Spleen Toxicity Assessment of Propanil Exposure in Swiss Albino Mice

Abstract

Pesticides or their metabolites may have the capacity to disturb and hinder the functions of some essential organs including spleen. This study examined side effects of propanil on the spleen of mice. Experimental groups were exposed to propanil through oral administration for 30 consecutive days. The separation of capsule from the splenic parenchyma, a thickening of the capsule, congestion in the splenic parenchyma, dilated sinusoids, and arteriolar enlargement, karyolysis in megakaryocytes and amyloid formation were determined in the low-dose group. Hemorrhage and separation in the capsule, amorphous megakaryocytes, karyolysis in megakaryocytes, congestion in the splenic tissue and sinusoidal enlargement, fibrosis, lobule formation, enlargement of the white pulp and deformation of arteriole were detected in the medium-dose group. Hemorrhage in separated capsule, karyolysis in megakaryocytes, congestion in the splenic parenchyma, enlargement of the white pulp, fibrosis, necrosis in the white pulp, congestion in the enlarged sinusoid and cellular swelling in the splenic red pulp were observed in the high-dose group. These findings clearly demonstrated that propanil induced important dose-related histopathological damages. Based on our results, we can clearly say that it may have the capacity to cause this organ’ failure.

Keywords

• Mice
• spleen
• propanil
• herbicide
• histopathology

İsviçre Albino Farelerinde Propanil Maruziyetinin Dalak Toksisitesi Değerlendirmesi

Abstract

Pestisitler veya metabolitleri, dalak dahil olmak üzere bazı temel organların fonksiyonlarını bozma ve engelleme kapasitesine sahip olabilir. Bu çalışmada, propanilin farelerin dalakları üzerindeki yan etkileri incelenmiştir. Deney grupları, ard arda 30 gün boyunca oral uygulama yoluyla propanile maruz bırakıldı. Düşük doz grubunda kapsülün dalak parankiminden ayrılması, kapsülde kalınlaşma, dalak parankiminde konjesyon, genişlemiş sinüzoidler ve arteriyolar genişleme, megakaryositlerde karyoliz ve amiloid oluşumu saptandı. Orta doz grubunda hemoraji ve kapsülde ayrılma, amorf megakaryositler, megakaryositlerde karyoliz, dalak dokusunda konjesyon ve sinüzoidal genişleme, fibrozis, lobül oluşumu, beyaz pulpada genişleme ve arteriol deformasyonu saptandı. Yüksek doz grubunda ayrılmış kapsülde kanama, megakaryositlerde karyoliz, dalak parankiminde konjesyon, beyaz pulpada genişleme, fibrozis, beyaz pulpada nekroz, genişlemiş sinüzoidde konjesyon ve dalak kırmızı pulpasında hücresel şişkinlik gözlendi. Bu bulgular, propanilin doza bağlı önemli histopatolojik hasarları uyardığını açıkça göstermiştir. Elde ettiğimiz sonuçlara göre propanilin dalak yetmezliğine yol açabilecek kapasiteye sahip olabileceğini net bir şekilde söyleyebiliriz.

Keywords

• Fare
• dalak
• propanil
• herbisit
• histopatoloji

References

1. M.T. Moore, J.L. Farris, Acute and chronic toxicity of the herbicide Stam M-4 in field and laboratory exposures. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 33 (1997) 199-202.
2. C. Tomlin, The pesticide Manual, Fifteenth. BCPC Publications, UK, 2009.
3. L. Zhang, Q. Hu, P. Hang, X. Zhou, J. Jiang, Characterization of an arylamidase from a newly isolated propanil-transforming strain of Ochrobactrum sp. PP-2. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 167 (2019) 122-129.
4. J.V. Pothuluri, J.A. Hinson, C.E. Cerniglia, Propanil: toxicological characteristics, metabolism, and biodegradation potential in soil. J. Environ. Qual., 20 (1991) 330-347.
5. K. Mitsou, A. Koulianou, D. Lambropoulou, P. Pappas, T. Albanis, M. Lekka, Growth rate effects, responses of antioxidant enzymes and metabolic fate of the herbicide Propanil in the aquatic plant Lemna minor. Chemosphere, 62 (2006) 275-284.
6. B.S. Moraes, V.L. Loro, A. Pretto, M.B. da Fonseca, C. Menezes, E. Marchesan, G.B. Reimche, L.A. de Avila, Toxicological and metabolic parameters of the teleost fish (Leporinus obtusidens) in response to commercial herbicides containing clomazone and propanil. Pestic. Biochem. Phys., 95 (2009) 57-62.
7. R.G. Okayi, M.U. Tachia, G.A. Ataguba, S.H. Dikwahai, Toxicity of herbicide Propanil on Oreochromis niloticus fingerlings. Proceedings of Fisheries Society of Nigeria (Fison) Ascon, Badagry 25th-29th October (2010) 138-143.
8. K.D. Salazar, I.V. Ustyugova, K.M. Brundage, J.B. Barnett, R. Schafer, A review of the immunotoxicity of the pesticide 3,4- dichloropropionanalide. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B Crit. Rev., 11 (2008) 630-645.

