Bir Havayolu Şirketinin Deprem Sonrası Psikolojik Destek Müdahaleleri
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 113 - 125, 21.10.2025
Zehra Özdil Arıkan
,
Burcu Yıldız
Öz
6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde Kahramanmaraş merkezli iki deprem (7,7 ve 7,6 büyüklüğünde) ardından Hatay'da 6,4 büyüklüğünde bir deprem meydana geldi. Bu depremler, Türkiye'nin güneyindeki 11 şehri, bunlardan yedisi büyükşehir olmak üzere, ciddi şekilde etkiledi. Depremlerde 42.000'den fazla kişi hayatını kaybetti ve 448.000'den fazla kişi yerinden edildi. Arka arkaya yaşanan bu kadar çok felaketle birlikte, havacılık operasyonları insani yardımın taşınmasında, tıbbi personel, arama kurtarma personeli ve ruh sağlığı personeli gibi destek personelinin taşınmasında ve afet mağdurlarının tahliyesinde hayati bir rol oynadı. Bu vaka çalışması, Türk Hava Yolları Sağlık Birimi'nin deprem sırasında ve sonrasında aldığı psikososyal destek önlemleri hakkında bilgi toplamayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma, kriz yönetimi dışında, afet sonrasında sağlanan destek adımlarına odaklanmaktadır. İlk aşamada, afet mağduru çalışanlar ve onların yakınlarına müdahale etmek üzere kuruluş içinde bir psikososyal destek grubu oluşturulmuştur. Psikososyal destek grubu, Türk Hava Yolları İnsan Kaynakları Departmanında çalışan 17 gönüllü psikologdan oluşuyordu. Mevcut çalışmada, Brymer ve meslektaşları tarafından 2006 yılında geliştirilen 8 adımlı Psikolojik İlk Yardım Modeli geliştirildi ve uygulandı. Böylece, depremden en çok etkilenen 527 kişi, uzun vadeli travma ile başa çıkma becerilerini artırmak ve psikolojik dayanıklılıklarını güçlendirmek için bu çerçeve içinde çalışıldı.
Etik Beyan
Bu vaka çalışması, klinik uygulamaları mevcut literatür çerçevesinde değerlendirmeyi amaçladığı için etik kuruluna başvurulmamıştır. Yayın için Türk Hava Yolları İnsan Kaynakları bölümünden yazılı onam alınmıştır.
Destekleyen Kurum
Bu makalenin araştırması, yazımı ve/veya yayınlanması için herhangi bir finansal destek alınmadan kendi imkanlarımızla finanse edilmiştir.
Teşekkür
Yazarlar, deprem yardım çalışmalarına gönüllü olarak katılan tüm psikologlara teşekkürlerini sunarlar. Ayrıca, deprem sonrasında içtenlikle destek sağlayan tüm Türk Hava Yolları yöneticilerine ve çalışanlarına, ayrıca arama ve kurtarma çalışmalarına yardımcı olmak için afet bölgesine gönüllü olarak giden Türk Hava Yolları MSAR ekibine teşekkür ederler.
