Speciation and Dispersion Hypotheses of Phlebotomine Sandflies of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus Diptera:Psychodidae : The Case in Turkey

Yıl 2010, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 3, 229 - 248, 01.08.2010

Bülent Alten

Öz

Phlebotomine sandflies are delicate, hairy flies with long slender legs. Of the 1000 or so species, only about 70 species are thought to be involved in the transmission of disease to man. The flies are easily distinguished from other small Diptera when alive by the characteristic manner in which they hold their pointed wings above their body like a vertical V , especially from other members of the family Psychodidae to which they belong. It is important to distinguish phlebotomine sandflies from other small biting flies known colloquially as 'sandflies' in certain parts of the world, especially midges of the genus Culicoides which abound in coastal areas of the southeastern United States, Central America and the Caribbean, and Simuliidae in Australasia. These other flies have very different biologies and medical importance from phlebotomines [1]. Phlebotomines are commonly known as sand flies, a reference arising from the phlebotomines-leishmaniasis associations studied extensively in the drier regions of the Mediterranean and Middle East. Unfortunately, this name is often confused with sand flies of the family Ceratopogidae, a family with very different behaviors and vector-disease associations. Second, phlebotomines in the western hemisphere have little association with sand. They are, instead, most commonly distributed in forest from southern United States to northern Argentina [2].

