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British Spy Archeologist Gertrude Lowthian Bell’s Archeological Activities In 1909 And 1911 Travel To Northern Mesopotamia

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4, 911 - 925, 30.11.2022

Alaaddin Kalaycı , Muhsin Muhsin Haji Azeez Babila

Öz

The geography of Mesopotamia has hosted many civilizations thanks to its fertile lands. These civilizations, on the other hand, managed to leave a mark on themselves by building many artifacts throughout their existence. In the 20th century, the geography of Mesopotamia was within the borders of the Ottoman Empire, and this geography also contained many ancient artifacts. Along with the development of European states in the field of archeology, he managed to use this development in his spying activities in the region. British Gertrude Bell, one of the spy archaeologists, both carried out archaeological activities in Mesopotamia and gathered intelligence information on behalf of Britain. This study aims to explain the archaeological activities of the archaeologist Gertrude Bell, who spied on behalf of the British Kingdom, in her travels in Mesopotamia, and to convey the findings that are important in terms of ancient history in her travels and excavations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gertrude Bell Archeology Babylon Mesopotamia Assyria Hittite

Kaynakça

  • ABUSCH, I, Tzvi, 2020. Essays on Babylonian and biblical literature and religion. Brill, 2020 Leiden.
  • ALPAK, Elif, Merve – DÜZENLİ, Tugba – MUMCU, Sema, “Açık Mekân Nişleri”, Social Studies Sciences Studies Journal, 4/18, 2018, s.1845-1851.
  • ASHER – GREVE. Julia, “Gertrude L. Bell, 1868 – 1926”, Breaking ground: pioneering women archaeologists Eds. Getzel Cohen- Marta Sharp Joukowsky, University of Michigan Press, USA, 2006, s.142-197.
  • BEAULIEU, Paul, Alian, 2003. “NABOPOLASSAR AND THE ANTIQUITY OF BABYLON”, Eretz- Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies, s. 1-9.
  • BEAULIEU, Paul, Alian, “Berossus on late Babylonian history”, Special Issue of Oriental Studies, Eds.: Yushu Gong – Yichi Chen, (Canada: University of Torento,), Canada 2006, s.116-149.
  • BELL, Gertrude, Amurath to Amurath, Cambridge University Press, 2014 England.
  • BELL, Gertrude, “The East Bank of the Euphrates from Tel Ahmar to Hit”, The Geographical Journal, 36(5), 2010, s.513-537.
  • BOHRER, Frederıck, Nathanıel, Photography and archaeology, Reaktion Books, 2011 London.
  • COOPER, Lisa, Archaeology and Acrimony: Gertrude Bell, Ernst Herzfeld and the Study of Pre-Modern Mesopotamia. Iraq, 75, 2013, s.143-169.
  • COOPER, Lisa, “Gertrude Bell's Mesopotamian Archaeological Photographs”, Near Eastern Archaeology, 81(2), 2018, s.108-119.
  • DHORME, Edouard, “Le plus ancien temple d'Istar à Ninive”, Revue de l'histoire des religions, 1934, s. 140-156.
  • DIXON-KENNEDY, Mike, Encyclopedia of Greco-Roman Mythology. ABC-CLIO, 1998 USA.
  • DOUGHERTY, Raymond, “An Archæological Survey in Southern Babylonia I”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 23(1), 1926, s.15-28.
  • DUBCOVÁ, Veronika 2013. “Mastering a griffin. The agency and perception of Near Eastern images by the Aegean Bronze Age elite” Anodos: Studies of the Ancient World Proceedings of the International Conference Ancient Communities and Their Elites from the Bronze Age to Late Antiquity (Central Europe – Mediterranean – Black Sea), Slovakia 2013.
  • ESER, Elvan- KILIÇ, Yusuf, “Mezopotamya’nın ilk kent binaları (tapınaklar) ve işlevleri”, Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 4(13), 2017, s.412-438.
  • EYİCE, Semavi, "BELL, Gertrude Lowthian", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, C5, İstanbul 1992, s. 422-423.
  • BELL, Gertrude, GÜNLÜKLER http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diaries.php (12.12.2021).
  • BELL, Gertrude, MEKTUPLAR http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letters.php (12.1.2022).
  • GRAHAM, Caroline, “The lost city: Homage to Aleppo”, AQ-Australian Quarterly, 88(4), 2017, s.24-31.
  • GRAYSON, Albert, Kirk, Assyrian rulers of the early first millennium BC I (1114-859 BC), University of Toronto Press, 1991 Canada.
  • HOCAOĞLU, Mustafa, Celalettin, Gertrude Bell’in Irak Mandasının Kurulmasındaki Rolü, (Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Isparta 2019.
  • HOCAOĞLU, Mustafa, Celalettin, “Gertrude Bell’in Irak Mandasının Kurulmasındaki Rolü”, Journal of History School (JOHS),45, 2020, s.833-867.
  • HOWELL, Georgina, A woman in Arabia: The writings of the queen of the desert. Penguin Classic; Reprint, 2015 England.
  • JANKIEWICZ, Stephen, “Orientalists in love: Intimacy, empire, and cross-cultural knowledge”, Journal of World History, 2012, s.345-373.
  • JASTROW Jr, Morris, “Corrections to the Text of the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser II”, Hebraica, 5(4), 1889, s.230-242.
  • KABAKÇI, Tuğba, Gertrude Bellin mektup ve günlüklerine göre Konya vilayeti (1905- 1907), (Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Konya 2019.
  • KARACA, Taha, Niyazi, Sınırları Çizen Kadın: İngiliz Casus Gertrude Bell. Kronik Kitap, 2018 İstanbul.
  • KARASULU, Sibel, 19. yüzyılda Avrupa ve Ortadoğu'da kadın kimliği analizi: Gertrude Bell örneği, (Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Aydın 2019.
  • KILIÇ, Yusuf - UNCU, Ebru, “Eski Mezopotamya İnanç Sisteminin Yunanlılara Etkisi (İstar- Aphrodite Örneği)”, History Sutudies, 3, 1, 2011, s.183-201.
  • LUNDBOM, Jack, “Builders of Ancient Babylon: Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar”, II. Interpretation, 71(2), 2017, s.154-166.
  • MAXWELL-HYSLOP, K, Rachel- HODGES, W, M, Henry, “Three iron swords from Luristan”, Iraq, 28(2), 1966, s.164-176.