9. G. Carvalho, R. Marques, A.R. Lopes, C. Faria, J.P. Noronha, A. Oehmen, O. C. Nunes, M.A.M. Reis, Biological treatment of propanil and 3,4-dichloroaniline: kinetic and microbiological characterization. Water Res., 44 (2010) 4980-4991.
10. D. Cui, W.P. Daley, J.D. Fratkin, D.E. Haines, J.C. Lynch, J.P. Naftel, and G. Yang, Atlas of histology: with functional and clinical correlations. Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA, 2011.
11. A.L. Mescher, Junqueira’s basic histology: text and atlas. Mcgraw-hill 2016.
12. J.R. Sty, J.J. Conway, The spleen: development and functional evaluation. Sem. Nucl. Med., 15 (1985) 276-298.
13. C.A. Sieff, D.A. Williams, Hematopoiesis. In: Handin RI, Stossel TP, Lux SE, editors. Blood: principles and practice of haematology. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Company, USA, 1995.
14. L.P. Gartner, J.L. Hiatt, Color atlas and text of histology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, USA, 2012.
15. J. Palis, M.C. Yoder, Yolk-sac hematopoiesis: the first blood cells of mouse and man. Exp. Hematol., 29 (2001) 927-936.
16. V. Bronte, M.J. Pittett, The spleen in local and systemic regulation of immunity. Immunity, 39 (2013) 806-818.
17. A.J.P. Veerman, W. Ewijk van, White pulp compartments in the spleen of rats and mice. Cell Tissue Res., 156 (1975) 417-441.
18. K.R. Machlus, JrJ.E. Italiano, Megakaryocyte development and platelet formation in platelets (Fourth edition), Academic Press, USA, 2019.
19. S.K. Ramaiah, M.B. Nabity, Blood and bone marrow toxicity. Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles, 2011.
20. R. Schafer, T.J. Ognibene, M.A. Malfatti, K.W. Turteltaub, J.B. Barnett, Comparative pharmacokinetics of high and low doses of the herbicide propanil in mice. Chem. Res. Toxicol., 31 (2018) 1080-1085.
21. A.W. Suttie, Histopathology of spleen. Toxicol. Pathol., 34 (2006) 446-503.
22. A. Al-Bader, T.C. Mathew, M. Khoursheed, S. Asfar, H. Al‐Sayer, H.M. Dashti, Thioacetamide toxicity and the spleen: histological and biochemical analysis. Anat. Histol. Embryol., 29 (2000) 3-8.
23. L.C. Junqueira, J. Carneiro, Histologia Básica. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2008.
24. G.C. Roma, P.R. D. Oliveira, G.H. Bechara, M.I.C. Mathias, Cytotoxic effects of permethrin on mouse liver and spleen cells. Microsc. Res. Tech.,75 (2012) 229-238.
25. I.S. Al-Dabbagh, L.J.M. Al-Bahadyli, Histological effects of insecticide prothor (imidacloprid) in the white male mice. GJBB5, (2016) 276-280.
26. L.J. Hart, S.A. Smith, B.J. Smith, J. Robertson, S.D. Holladay, Exposure of tilapian fish to the pesticide lindane results in hypocellularity of the primary hematopoietic organ (pronephros) and the spleen without altering activity of phagocytic cells in these organs. Toxicology, 118 (1997) 211-221.
27. E. Petrovova, P. Massanyi, M. Capcarova, J. Zivcak, L. Stodola, Structural alterations in rabbit spleen after bendiocarb administration. J. Environ. Sci. Health B., 46 (2011) 788-792.
28. T. Vancauwenberghe, A. Snoeckx, D. Vanbeckevoort, S. Dymarkowski, F.M. Vanhoenacker, Imaging of the spleen: what the clinician needs to know. Singapore Med. J., 56 (2015) 133-144.
29. E. Javinsky, Hematology and immune-related disorders. In: The Cat Clinical Medicine and Management edited by Little S. E, 2012.
30. K.A. Iteire, P.S. Igbigbi, O. Oyibororho, Toxicological effects of pyrethroids insecticide on the spleen and bone marrow of adult albino rats. Nig. J. Basic Appl. Sci., 25 (2017) 143-150.
31. A. Ojha, S.K. Yaduvanshi, S.C. Pant, V. Lomash, N. Srivastava, Evaluation of DNA Damage and Cytotoxicity Induced by Three Commonly Used Organophosphate Pesticides Individually and in Mixture, in Rat Tissues. Environ Toxicol., 28 (2013) 543-552.
32. O. Ozmen, Endosulfan splenic pathology and amelioration by vitamin C in New Zealand rabbit. J. Immunotoxicol., 13 (2016) 349-354.
33. T. Wynn, Cellular and molecular mechanisms of fibrosis. J. Pathol., 214 (2008) 199-210.
34. Ö. Çakıcı, Histopathological analysis of carbaryl-induced toxicity in the spleen of Levantine frog, Pelophylax bedriagae (Anura: Ranidae). Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 25 (2018) 24917-24922.
35. W.M. Haschek, C.G. Rousseaux, M.A. Wallig, Manifestations of toxic cell injury: Cell injury/death and chemical carcinogenesis. In: fundamentals of toxicologic pathology, Second Edition, 2010.