. C. Tallon, M. J. Dunnett, M. Boobis, L. Coakley, J. Kim, H. J. & Wise, J. A. (2006). The absorption of orally supplied β-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. Amino acids, 30(3), 279-289.
47. Hartgens, F. & Kuipers, H. (2004). Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sports Med, 34, 513–554.
48. Hassapidou, M. (2001). Dietary assessment of five male sports teams in Greece. Nutri Food Sci,31 (1): 31–5
49. Haupt, H.A. Rovere, G.D. (1984). Anabolic steroids: A Review of the literature. Am J Sport Med,12: 469-84.
50. Herbst, K.L. (2004). Bhasin, S. Testosterone action on skeletal muscle. Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care, 7, 271–277.
51. Hermans, E.J. Ramsey, N.F. & Van Honk, J. (2008). Exogenous testosterone enhances res-ponsiveness to social threat in the neural circuitry of social aggression in humans. Biol Psychiatry, 63:263–70
52. Hirschberg, A.L. Elings Knutsson, J. Helge, T. Godhe, M. Ekblom, M. Bermon, S. & Ekblom, B. (2019). Effects of moderately increased tes-tosterone concentration on physical performance in young women: A double blind, randomised, placebo controlled study. Br. J. Sports Med.
53. Hirschberg, A. L. (2020). Female hyperandrogenism and elite sport. Endocrine connections, 9(4), R81-R92.
54. Hobson, R. Saunders, B. Ball, G. Harris, R. & Sale, C. (2012). Effects of b-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: A meta-analysis. Amino Acids 43: 25–37.
55. Hoberman, J.M. Yesalis, C.E. (1995). The history of synthetic testosterone. Sci Am, 272:76-81.
56. Institute of Medicine (IOM) (2005). Food and Nutrition Board, editor. Dietary reference in-takes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
57. Johnson, W.A. Landry, G.L. (1998). Nutritional supplements: Fact vs. fiction. Adolesc Med, 1998;9:501-513.
58. Juhn, M.S. (1999). Oral creatine supplementation: Separating fact from hype. Phys Sportsmed, 1999;27:47-56.
59. King, D.S. Sharp, R.L. Vukovich, M.D, et al (1999). Effect of oral androstenedione on serum testosterone and adaptations to resistance training in young men: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999;281:2020-2028.
60. Klein, G. (1985). Blood transfusion and athletics: Games people play. N Engl J Med 1985;312:854-856.
61. Kreider, R.B. Ferreira, M. Wilson, M. Grinds-taff, P. Plisk, S. Reinardy, J. Cantler, E. & Al-mada, A. (1998). Effects of creatine supplementation on body composition, strength, and sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 30: 73–82, 1998.
62. Kutz, M.R. & Gunter, M.J. (2003). Creatine monohydrate supplementation on body weight and percent body fat. J. Strength Cond. Res. 17: 817–821, 2003.
63. Larsen, B. Morris, K. Quinn, K. Osborne, M. & Minahan, C. (2020). Practice does not make perfect: A brief view of athletes’ knowledge on the menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2020, 23, 690–694.
64. Laurent, D. Schneider, K. E. Prusaczyk, W. K. Franklin, C. Vogel, S. M. Krssak, M. & Shulman, G. I. (2000). Effects of caffeine on muscle glycogen utilization and the neuroendocrine axis during exercise. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 85(6), 2170-2175.
65. Lopez, R.M. Casa, D.J. McDermott, B.P. Ganio, M.S. Armstrong, L.E. & Maresh, C.M.(2009). Does creatine supplementation hinder exercise heat tolerance or hydration status? A systematic review with meta-analyses. J Athl Train 44: 215–223, 2009.
66. Lawrence, M.E. Kirby, D. F. (2002). Nutrition and sports supplements: fact or fiction. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 35(4), 299-306.
67. Manore, M. M. (2015). Weight management for athletes and active individuals: a brief review. Sports Medicine, 45(Suppl 1), 83-92.
68. Marx, J.J.M. & Vergouwen, P.C.J. (1998). Packedcell volume in elite athletes [let-ter]. Lancet 1998;352:451.
69. Martin, D. Sale, C. Cooper, S.B. & Elliott-Sale, K.J. (2018). Period prevalence and perceived side effects of hormonal contraceptive use and the menstrual cycle in elite athletes. Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform, 13, 926–932.
70. Maughan, R.J. Greenhaff, P.L. & Hespel, P. (2011). Dietary supplements for athletes: Emerging trends and recurring themes. Journal of Sports Science, 29(Suppl 1), 57-66.
71. Maughan, R.J. Burke, L.M. Dvorak, J. Larson-Meyer, D.E. Peeling, P. Phillips, S.M. Rawson, E.S. Walsh, N.P. Garthe, I. & Geyer, H. (2018). IOC consensus statement: Dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab, 28,104–125.
72. Notelovitz, M. (2002). Androgen effects on bone and muscle. Fertil. Steril, 77, 34–41.
73. Ohlsson, C. Wallaschofski, H. Lunetta, K. L. Stolk, L. Perry, J. R. Koster, A. & Haring, R. (2011). Genetic determinants of serum testosterone concentrations in men. PLoS genetics, 7(10), e1002313.
74. Okur, K. H. (2009). İslam hukuku açısından helal ve haram olan gıdalar ve bazı güncel meseleler. Usûl İslam Araştırmaları, (11), 7-40.
75. Özdemir, G. (2010). Spor dallarına göre bes-lenme. Spormetre Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, VIII(1), 1-6.