  • McKENNEY, Michael, “The Phoenician Peace”, Peace Research, 7(1), 1975, s.25-30.
  • MONROE, Elizabeth, “Gertrude Bell (1868–1926)”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 7(1), 1980, s.3-23.
  • PARLAKOĞLU, Muhammed, Nurullah, Gertrude Bell'in Türkiye Mezopotamyası'ndaki seyahatleri ve faaliyetleri, (Batman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Batman 2018.
  • PEKŞEN, Okay, “Babil Krallarının Siyasal Meşrulaştırma Aracı: Tanrı Marduk”, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 2017, s.102-111.
  • PONGRATZ-LEISTEN, Beate, 2011. “Assyrian royal discourse between local and imperial traditions at the Hābūr”, Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 105(1), 2011, s.109-128.
  • PRICE, Ira. Maurice, “The Nabopolassar Chronicle”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 44, 1926, s.122-129.
  • SACK, Ronald, Herbert, Images of Nebuchadnezzar: the emergence of a legend, Susquehanna University Press, 2004 USA.
  • STEPHENS, Ferris, “The Provenience of the Gold and Silver Tablets of Ashurnaṣirpal”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 7(2), 1953, s.73-74.
  • UNGER, Eckhard, “DIE SYMBOLE DES GOTTES ASSUR”, BELLETEN, 29/115, 1965, s.423- 483.
  • WALLACH, Janet, Çöl Kraliçesi: Gertrude Bell’in Olağanüstü Yaşamı, Çev. Püren Özgören, Can Yayınları, 2019 İstanbul.
  • WISEMAN, Donald, & BOARDMAN, Jack, 1991. Babylonia 605-539 B. C. The Cambridge a ancient history. Vol. 3, pt. 2. The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other states of the Near East, from the eight to the sixth centuries BC, 1991, s.229-251.
  • WRIGHT, George, Roy, Haslam, “Two unusual orientalists: Women of action”, East and West, 53(1/4), 2003, s.289-304.
  • YILDIRIM, Nurgül, “BABİL KRONİKLERİNDE SELEUKOS KRALLARI’NIN TAPINAK FAALİYETLERİ”, Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri, 15(1), 2021, s.261-277.
  • YÜCE, Samet, 2015. Britanyaʹnın Ortadoğu politikası ve Gertrude Bell, (Karabük Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Karabük.
  • YÜCE, Samet, Britanyaʹnın Ortadoğu politikası ve Gertrude Bell. Nizamiye Akademi. 2016 İstanbul.
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 2 Şubat 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=661. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 9 Şubat 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=670. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 21 Şubat 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=683. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 22 Şubat 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=684. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 24 Şubat 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=686. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 26 Şubat 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=688. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 1 Nisan 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=726. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 2 Nisan 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=727. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 23 Nisan 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=750. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 24 Nisan 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=751. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 25 Nisan 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=752. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 12 Mayıs 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=771. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 9 Mart 1911 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=914. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 3 Nisan 1911 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=941. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 5 Nisan 1911 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=943. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 6 Nisan 1911 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=944. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 22 Nisan 1911 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=962. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 21 Mayıs 1911 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=994. (12.12.2021).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 17 Şubat 1909 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1649. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 18 Şubat 1909 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1650. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 20 Şubat 1909 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1654. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 13 Mart 1909 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1664. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 2 Nisan 1909 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1678. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 3 Nisan 1909 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1679. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 6 Mayıs 1909 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1696. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 9 Mayıs 1909Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1699. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 10 Mart 1911 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1803. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 14 Nisan 1911 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1814. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 25 Nisan 1911 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1819. (12.1.2022).