Kaynakça
-
Aker, A. T. (2006). 1999 Marmara earthquakes a review on epidemiologic findings and community mental health policies. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17(3), 204. google scholar
-
AFAD Deprem ve Risk Azaltma Genel Müdürlüğü Deprem Dairesi Başkanlığı. (2023). 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık-Elbistan Kahramanmaraş (Mw: 7.7 – Mw: 7.6) depremleri raporu. https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/assets/pdf/Kahramanmara%C5%9F%20Depremi%20%20Raporu_02. 06.2023.pdf google scholar
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American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. google scholar
-
American Psychological Association. (2017). Clinical practice guideline for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/ptsd.pdf google scholar
-
Akasaka, M., & Kawashima, Y. (2019). Psychological first aid for children during the Kumamoto earthquake disaster response in Japan. Intervention Journal of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Conflict Affected Areas, 17(1), 103-108. google scholar
-
Bakırcı, M., & Aydoğdu, M. (2023). Deprem ve ulaşım: Kahramanmaraş (Pazarcık-Elbistan) depremlerinin ulaşıma ilişkin mekânsal yansımaları. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, (83), 115-129. google scholar
-
Bardakçı, H., & Demirtaş, F. (2023). Doğal afetlerin dış ticarete etkisi: 2023 Türkiye depremleri ve sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi. Avrasya Dosyası Dergisi, 14(1), 183–204. google scholar
-
Bekircan, E., Usta, G., & Torpuş, K. (2024). The effect of psychological first aid intervention on stress and psychological resilience in volunteers participating in 2023 earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. Current Psychology, 43(12), 11383-11393. google scholar
-
Birkhead, G. S., & Vermeulen, K. (2018). Sustainability of psychological first aid training for the disaster response workforce. American journal of public health, 108(S5), S381-S382. google scholar
-
Brymer, M., Layne, C., Jacobs, A., Pynoos, R., Ruzek, J., Steinberg, A., & Watson, P. (2006). Psychological first aid: Field operations guide. National Child Traumatic Stress Network. google scholar
-
Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of anxiety disorders, 21(1), 105-117. google scholar
-
Demircioğlu, M., Şeker, Z., & Aker, A. T. (2019). Psikolojik ilk yardım: Amaçları, uygulanışı, hassas gruplar ve uyulması gereken etik kurallar. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 11(3), 351-362. google scholar
-
Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi. (2024, Nisan 4). İstatistikler. https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Istatistikler.aspx google scholar
-
El-Barazi, A. S. (2023). Psychological support for earthquake survivors in Turkey and Syria. Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock, 16(4), 171-176. google scholar
-
Gelbach, R. (2014). EMDR humanitarian assistance programs: 20 years and counting. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 8(4), 196-204. google scholar
-
Giarratano, G., Bernard, M. L., & Orlando, S. (2019). Psychological first aid: a model for disaster psychosocial support for the perinatal population. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 33(3), 219-228. google scholar
-
Gray, M. J., Litz, B. T., Hsu, J. L., & Lombardo, T. W. (2004). Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. Assessment, 11(4), 330-341. google scholar
-
Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short‐form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS‐21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample. British journal of clinical psychology, 44(2), 227-239. google scholar
-
Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., … & Ursano, R. J. (2007). Five essential elements of immediate and mid–term mass trauma intervention: Empirical evidence. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 70(4), 283-315. google scholar
-
Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11(2), 213–218. https://doi. org/10.1016/0022-3999(67)90010-4 google scholar
-
Kadıoğlu, M. (2008). Modern, bütünleşik afet yönetimin temel ilkeleri. In M. Kadıoğlu & E. Özdamar (Eds.), Afet zararlarını azaltmanın temel ilkeleri (pp. 1–34). JICA Türkiye Ofisi Yayınları No: 2. google scholar
-
Kaniasty, K. (2012). Predicting social psychological well-being following trauma: The role of postdisaster social support. Psychological Trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy, 4(1), 22. google scholar
-
Kaniasty, K., & Norris, F. H. (2009). Distinctions that matter: Received social support, perceived social support, and social embeddedness after disasters. In Y. Neria, S. Galea, & F. Norris (Eds.), Mental health and disasters (pp. 175–200). Cambridge University Press. google scholar
-
Karabacak, V., Özkaymak, Ç., Sözbilir, H., Tatar, O., Aktuğ, B., Özdağ, Ö. C., … & Arslan, G. (2023). The 2023 Pazarcık (Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye) earthquake (Mw 7.7): Implications for surface rupture dynamics along the East Anatolian fault zone. Journal of the Geological Society, 180(3), jgs2023-020. google scholar
-
Kukuoğlu, A. (2018). Doğal afetler sonrası yaşanan travmalar ve örnek bir psikoeğitim programı. Journal of Disaster and Risk, 1(1), 39– 52. https://doi.org/10.35341/AFET.412005 google scholar
-
