Prevalence of Legal Dietary or Sport Supplements in Iranian Premier League Soccer Players

Mahdi Rahnama; Bahman Mirzaei; Danial Darabi; Zohreh Haratian; Foad Asjodi; Orod Iravani

Araştırma Makalesi

Prevalence of Legal Dietary or Sport Supplements in Iranian Premier League Soccer Players

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 1 - 14, 22.12.2024

Mahdi Rahnama , Bahman Mirzaei , Danial Darabi , Zohreh Haratian , Foad Asjodi , Orod Iravani

Öz

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of dietary supplement use among Iranian elite soccer players. The whole soccer players of premier league in Iran participated in this study.
The respondents Age (Ranged from 17 to 39 (years), (mean age: 25.49±4.62 years) were noted. A questionnaire was used with questions concerning the frequency and types of consumed supplements. Chi square analyses were used to determine any significant relationships between supplement consumption and their team positions. All hypothesis tests were performed at a significance level equal to or smaller than 0.05.
As reported there are 410 (92.3 %) out of 444 players that had been taken at least one supplement. The results showed that except Vit C, Whey and Glutamine there is no spread of the use of sport and nutritional supplements by the players of the Iranian Premier League in all supplements compared to the prevalence of supplement use. VitC was the most commonly used one(70.9%), in later positions Whey(64%) and Glutamine(57%) were placed. Carbohydrate(21.4%) and creatine(17.3%) intake was noted. Moreover, There was no relationship found between dietary supplement use and age. Whereas, There was a significant relationship between the source of information and the consumption of supplements for players.
The information provided by this study suggest that it may be necessary to ensure coaches have sufficient knowledge about dietary supplements so that athletes are receiving accurate information.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Creatine, Whey Protein, Vitamins and Minerals, performance Enhancer, nutrition