Kaynakça

• 1. Lane, R.P. Sandflies (Phlebotominae). Chapter Four. Medical Insects and Arachnids. Edited by Richard P. Lane and Rooger W. Crosskey. Chapman and Hall, ISBN 0 412 400000 6, 78-119, 1993.
• 2. Munstermann, L.E. Phlebotomine Sand Flies, The Psychodidae. Chapter 12. Biology and Disease Vectors. 2nd Edition. Edited by Marquardt, W.C., Black, W.C. IV, Freier, J.E., Hagedorn, H.H., Hemingway, J., Higgs, S., James, A.A., Kondratieff, B., Moore, C.G. Elsevier Academic Press, 141-151, 2005.
• 3. Tesh, R.B. The genus Phlebovirus and its vectors. An. Rev. of Entomol., 33, 169-181, 1988.
• 4. Symmers, W.S. Leishmaniasis acquired by contagion. A case of marital infection in Britain. Lancet, 7116, 127-132, 1960.
• 5. Eltoun, I.A., Zijlstra, E.E., Ali, M.S. Congenital kala-azar and leishmaniasis in the placenta. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 46, 57-62, 1992.
• 6. Bruce-Chwatt, L.J., Blood transfusion and tropical disease. Trop. Dis. Bull., 69: 825-862, 1972.
• 7. Desjeux, P., Alvar, J., Gradoni, L. Epidemiological analysis of 692 retrospective cases of Leishmania/HIV coinfection. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1-11, 1997.
• 8. Gramiccia, M., Gradoni, L. The leishmaniasis of southern Europe. Emerging pests and vector-borne diseases in Europe. Volume 1. Ecology and control of vector-borne diseases. Edited by: Takken, W., Knols, B.G.J. Wageningen Academic Publishers. 75-95, 2007.
• 9. Desjeux, P. Leishmaniasis. Public health aspects and control. Clin. Dermatol., 14, 417-423, 1996.
• 10. Alvar, J., Yactayo, S., Bern, C. Leishmaniasis and poverty. Trends Parasitol., 22, 552-557, 2006.
• 11. Belen, A. Seasonal dynamics and genetic structures of the sand fly (Diptera:Psychodidae) populations in Cukurova Region. Hacettepe Univ., Institute of Science, PhD Thesis, 131 p, 2009.
• 12. Morrison, A.C., Ferro, C., Pardo, R., Torres, M., Devlin, B., Wilson, M.L., and Tesh, R.B. Seasonal abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera:Culicidae) at an endemic focus of visceral leishmaniasis in Colombia. J. Med. Entomol., 32, 538-548, 1995.
• 13. Alexander, J.B. Dispersal of phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera:Psychodidae) in a Colombian coffee plantation. J. Med. Entomol, 24: 552-558, 1987.
• 14. Killick-Kendrick, R., Rioux, J.-A., Bailly, M., Guy, M. W., Wilkes, T. J., Guy, F. M.,Davidson, I., Knechtli, R., Ward, R. D., Guilvard, E., Perieres, J. and Dubois, H. Ecology of leishmaniasis in the south of France 20. Dispersal of Phlebotomus ariasi Tonnoir,1921 as a factor in the spread of visceral leishmaniasis in the C6vennes. Ann. de Parasitol. Hum. et compared 59: 555-572, 1984.
• 15. Yuval, B. and Schlein, Y. Leishmaniasis in the Jordan Valley III. Nocturnal activity of Phlebotomus papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in relation to nutrition and ovarian development. J. Med. Entomol. 23, 411-415,1986.
• 16. Ready, P. D., Lainson, R., Shaw, J. J. and Ward, R. D.The ecology of Lutzomyia umbratilis Ward & Fraiha (Diptera: Psychodidae), the major vector to man of Leishmania braziliensis guyanensis in north-eastern Amazonian Brazil. Bull. Entomol. Res., 76: 21-40, 1986.
• 17. Young DG, Perkins PV. Phlebotomine sand flies of North America (Diptera: Psychodidae). J Amer Mosquito Cont Ass 44:263–304,1984.
• 18. Lewis DJ. A taxonomic review of the genus Phlebotomus (Diptera: Psychodidae). Bull Br Mus Nat Hist (Ent), 45,121– 209, 1982.
• 19. Artemiev MM. A revision of sandflies of the subgenus Adlerius (Diptera, Phlebotominae, Phlebotomus) (in Russian). Zool Zh., 59,1177–1192, 1980.
• 20. Lewis, D.J., Young, D., Faichild, G.B. and Minter, D.M. Proposals for a stable classification of Phlebotomine sandflies (Diptera: Psychodidae). Syst Ent 2, 319-332, 1977.
• 21. Killick-Kendrick, R. Phlebotomine vectors of the leishmaniases: a review. Med Vet Entomol., 4, 1-4, 1990.
• 22. Aransay, A.M., Scoulica, E., Tselentis, Y., Ready, P.D. Phylogenetic relationship of phlebotomine sandflies inferred from small subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA. Insect Mol. Biol., 9,2, 157-168, 2000.
• 23. Rispail, P. and Ldger, N. Numerical taxonomy of Old World Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) 1. Considerations of morphological characters in the genus Phlebotomus Rondani & Bert 1840. Mere Inst Oswaido Cruz, Rio Janeiro 93, 6, 773-785, 1998a.
• 24. Rispail, R and Leger, N. Numerical taxonomy of Old World Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) 2. Restatement of classification upon subgeneric morphological characters. Mem Inst Oswaido Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 93, 6, 787-793, 1998b.
• 25. Hennig, W.Insect Phylogeny. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, New York., 1981.
• 26. Wood, D.M. and Borkent, A. Phylogeny and classification of the Nematocera. In: Manual of Nearctic Diptera, 3 (McAIpine, J.F. and Wood, D.M., eds), pp. 1333-1370. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, 1989.
• 27. Kristensen, N.P. Phylogeny of extant Hexapods. In: The Insects of Australia (CSIRO, eds), 2nd edn, pp. 125-140. Melbourne University of Press, Melbourne, 1991.
• 28. Oosterbroek, RF.L.S. and Courtney, G. Phylogeny of nematocerous families of Diptera (Insecta). Zool J Linn Soc 115, 267-311, 1995.