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour research and therapy, 33(3), 335-343. google scholar
-
Luber, M. (2009). EMDR scripted protocols: Basics and special situations. Springer Publishing Company. google scholar
-
Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., Watson, P. J., Byrne, C. M., Diaz, E., & Kaniasty, K. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981—2001. Psychiatry, 65(3), 207-239. google scholar
-
North, C. S., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2013). Mental health response to community disasters: a systematic review. Jama, 310(5). google scholar
-
Önder, E., Tural, Ü., Aker, T., Kılıç, C., & Erdoğan, S. (2006). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders three years after the 1999 earthquake in Turkey: Marmara Earthquake Survey (MES). Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 41(11), 868-874. google scholar
-
Phoenix, B. J. (2007). Psychoeducation for survivors of trauma. Perspectives in Psychiatric care, 43(3), 123-131. google scholar
-
Salcioglu, E., Basoglu, M., & Livanou, M. (2003). Long-term psychological outcome for non-treatment-seeking earthquake survivors in Turkey. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 191(3), 154-160. google scholar
-
Shapiro, F. (2001). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Basic principles, protocols, and procedures. Guilford Press. google scholar
-
Shapiro, F. (2018). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy: Basic principles, protocols, and procedures (3rd ed.). Guilford Press. google scholar
-
Sherchan, S., Samuel, R., Marahatta, K., Anwar, N., Van Ommeren, M. H., & Ofrin, R. (2017). Post-disaster mental health and psychosocial support: experience from the 2015 Nepal earthquake. WHO South-East Asia journal of public health, 6(1), 22-29. google scholar
-
Pietrzak, R. H., Javier, F. G., Krystal, J. H., & Southwick, S. M. (2021). Subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder as a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder: Results from a sample of USA veterans. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 219(2), 456–459. https://doi. org/10.1192/bjp.2021.17 google scholar
-
Tanaka, E., Tennichi, H., Kameoka, S., & Kato, H. (2019). Long-term psychological recovery process and its associated factors among survivors of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in Japan: a qualitative study. BMJ open, 9(8), e030250. google scholar
-
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2023). Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay depremleri raporu. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Kahramanmaras-ve-Hatay-Depremleri-Raporu.pdf google scholar
-
Weathers, F. W., Blake, D. D., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Marx, B. P., & Keane, T. M. (2013). The life events checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). google scholar
-
Yıldız, M. İ., Başterzi, A. D., Yıldırım, E. A., Yüksel, Ş., Aker, A. T., Semerci, B., … & Yıldırım, M. H. (2023). Preventive and therapeutic mental health care after the earthquake-expert opinion from the Psychiatric Association of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 34(1), 39. google scholar
Post-earthquake Psychological Support Interventions Implemented by an Airline Company
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2, 113 - 125, 21.10.2025
Zehra Özdil Arıkan
,
Burcu Yıldız
Öz
On February 6, 2023, a 6.4 magnitude earthquake in Hatay followed two earthquakes of 7.7 and 7.6 magnitude centred in Kahramanmaraş. These earthquakes severely affected 11 cities in southern Turkey, including seven metropolitan cities, killing more than 42,000 people and forcing the displacement of more than 448,000. Aviation operations contributed to transporting humanitarian assistance, medical, search and rescue, and mental health workers, and evacuate disaster victims during these disasters. This case study examines the psychological assistance provided by an airline’s Health Department during and after earthquakes. The study focusses on post-disaster psychosocial first aid rather than crisis management operations. A psychological support group was created in the initial phase to help the earthquake victims and their families. The psychosocial support group included 17 volunteer psychologists working within the Human Resources Department of the airline. The current study developed and applied the 8-step Model of Psychological First Aid, which Brymer and colleagues established in 2006. Thus, 527 people who were primarily affected by the earthquake were worked with in this framework to increase their ability to cope with long-term trauma and to increase psychological resilience.
Etik Beyan
This case study, designed to contextualise clinical applications within the existing literature, no ethical committee approval was applied. Written consent for publication was obtained from the Turkish Airlines Human Resources Department.
Destekleyen Kurum
We did not receive any financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Self-funded.
Teşekkür
The authors like to express their appreciation to all psychologists involved in the earthquake relief initiatives voluntarily. They express gratitude to all Turkish Airlines managers and workers who diligently provided help following the earthquake, as well as the Turkish Airlines MSAR team who volunteered to travel to the affected region to aid in search and rescue activities.