Kaynakça

1. FIFA. (2011). 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa: Television audience report. Fédération Internationale de Football Association.
2. García-Rovés, P. M., García-Zapico, P., Patterson, Á. M., & Iglesias-Gutiérrez, E. (2014). Nutrient intake and food habits of soccer players: Analyzing the correlates of eating practice. Nutrients, 6(7), 2697–2717.
3. Burke, L. (2007). Practical sports nutrition. Human Kinetics.
4. Dwyer, J. T., Coates, P. M., & Smith, M. J. (2018). Dietary supplements: Regulatory challenges and research resources. Nutrients, 10(1), 41.
5. Saldanha, L. G. (2007). The dietary supplement marketplace: Constantly evolving. LWW, 42, 52–54.
6. Ebert, A. W. (2014). Potential of underutilized traditional vegetables and legume crops to contribute to food and nutritional security, income, and more sustainable production systems. Sustainability, 6(1), 319–335.
7. Outram, S., & Stewart, B. (2015). Doping through supplement use: A review of the available empirical data. International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism, 25(1).
8. Krumbach, C. J., Ellis, D. R., & Driskell, J. A. (1999). A report of vitamin and mineral supplement use among university athletes in a Division I institution. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 9(4), 416–425.
9. Metzl, J. D., Small, E., Levine, S. R., & Gershel, J. C. (2001). Creatine use among young athletes. Pediatrics, 108(2), 421–425.
10. Aljaloud, S. O., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2013). Use of dietary supplements among professional athletes in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/245349
11. Derave, W., & Tipton, K. D. (2014). Dietary supplements for aquatic sports. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 24(4), 437–449.
12. Frączek, B., & Gacek, M. (2006). Spread of ergogenics acids among athletes. Med Sport, 10(3), 377–381.
13. Dascombe, B., Karunaratna, M., Cartoon, J., Fergie, B., & Goodman, C. (2010). Nutritional supplementation habits and perceptions of elite athletes within a state-based sporting institute. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(2), 274–280.
14. Striegel, H., Simon, P., Wurster, C., Niess, A., & Ulrich, R. (2006). The use of nutritional supplements among master athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(3), 236–241.
15. Froiland, K., Koszewski, W., Hingst, J., & Kopecky, L. (2004). Nutritional supplement use among college athletes and their sources of information. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 14(1), 104–120.
16. Massad, S. J., Shier, N. W., Koceja, D. M., & Ellis, N. T. (1995). High school athletes and nutritional supplements: A study of knowledge and use. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 5(3), 232–245.
17. Douglas, P. D., & Douglas, J. G. (1984). Nutrition knowledge and food practices of high school athletes. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 84(10), 1198–1202.
18. Braun, H., Koehler, K., Geyer, H., Kleinert, J., Mester, J., & Schänzer, W. (2009). Dietary supplement use among elite young German athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism, 19(1), 97–109.
19. Frączek, B., Warzecha, M., Tyrała, F., & Pięta, A. (2016). Prevalence of the use of effective ergogenic aids among professional athletes. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny, 67(3), 257–263.
20. Jonnalagadda, S. S., Rosenbloom, C. A., & Skinner, R. (2001). Dietary practices, attitudes, and physiological status of collegiate freshman football players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 15(4), 507–513.
21. LaBotz, M., & Smith, B. W. (1999). Creatine supplement use in an NCAA Division I athletic program. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 9(3), 167–169.
22. Froiland, K., Koszewski, W., Hingst, J., & Kopecky, L. (2004). Nutritional supplement use among college athletes and their sources of information. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 14(1), 104–120.
23. Krzywański, J., Mikulski, T., Pokrywka, A., Młyńczak, M., Krysztofiak, H., Frączek, B., & Ziemba, A. (2020). Vitamin B12 status and optimal range for hemoglobin formation in elite athletes. Nutrients, 12(4), 1038.
24. Kim, H. J., Kim, C. K., Carpentier, A., & Poortmans, J. R. (2011). Studies on the safety of creatine supplementation. Amino Acids, 40(5), 1409–1418.
25. Armstrong, L. E., Casa, D. J., Millard-Stafford, M., Moran, D. S., Pyne, S. W., & Roberts, W. O. (2007). American College of Sports Medicine position stand: Exertional heat illness during training and competition. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(3), 556–572.
26. Joachimiak, I., & Szołtysek, K. (2013). Awareness, knowledge and frequency of consumption of energy drinks and isotonic drinks by young people actively training sports. Nauki Inżynierskie i Technologie, 1(8), 26–38.
27. Tomlin, D. L., Clarke, S. K., Day, M., McKay, H. A., & Naylor, P.-J. (2013). Sports drink consumption and diet of children involved in organized sport. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 38.
28. Baker, L. B., Rollo, I., Stein, K. W., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2015). Acute effects of carbohydrate supplementation on intermittent sports performance. Nutrients, 7(7), 5733–5763.
29. Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T. (2007). Sensitive questions in surveys. Psychological Bulletin, 133(5), 859–883.
30. Naidu, K. A. (2003). Vitamin C in human health and disease: Is it still a mystery? An overview. Nutrition Journal, 2(1), 1–10.
31. Jafari, D., Esmaeilzadeh, A., Mohammadi-Kordkhayli, M., & Rezaei, N. (2019). Vitamin C and the immune system. In Nutrition and Immunity (pp. 81–102). Springer.
32. Erdman, K. A., Fung, T. S., Doyle-Baker, P. K., Verhoef, M. J., & Reimer, R. A. (2007). Dietary supplementation of high-performance Canadian athletes by age and gender. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 17(6), 458–464.
33. Szczepańska, E., & Spałkowska, A. (2012). Dietary behaviours of volleyball and basketball players. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny, 63(4), 483–489.
34. Scofield, D. E., & Unruh, S. (2006). Dietary supplement use among adolescent athletes in central Nebraska and their sources of information. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(2), 452–455.
35. Juhn, M. S. (1999). Oral creatine supplementation in male collegiate athletes: A survey of dosing habits and side effects. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 99(5), 593.
36. Jacobson, B. H., Sobonya, C., & Ransone, J. (2001). Nutrition practices and knowledge of college varsity athletes: A follow-up. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 15(1), 63–68.
37. Sobal, J., & Marquart, L. F. (1994). Vitamin/mineral supplement use among athletes: A review of the literature. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 4(4), 320–334.
38. Fernandes, H. S. (2020). Carbohydrate consumption and periodization strategies applied to elite soccer players. Current Nutrition Reports, 9(4), 414–419.
39. Wolf, E., Wirth, J., & Lohman, T. (1979). Nutritional practices of coaches in the Big Ten. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 7(2), 112–124.
40. Food and Drug Administration. (1995). Dietary supplement health and education act of 1994. December, 1.