İNGİLİZ CASUS ARKEOLOG GERTRUDE MARGARET LOWTHIAN BELL’İN 1909 VE 1911 YILI KUZEY MEZOPOTAMYA SEYAHATİNDEKİ ARKEOLOJİK FAALİYETLERİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4, 911 - 925, 30.11.2022

Alaaddin Kalaycı , Muhsin Muhsin Haji Azeez Babila

Öz

Mezopotamya coğrafyası bereketli toprakları sayesinde birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Bu medeniyetler ise var oldukları dönem boyunca birçok eser inşa ederek kendilerinden bir iz bırakmayı başarmıştır. 20. Yüzyılda Mezopotamya coğrafyası Osmanlı imparatorluğu sınırlarındaydı ve bu coğrafya birçok antik eserleri de bünyesinde barındırmaktaydı. Avrupalı devletlerin arkeoloji alanında gelişmesi ile birlikte bu gelişimi de bölgede yaptığı ajanlık faaliyetlerinde kullanmayı başarmıştır. Casus arkeologlardan birisi olan İngiliz Gertrude Bell, Mezopotamya coğrafyasında hem arkeolojik faaliyetler yaparak hem de Britanya adına istihbarat bilgileri toplamıştır. Bu çalışma, Britanya Krallığı adına casusluk yapan arkeolog Gertrude Bell’in Mezopotamya coğrafyasında yapmış olduğu seyahatlerdeki arkeolojik faaliyetleri açıklayarak, gezi ve kazılarında eskiçağ tarihi açısından önemli olan bulguları aktarmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gertrude Bell Arkeoloji Babil Mezopotamya Asur Hitit