Kaynakça
-
Aker, A. T. (2006). 1999 Marmara earthquakes a review on epidemiologic findings and community mental health policies. Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 17(3), 204. google scholar
-
AFAD Deprem ve Risk Azaltma Genel Müdürlüğü Deprem Dairesi Başkanlığı. (2023). 06 Şubat 2023 Pazarcık-Elbistan Kahramanmaraş (Mw: 7.7 – Mw: 7.6) depremleri raporu. https://deprem.afad.gov.tr/assets/pdf/Kahramanmara%C5%9F%20Depremi%20%20Raporu_02. 06.2023.pdf google scholar
-
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. google scholar
-
American Psychological Association. (2017). Clinical practice guideline for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults. https://www.apa.org/ptsd-guideline/ptsd.pdf google scholar
-
Akasaka, M., & Kawashima, Y. (2019). Psychological first aid for children during the Kumamoto earthquake disaster response in Japan. Intervention Journal of Mental Health and Psychosocial Support in Conflict Affected Areas, 17(1), 103-108. google scholar
-
Bakırcı, M., & Aydoğdu, M. (2023). Deprem ve ulaşım: Kahramanmaraş (Pazarcık-Elbistan) depremlerinin ulaşıma ilişkin mekânsal yansımaları. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi, (83), 115-129. google scholar
-
Bardakçı, H., & Demirtaş, F. (2023). Doğal afetlerin dış ticarete etkisi: 2023 Türkiye depremleri ve sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi. Avrasya Dosyası Dergisi, 14(1), 183–204. google scholar
-
Bekircan, E., Usta, G., & Torpuş, K. (2024). The effect of psychological first aid intervention on stress and psychological resilience in volunteers participating in 2023 earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. Current Psychology, 43(12), 11383-11393. google scholar
-
Birkhead, G. S., & Vermeulen, K. (2018). Sustainability of psychological first aid training for the disaster response workforce. American journal of public health, 108(S5), S381-S382. google scholar
-
Brymer, M., Layne, C., Jacobs, A., Pynoos, R., Ruzek, J., Steinberg, A., & Watson, P. (2006). Psychological first aid: Field operations guide. National Child Traumatic Stress Network. google scholar
-
Carleton, R. N., Norton, M. P. J., & Asmundson, G. J. (2007). Fearing the unknown: A short version of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale. Journal of anxiety disorders, 21(1), 105-117. google scholar
-
Demircioğlu, M., Şeker, Z., & Aker, A. T. (2019). Psikolojik ilk yardım: Amaçları, uygulanışı, hassas gruplar ve uyulması gereken etik kurallar. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 11(3), 351-362. google scholar
-
Devlet Hava Meydanları İşletmesi. (2024, Nisan 4). İstatistikler. https://www.dhmi.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Istatistikler.aspx google scholar
-
El-Barazi, A. S. (2023). Psychological support for earthquake survivors in Turkey and Syria. Journal of Emergencies, Trauma, and Shock, 16(4), 171-176. google scholar
-
Gelbach, R. (2014). EMDR humanitarian assistance programs: 20 years and counting. Journal of EMDR Practice and Research, 8(4), 196-204. google scholar
-
Giarratano, G., Bernard, M. L., & Orlando, S. (2019). Psychological first aid: a model for disaster psychosocial support for the perinatal population. The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing, 33(3), 219-228. google scholar
-
Gray, M. J., Litz, B. T., Hsu, J. L., & Lombardo, T. W. (2004). Psychometric properties of the life events checklist. Assessment, 11(4), 330-341. google scholar
-
Henry, J. D., & Crawford, J. R. (2005). The short‐form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS‐21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non‐clinical sample. British journal of clinical psychology, 44(2), 227-239. google scholar
-
Hobfoll, S. E., Watson, P., Bell, C. C., Bryant, R. A., Brymer, M. J., Friedman, M. J., … & Ursano, R. J. (2007). Five essential elements of immediate and mid–term mass trauma intervention: Empirical evidence. Psychiatry: Interpersonal and Biological Processes, 70(4), 283-315. google scholar
-
Holmes, T. H., & Rahe, R. H. (1967). The Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11(2), 213–218. https://doi. org/10.1016/0022-3999(67)90010-4 google scholar
-