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 1 - 14, 22.12.2024

Mahdi Rahnama , Bahman Mirzaei , Danial Darabi , Zohreh Haratian , Foad Asjodi , Orod Iravani

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, İranlı elit futbolcular arasında besin takviyesi kullanım yaygınlığını araştırmaktır. Bu çalışmaya İran birinci ligindeki tüm futbolcular katılmıştır.
Katılımcıların yaşları (17 ila 39 (yıl) arasında değişmektedir, (ortalama yaş: 25.49±4.62 yıl) kaydedilmiştir. Tüketilen takviyelerin sıklığı ve türleri ile ilgili sorular içeren bir anket kullanılmıştır. Takviye tüketimi ile takım pozisyonları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki olup olmadığını belirlemek için ki-kare analizleri kullanılmıştır. Tüm hipotez testleri 0.05'e eşit veya daha küçük bir anlamlılık düzeyinde gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Bulgulara göre, 444 oyuncudan 410'u (%92,3) en az bir takviye almıştır. Sonuçlar, Vit C, Whey ve Glutamin dışında, İran Premier Ligi oyuncularının spor ve besin takviyesi kullanımının, takviye kullanım yaygınlığına kıyasla tüm takviyelerde yaygın olmadığını göstermiştir. VitC en sık kullanılan takviyedir (%70,9), daha sonraki sıralarda Whey (%64) ve Glutamin (%57) yer almaktadır. Karbonhidrat (%21,4) ve kreatin (%17,3) alımı kaydedilmiştir. Ayrıca, besin takviyesi kullanımı ile yaş arasında herhangi bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Öte yandan, bilgi kaynağı ile oyuncuların takviye tüketimi arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur.
Bu çalışmanın sağladığı bilgiler, sporcuların doğru bilgi alabilmeleri için antrenörlerin besin takviyeleri konusunda yeterli bilgiye sahip olmalarının gerekli olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Beslenme, Kreatin, Performans Arttırıcı, Vitaminler ve Mineraller, Whey Protein