76. Pazarlı, O. (1980). İslam’da Ahlak, Remzi Kitapevi, İstanbul
77. Peeling, P. Binnie, M.J. Goods, P.S.R. Sim, M. & Burke, L.M. (2018). Evidence-Based Supplements for the Enhancement of Athletic Performance. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab, 28, 178–187.
78. Pehlivan, A. (2006). Sporda beslenme. Morpa Kültür Yayınları.
79. Pieper, A. (1999). Etiğe Giriş, (Çev.Veysel Atayman, Gönül Sezer), Ayrıntı Yayınları, İstanbul.
80. Rickenlund, A. Carlström, K. Ekblom, B. Brismar, T.B. von Schoultz, B. & Hirschberg, A.L. (2003). Hyperandrogenicity is an alternative mechanism underlying oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea in female athletes and may improve physical performance. Fertil Steril, 79:947-55
81. Rickenlund, A. Thorén, M. Carlström, K. von Schoultz, B. & Hirschberg, A.L.(2004). Diurnal Profiles of Testosterone and Pituitary Hormones Suggest Different Mechanisms for Menstrual Disturbances in Endurance Athletes. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab, 89,702–707.
82. Sakr, A. Büyüközer, H.K. (2011). Jelatin. Çe-vik Matbaacılık. Davutpaşa Cad. Besler İş Merkezi. No:20/18-19. Topkapı İstanbul. 2011.
83. Sahlin, K. & Harris, R.C. (2011). The creatine kinase reaction: A simple reaction with functional complexity. Amino Acids 40: 1363–1367, 2011.
84. Schaumberg, M.A. Jenkins, D.G. Janse de Jon-ge, X.A.K. Emmerton, L.M. & Skinner, T.L. (2017). Three-step method for menstrual and oral contraceptive cycle verification. J. Sci. Med. Sport, 20, 965–969.
85. Scheid, J. L. & De Souza, M. J. (2010). Menst-rual irregularities and energy deficiency in physically active women: The role of ghrelin, PYY and adipocytokines. In J. Jurimae, T. Jurimae, & A. Hills (Eds.), Cytokines, Growth Mediators and Physical Activity in Children during Puberty (pp. 82-102). (Medicine and Sport Scien-ce; Vol. 55).
86. Silver, M. D. (2001). Use of ergogenic aids by athletes. JAAOS-Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 9(1), 61-70.
87. Sowers, M.R. Wilson, A.L. Kardia, S.R. Chu, J. & Ferrell, R. (2006). Aromatase gene (CYP 19) polymorphisms and endogenous androgen concentrations in a multiracial/multiethnic, multisi-te study of women at midlife. Am. J. Med., 119 (9 Suppl 1):23-30
88. Spriet, L.L.(1995). Caffeine and performance. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 1995;5 (suppl):S84-S99.
89. Street C, Antonio J, Cudlipp D. (1996). Androgen use by athletes: A reevaluation of the health risks. Can. J. Appl. Physiol, 21:421-440.
90. Stricker, P.R. (1998).Other ergogenic agents. Clin Sports Med 1998;17:283-297.
91. Silver, M.D. (2001). Use of ergogenic aids by athletes. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 9: 61– 70.
92. Stone, M.H. Cardinale, M. & Stone, M.H. (2006). Is Testosterone Influencing Explosive Performance? Artic. J. Strength Cond. Res. 20, 103–107.
93. Temple, J. L. & Ziegler, A. M. (2011). Gender differences in subjective and physiological responses to caffeine and the role of steroid hormones. Journal of caffeine research, 1(1), 41-48.
94. Thompson, J.L. Manore, M.M. Skinner, J.S. Ravussin, & E. Spraul, M. (1995). Daily energy expenditure in male endurance athletes with differing energy intakes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 27:347–54.
95. Tokish, J. M. Kocher, M. S. & Hawkins, R. J. (2004). Ergogenic aids: a review of basic science, performance, side effects, and status in sports. The American journal of sports medicine, 32(6), 1543-1553.
96. U.S. Food and Drug Administration U (FDA). (2017). Dietary supplements. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/default.htm
97. Usta, A. (2011). Kuramdan uygulamaya kamu yönetiminde etik ve ahlak. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), 39-50.
98. Volek, J.S. & Kraemer, W.J. (1996). Creatine supplementation: Its effect on human muscular performance and body composition. J. Strength Cond. Res. 10: 200–210.
99. Westfall, D.P. (1986). Adrenoceptor antagonists, in Craig CR, Stitzel RE (eds): Modern Pharmacology, 2nd ed. Boston: Little, Brown, pp 174-192.
100. Williams, M.H. Branch, J.D. (1998). Creatine supplementation and exercise performance: An update, J. Am. Coll. Nutr, 17:216-234.
101. Williams M.H. (1992). Ergogenic and ergolytic substances. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 24 (suppl 9):S344-S348.
102. Williams MH. (1994). The use of nutritional ergogenic aids in sports: Is it an ethical issue? Int J Sport Nutr, 4:120-131.
103. Wilson, J.A.J. and Liu, J. (2010). Shaping the Halal into a brand?, Journal of Islamic Marketing, Vol. 1 No. 2, pp. 107-123.
104. Wood, R.I. & Stanton, S.J. (2012). Testosterone and sport: current perspectives. Horm Behav, 61:147-55
105. Yesalis CE, Bahrke MS. (1995). Anabolic androgenic steroids: Current issues. Sports Med,19:326-340.