Kaynakça

  • ABUSCH, I, Tzvi, 2020. Essays on Babylonian and biblical literature and religion. Brill, 2020 Leiden.
  • ALPAK, Elif, Merve – DÜZENLİ, Tugba – MUMCU, Sema, “Açık Mekân Nişleri”, Social Studies Sciences Studies Journal, 4/18, 2018, s.1845-1851.
  • ASHER – GREVE. Julia, “Gertrude L. Bell, 1868 – 1926”, Breaking ground: pioneering women archaeologists Eds. Getzel Cohen- Marta Sharp Joukowsky, University of Michigan Press, USA, 2006, s.142-197.
  • BEAULIEU, Paul, Alian, 2003. “NABOPOLASSAR AND THE ANTIQUITY OF BABYLON”, Eretz- Israel: Archaeological, Historical and Geographical Studies, s. 1-9.
  • BEAULIEU, Paul, Alian, “Berossus on late Babylonian history”, Special Issue of Oriental Studies, Eds.: Yushu Gong – Yichi Chen, (Canada: University of Torento,), Canada 2006, s.116-149.
  • BELL, Gertrude, Amurath to Amurath, Cambridge University Press, 2014 England.
  • BELL, Gertrude, “The East Bank of the Euphrates from Tel Ahmar to Hit”, The Geographical Journal, 36(5), 2010, s.513-537.
  • BOHRER, Frederıck, Nathanıel, Photography and archaeology, Reaktion Books, 2011 London.
  • COOPER, Lisa, Archaeology and Acrimony: Gertrude Bell, Ernst Herzfeld and the Study of Pre-Modern Mesopotamia. Iraq, 75, 2013, s.143-169.
  • COOPER, Lisa, “Gertrude Bell's Mesopotamian Archaeological Photographs”, Near Eastern Archaeology, 81(2), 2018, s.108-119.
  • DHORME, Edouard, “Le plus ancien temple d'Istar à Ninive”, Revue de l'histoire des religions, 1934, s. 140-156.
  • DIXON-KENNEDY, Mike, Encyclopedia of Greco-Roman Mythology. ABC-CLIO, 1998 USA.
  • DOUGHERTY, Raymond, “An Archæological Survey in Southern Babylonia I”, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 23(1), 1926, s.15-28.
  • DUBCOVÁ, Veronika 2013. “Mastering a griffin. The agency and perception of Near Eastern images by the Aegean Bronze Age elite” Anodos: Studies of the Ancient World Proceedings of the International Conference Ancient Communities and Their Elites from the Bronze Age to Late Antiquity (Central Europe – Mediterranean – Black Sea), Slovakia 2013.
  • ESER, Elvan- KILIÇ, Yusuf, “Mezopotamya’nın ilk kent binaları (tapınaklar) ve işlevleri”, Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 4(13), 2017, s.412-438.
  • EYİCE, Semavi, "BELL, Gertrude Lowthian", TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, C5, İstanbul 1992, s. 422-423.
  • BELL, Gertrude, GÜNLÜKLER http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diaries.php (12.12.2021).
  • BELL, Gertrude, MEKTUPLAR http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letters.php (12.1.2022).
  • GRAHAM, Caroline, “The lost city: Homage to Aleppo”, AQ-Australian Quarterly, 88(4), 2017, s.24-31.
  • GRAYSON, Albert, Kirk, Assyrian rulers of the early first millennium BC I (1114-859 BC), University of Toronto Press, 1991 Canada.
  • HOCAOĞLU, Mustafa, Celalettin, Gertrude Bell’in Irak Mandasının Kurulmasındaki Rolü, (Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Isparta 2019.
  • HOCAOĞLU, Mustafa, Celalettin, “Gertrude Bell’in Irak Mandasının Kurulmasındaki Rolü”, Journal of History School (JOHS),45, 2020, s.833-867.
  • HOWELL, Georgina, A woman in Arabia: The writings of the queen of the desert. Penguin Classic; Reprint, 2015 England.
  • JANKIEWICZ, Stephen, “Orientalists in love: Intimacy, empire, and cross-cultural knowledge”, Journal of World History, 2012, s.345-373.
  • JASTROW Jr, Morris, “Corrections to the Text of the Black Obelisk of Shalmaneser II”, Hebraica, 5(4), 1889, s.230-242.
  • KABAKÇI, Tuğba, Gertrude Bellin mektup ve günlüklerine göre Konya vilayeti (1905- 1907), (Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Konya 2019.
  • KARACA, Taha, Niyazi, Sınırları Çizen Kadın: İngiliz Casus Gertrude Bell. Kronik Kitap, 2018 İstanbul.
  • KARASULU, Sibel, 19. yüzyılda Avrupa ve Ortadoğu'da kadın kimliği analizi: Gertrude Bell örneği, (Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Aydın 2019.
  • KILIÇ, Yusuf - UNCU, Ebru, “Eski Mezopotamya İnanç Sisteminin Yunanlılara Etkisi (İstar- Aphrodite Örneği)”, History Sutudies, 3, 1, 2011, s.183-201.
  • LUNDBOM, Jack, “Builders of Ancient Babylon: Nabopolassar and Nebuchadnezzar”, II. Interpretation, 71(2), 2017, s.154-166.
  • MAXWELL-HYSLOP, K, Rachel- HODGES, W, M, Henry, “Three iron swords from Luristan”, Iraq, 28(2), 1966, s.164-176.
  • McKENNEY, Michael, “The Phoenician Peace”, Peace Research, 7(1), 1975, s.25-30.
  • MONROE, Elizabeth, “Gertrude Bell (1868–1926)”, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 7(1), 1980, s.3-23.
  • PARLAKOĞLU, Muhammed, Nurullah, Gertrude Bell'in Türkiye Mezopotamyası'ndaki seyahatleri ve faaliyetleri, (Batman Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Batman 2018.
  • PEKŞEN, Okay, “Babil Krallarının Siyasal Meşrulaştırma Aracı: Tanrı Marduk”, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(1), 2017, s.102-111.
  • PONGRATZ-LEISTEN, Beate, 2011. “Assyrian royal discourse between local and imperial traditions at the Hābūr”, Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale, 105(1), 2011, s.109-128.
  • PRICE, Ira. Maurice, “The Nabopolassar Chronicle”, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 44, 1926, s.122-129.
  • SACK, Ronald, Herbert, Images of Nebuchadnezzar: the emergence of a legend, Susquehanna University Press, 2004 USA.
  • STEPHENS, Ferris, “The Provenience of the Gold and Silver Tablets of Ashurnaṣirpal”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 7(2), 1953, s.73-74.