Kaynakça

1. FIFA. (2011). 2010 FIFA World Cup South Africa: Television audience report. Fédération Internationale de Football Association.
2. García-Rovés, P. M., García-Zapico, P., Patterson, Á. M., & Iglesias-Gutiérrez, E. (2014). Nutrient intake and food habits of soccer players: Analyzing the correlates of eating practice. Nutrients, 6(7), 2697–2717.
3. Burke, L. (2007). Practical sports nutrition. Human Kinetics.
4. Dwyer, J. T., Coates, P. M., & Smith, M. J. (2018). Dietary supplements: Regulatory challenges and research resources. Nutrients, 10(1), 41.
5. Saldanha, L. G. (2007). The dietary supplement marketplace: Constantly evolving. LWW, 42, 52–54.
6. Ebert, A. W. (2014). Potential of underutilized traditional vegetables and legume crops to contribute to food and nutritional security, income, and more sustainable production systems. Sustainability, 6(1), 319–335.
7. Outram, S., & Stewart, B. (2015). Doping through supplement use: A review of the available empirical data. International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism, 25(1).
8. Krumbach, C. J., Ellis, D. R., & Driskell, J. A. (1999). A report of vitamin and mineral supplement use among university athletes in a Division I institution. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 9(4), 416–425.
9. Metzl, J. D., Small, E., Levine, S. R., & Gershel, J. C. (2001). Creatine use among young athletes. Pediatrics, 108(2), 421–425.
10. Aljaloud, S. O., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2013). Use of dietary supplements among professional athletes in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/245349
11. Derave, W., & Tipton, K. D. (2014). Dietary supplements for aquatic sports. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 24(4), 437–449.
12. Frączek, B., & Gacek, M. (2006). Spread of ergogenics acids among athletes. Med Sport, 10(3), 377–381.
13. Dascombe, B., Karunaratna, M., Cartoon, J., Fergie, B., & Goodman, C. (2010). Nutritional supplementation habits and perceptions of elite athletes within a state-based sporting institute. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(2), 274–280.
14. Striegel, H., Simon, P., Wurster, C., Niess, A., & Ulrich, R. (2006). The use of nutritional supplements among master athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 27(3), 236–241.
15. Froiland, K., Koszewski, W., Hingst, J., & Kopecky, L. (2004). Nutritional supplement use among college athletes and their sources of information. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 14(1), 104–120.
16. Massad, S. J., Shier, N. W., Koceja, D. M., & Ellis, N. T. (1995). High school athletes and nutritional supplements: A study of knowledge and use. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 5(3), 232–245.
17. Douglas, P. D., & Douglas, J. G. (1984). Nutrition knowledge and food practices of high school athletes. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 84(10), 1198–1202.
18. Braun, H., Koehler, K., Geyer, H., Kleinert, J., Mester, J., & Schänzer, W. (2009). Dietary supplement use among elite young German athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition & Exercise Metabolism, 19(1), 97–109.
19. Frączek, B., Warzecha, M., Tyrała, F., & Pięta, A. (2016). Prevalence of the use of effective ergogenic aids among professional athletes. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny, 67(3), 257–263.
20. Jonnalagadda, S. S., Rosenbloom, C. A., & Skinner, R. (2001). Dietary practices, attitudes, and physiological status of collegiate freshman football players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 15(4), 507–513.
21. LaBotz, M., & Smith, B. W. (1999). Creatine supplement use in an NCAA Division I athletic program. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 9(3), 167–169.
22. Froiland, K., Koszewski, W., Hingst, J., & Kopecky, L. (2004). Nutritional supplement use among college athletes and their sources of information. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 14(1), 104–120.
23. Krzywański, J., Mikulski, T., Pokrywka, A., Młyńczak, M., Krysztofiak, H., Frączek, B., & Ziemba, A. (2020). Vitamin B12 status and optimal range for hemoglobin formation in elite athletes. Nutrients, 12(4), 1038.
24. Kim, H. J., Kim, C. K., Carpentier, A., & Poortmans, J. R. (2011). Studies on the safety of creatine supplementation. Amino Acids, 40(5), 1409–1418.
25. Armstrong, L. E., Casa, D. J., Millard-Stafford, M., Moran, D. S., Pyne, S. W., & Roberts, W. O. (2007). American College of Sports Medicine position stand: Exertional heat illness during training and competition. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(3), 556–572.
26. Joachimiak, I., & Szołtysek, K. (2013). Awareness, knowledge and frequency of consumption of energy drinks and isotonic drinks by young people actively training sports. Nauki Inżynierskie i Technologie, 1(8), 26–38.
27. Tomlin, D. L., Clarke, S. K., Day, M., McKay, H. A., & Naylor, P.-J. (2013). Sports drink consumption and diet of children involved in organized sport. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 10(1), 38.
28. Baker, L. B., Rollo, I., Stein, K. W., & Jeukendrup, A. E. (2015). Acute effects of carbohydrate supplementation on intermittent sports performance. Nutrients, 7(7), 5733–5763.
29. Tourangeau, R., & Yan, T. (2007). Sensitive questions in surveys. Psychological Bulletin, 133(5), 859–883.
30. Naidu, K. A. (2003). Vitamin C in human health and disease: Is it still a mystery? An overview. Nutrition Journal, 2(1), 1–10.
31. Jafari, D., Esmaeilzadeh, A., Mohammadi-Kordkhayli, M., & Rezaei, N. (2019). Vitamin C and the immune system. In Nutrition and Immunity (pp. 81–102). Springer.
32. Erdman, K. A., Fung, T. S., Doyle-Baker, P. K., Verhoef, M. J., & Reimer, R. A. (2007). Dietary supplementation of high-performance Canadian athletes by age and gender. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 17(6), 458–464.
33. Szczepańska, E., & Spałkowska, A. (2012). Dietary behaviours of volleyball and basketball players. Roczniki Państwowego Zakładu Higieny, 63(4), 483–489.
34. Scofield, D. E., & Unruh, S. (2006). Dietary supplement use among adolescent athletes in central Nebraska and their sources of information. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 20(2), 452–455.
35. Juhn, M. S. (1999). Oral creatine supplementation in male collegiate athletes: A survey of dosing habits and side effects. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 99(5), 593.
36. Jacobson, B. H., Sobonya, C., & Ransone, J. (2001). Nutrition practices and knowledge of college varsity athletes: A follow-up. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 15(1), 63–68.
37. Sobal, J., & Marquart, L. F. (1994). Vitamin/mineral supplement use among athletes: A review of the literature. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 4(4), 320–334.
38. Fernandes, H. S. (2020). Carbohydrate consumption and periodization strategies applied to elite soccer players. Current Nutrition Reports, 9(4), 414–419.
39. Wolf, E., Wirth, J., & Lohman, T. (1979). Nutritional practices of coaches in the Big Ten. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 7(2), 112–124.
40. Food and Drug Administration. (1995). Dietary supplement health and education act of 1994. December, 1.

Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Antrenman
Bölüm	Research Article
Yazarlar	Mahdi Rahnama 0009-0008-9328-3236 Bahman Mirzaei Danial Darabi 0000-0003-2734-2054 Zohreh Haratian 0000-0002-7898-6880 Foad Asjodi 0000-0003-4091-933X Orod Iravani 0000-0003-4573-7033
Erken Görünüm Tarihi	20 Aralık 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi	22 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi	29 Kasım 2024
Kabul Tarihi	13 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2024 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD	Rahnama, Mahdi vd. “Prevalence of Legal Dietary or Sport Supplements in Iranian Premier League Soccer Players”. Hitit Movement Science Journal 1/1 (Aralık 2024), 1-14.

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