Kadıoğlu, M. (2008). Modern, bütünleşik afet yönetimin temel ilkeleri. In M. Kadıoğlu & E. Özdamar (Eds.), Afet zararlarını azaltmanın temel ilkeleri (pp. 1–34). JICA Türkiye Ofisi Yayınları No: 2. google scholar
-
Kaniasty, K. (2012). Predicting social psychological well-being following trauma: The role of postdisaster social support. Psychological Trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy, 4(1), 22. google scholar
-
Kaniasty, K., & Norris, F. H. (2009). Distinctions that matter: Received social support, perceived social support, and social embeddedness after disasters. In Y. Neria, S. Galea, & F. Norris (Eds.), Mental health and disasters (pp. 175–200). Cambridge University Press. google scholar
-
Karabacak, V., Özkaymak, Ç., Sözbilir, H., Tatar, O., Aktuğ, B., Özdağ, Ö. C., … & Arslan, G. (2023). The 2023 Pazarcık (Kahramanmaraş, Türkiye) earthquake (Mw 7.7): Implications for surface rupture dynamics along the East Anatolian fault zone. Journal of the Geological Society, 180(3), jgs2023-020. google scholar
-
Kukuoğlu, A. (2018). Doğal afetler sonrası yaşanan travmalar ve örnek bir psikoeğitim programı. Journal of Disaster and Risk, 1(1), 39– 52. https://doi.org/10.35341/AFET.412005 google scholar
-
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour research and therapy, 33(3), 335-343. google scholar
-
Luber, M. (2009). EMDR scripted protocols: Basics and special situations. Springer Publishing Company. google scholar
-
Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., Watson, P. J., Byrne, C. M., Diaz, E., & Kaniasty, K. (2002). 60,000 disaster victims speak: Part I. An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981—2001. Psychiatry, 65(3), 207-239. google scholar
-
North, C. S., & Pfefferbaum, B. (2013). Mental health response to community disasters: a systematic review. Jama, 310(5). google scholar
-
Önder, E., Tural, Ü., Aker, T., Kılıç, C., & Erdoğan, S. (2006). Prevalence of psychiatric disorders three years after the 1999 earthquake in Turkey: Marmara Earthquake Survey (MES). Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology, 41(11), 868-874. google scholar
-
Phoenix, B. J. (2007). Psychoeducation for survivors of trauma. Perspectives in Psychiatric care, 43(3), 123-131. google scholar
-
Salcioglu, E., Basoglu, M., & Livanou, M. (2003). Long-term psychological outcome for non-treatment-seeking earthquake survivors in Turkey. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 191(3), 154-160. google scholar
-
Shapiro, F. (2001). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR): Basic principles, protocols, and procedures. Guilford Press. google scholar
-
Shapiro, F. (2018). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy: Basic principles, protocols, and procedures (3rd ed.). Guilford Press. google scholar
-
Sherchan, S., Samuel, R., Marahatta, K., Anwar, N., Van Ommeren, M. H., & Ofrin, R. (2017). Post-disaster mental health and psychosocial support: experience from the 2015 Nepal earthquake. WHO South-East Asia journal of public health, 6(1), 22-29. google scholar
-
Pietrzak, R. H., Javier, F. G., Krystal, J. H., & Southwick, S. M. (2021). Subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder as a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder: Results from a sample of USA veterans. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 219(2), 456–459. https://doi. org/10.1192/bjp.2021.17 google scholar
-
Tanaka, E., Tennichi, H., Kameoka, S., & Kato, H. (2019). Long-term psychological recovery process and its associated factors among survivors of the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in Japan: a qualitative study. BMJ open, 9(8), e030250. google scholar
-
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. (2023). Kahramanmaraş ve Hatay depremleri raporu. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/2023-Kahramanmaras-ve-Hatay-Depremleri-Raporu.pdf google scholar
-
Weathers, F. W., Blake, D. D., Schnurr, P. P., Kaloupek, D. G., Marx, B. P., & Keane, T. M. (2013). The life events checklist for DSM-5 (LEC-5). google scholar
-
Yıldız, M. İ., Başterzi, A. D., Yıldırım, E. A., Yüksel, Ş., Aker, A. T., Semerci, B., … & Yıldırım, M. H. (2023). Preventive and therapeutic mental health care after the earthquake-expert opinion from the Psychiatric Association of Turkey. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 34(1), 39. google scholar