  • UNGER, Eckhard, “DIE SYMBOLE DES GOTTES ASSUR”, BELLETEN, 29/115, 1965, s.423- 483.
  • WALLACH, Janet, Çöl Kraliçesi: Gertrude Bell’in Olağanüstü Yaşamı, Çev. Püren Özgören, Can Yayınları, 2019 İstanbul.
  • WISEMAN, Donald, & BOARDMAN, Jack, 1991. Babylonia 605-539 B. C. The Cambridge a ancient history. Vol. 3, pt. 2. The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and other states of the Near East, from the eight to the sixth centuries BC, 1991, s.229-251.
  • WRIGHT, George, Roy, Haslam, “Two unusual orientalists: Women of action”, East and West, 53(1/4), 2003, s.289-304.
  • YILDIRIM, Nurgül, “BABİL KRONİKLERİNDE SELEUKOS KRALLARI’NIN TAPINAK FAALİYETLERİ”, Archivum Anatolicum-Anadolu Arşivleri, 15(1), 2021, s.261-277.
  • YÜCE, Samet, 2015. Britanyaʹnın Ortadoğu politikası ve Gertrude Bell, (Karabük Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Karabük.
  • YÜCE, Samet, Britanyaʹnın Ortadoğu politikası ve Gertrude Bell. Nizamiye Akademi. 2016 İstanbul.
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 2 Şubat 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=661. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 9 Şubat 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=670. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 21 Şubat 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=683. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 22 Şubat 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=684. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 24 Şubat 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=686. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 26 Şubat 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=688. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 1 Nisan 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=726. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 2 Nisan 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=727. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 23 Nisan 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=750. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 24 Nisan 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=751. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 25 Nisan 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=752. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 12 Mayıs 1909 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=771. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 9 Mart 1911 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=914. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 3 Nisan 1911 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=941. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 5 Nisan 1911 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=943. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 6 Nisan 1911 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=944. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 22 Nisan 1911 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=962. (12.12.2021).
  • Günlükler (New Castle University), 21 Mayıs 1911 Tarihli Günlük. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/diary_details.php?diary_id=994. (12.12.2021).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 17 Şubat 1909 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1649. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 18 Şubat 1909 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1650. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 20 Şubat 1909 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1654. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 13 Mart 1909 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1664. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 2 Nisan 1909 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1678. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 3 Nisan 1909 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1679. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 6 Mayıs 1909 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1696. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 9 Mayıs 1909Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1699. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 10 Mart 1911 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1803. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 14 Nisan 1911 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1814. (12.1.2022).
  • Mektuplar (New Castle University), Gertrude Bell’den Annesi Dame Florance Bell’e Gönderilen 25 Nisan 1911 Tarihli Mektup. http://gertrudebell.ncl.ac.uk/letter_details.php?letter_id=1819. (12.1.2022).
Toplam 75 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Yakınçağ Ortadoğu Tarihi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Alaaddin Kalaycı

Muhsin Muhsin Haji Azeez Babila

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Kasım 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Mayıs 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Kalaycı, Alaaddin, ve Muhsin Muhsin Haji Azeez Babila. “İNGİLİZ CASUS ARKEOLOG GERTRUDE MARGARET LOWTHIAN BELL’İN 1909 VE 1911 YILI KUZEY MEZOPOTAMYA SEYAHATİNDEKİ ARKEOLOJİK FAALİYETLERİ”. History Studies 14, sy. 4 (Kasım 2022): 911-25.
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