• 29. Hillis, D.M., Moritz, C. and Mable, B.K. Molecular Systematics, 2nd edn. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA, 1996.
• 30. Hillis, D.M. and Dixon, M. Ribosomal DNA: molecular evolution and phyiogenetic inference. Q Rev Biol 66,411-453, 1991.
• 31. Carmean, D., Kimsey, L.S. and Berbee, M.L. 18S rDNA sequences and the holometabolous insects. Mol Phylogenet Evol 1,4, 270-278, 1992.
• 32. Miller, B.R., Crabtree, M.B. and Savage, H.M. Phylogenetic relationships of the Culicomorpha inferred from 18S and 5.8S ribosomal DNA sequences (Diptera: Nematocera). Insect Mol Biol 6,2, 105-114, 1997.
• 33. Whiting, EM., Carpenter, J.C., Wheeler, Q.D. and Wheeler, W.C. The Strepsiptera problem: phylogeny of the holometabolous insect orders inferred from 18S and 28S ribosomal DNA sequences and morphology. Syst Biol 46,1, 1-68, 1997.
• 34. Carreno, R.A. and Barta, J.R. Small subunit ribosomal RNA genes of Tabanids and Hippoboscids (Diptera: Brachycera): evolutionary relationships and comparison with other Diptera. J Med Entomol 35,6, 1002-1006, 1998.
• 35. Depaquit, J., Ferte´, H., Le´ger, N., Killick-Kendrick, R., Rioux, J.A., Killick- Kendrick, M., Hanafi, H.A., Gobert, S. Molecular systematics of the Phlebotomine sandflies of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus (Diptera, Psychodidae, Phlebotomus) based on ITS2 rDNA sequences. Hypotheses of dispersion and speciation. Insect Mol. Biol. 9, 293– 300, 2000.
• 36. Al-Zahrani, M.A., Peters, W., Evans, P.A., Ching-Chin, I., Smith, V., Lane, R.P. Phlebotomus sergenti, a vector of Leishmania tropica in Saudi Arabia. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 82, 416, 1988.
• 37. Guilvard, E., Rioux, J.A., Gallego, M., Pratlong, F., Mahjour, J., Martinez- Ortega, E., Dereure, J., Saddiki, A., Martini, A. Leishmania tropica au Maroc . Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp. 66, 96–99, 1991.
• 38. Svobodova M, Alten B, Zidkova L, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum transmitted by Phlebotomus tobbi. Int J Parasitol., 39, 251–256, 2009.
• 39. Martin-Sanchez, J., Gramiccia, M., Pesson, B., Morillas-Marquez, F. Genetic polymorphism in sympatric species of the genus Phlebotomus, with special reference to Phlebotomus perniciosus and Phlebotomus longicuspis (Diptera, Phlebotomidae). Parasite 7, 247–54, 2000.
• 40. Killick-Kendrick, R., Killick-Kendrick, M., Tang, Y. Anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Kabul, Afghanistan : the high susceptibility of Phlebotomus sergenti to Leishmania tropica. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 89, 477, 1995.
• 41. Depaquit, J., Le´ger, N., Ferte´, H. Le statut taxinomique de Phlebotomus sergenti parrot, 1917, vecteur de Leishmania tropica (Wright 1903) et Phlebotomus similis Perfiliev, 1963 Diptera – Psychodidae. Approches morphologique et morphome´trique. Corollaires bioge´ographiqueset e´pide´miologiques. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot. 91, 346–52, 1998.
• 42. Depaquit, J., Le´ger, N., Ferte´, H., Rioux, J.A., Gantier, J.C., Michaelides, A., Economides, P. Les phlebotomes de l’ıˆle de Chypre. Parasite 8, 11–20, 2001.
• 43. Depaquit, J., Ferte´, H., Le´ger, N., Lefrane, F., Alves-Pires, C., Hanafi, H., Maroli, M., Morillas-Marquez, F., Rioux, JA., Svobodova, M., Volf, P. ITS2 sequences heterogeneity in Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus similis (Diptera, Psychodidae): possible consequences in their ability to transmit Leishmania tropica. Int. J. Parasitol., 32, 1123-1131, 2002.
• 46. Léger, N. and Pesson, B. Sur la taxonomie et la repartition géographique de Phlebotomus (Adlerius) chinensis s.l. et de P. (Larroussius) major s.l. (Psychodidae-Diptera). Statut des espèces présentes en Grèce. Bull Soc Path Ex 80: 252–260, 1987.
• 47. Pesson, B., Léger, N., Madulo-Leblond, G. et al. Spéciation et vicariance chez les phlébotomes des îles grecques (reference à Phlebotomus neglectus et au sous-genre Larroussius). Bios 2: 233–243, 1994.
• 48. Humphries, C.J. and Parenti, L.R. Cladistic Biogeography.Monographies on Biogeography, Oxford, 1985.
• 49. Dercourt, J., Zonenshain, L., Ricou, L. et al. Présentation de 9 cartes paléogéographiques au 1/20 000 000e s’étendant de l’Atlantique au Pamir pour la période du Lias à l’actuel. Bull Soc Géol Fr 1: 637–652, 1985.
• 50. Depaquit, J., Perrotey, S., Lecointre, G. et al. Systématique moléculaire des Phlebotominae: étude pilote. Paraphylie du genre Phlebotomus. C R Acad Sci Paris (Life Sc) 321: 849–855, 1998b.
• 51. Buffetaut, E. and Le Loeuff, J. Les mondes disparus. Atlas de la dérive des continents. Berg International, Paris, 1998.
• 52. Rage, J.C. La Téthys et les dispersions transtéthysiennes par voie terrestre. Biogeographica 71, 109–126, 1995.
• 53. Artemiev, M.M. and Neronov, V. Distribution and ecology of sandflies of the world (genus Phlebotomus). Inst Evol Morph Anim Ecol Acad Sci USSR, Moscow, 1984.
• 54. Steininger, F., Rabeder, G. and Rögl, F. Land mammal distribution in the Mediterranean Neogene: A consequence of geokinematic and climatic events. In: Geological Evolution of the Mediterranean Basin (Stanley, J. and Wezel, F.C., eds), 559–571. Springer-Verlag, New-York, 1985.
• 55. Depaquit, J., Ferté, H. and Léger, N. Les phlébotomes de l’île de Rhodes (Grèce). Bull Soc Fr Parasitol 14: 28–38, 1996.
• 56. Perfiliev, P.P., Fauna of USSR. Diptera. Phlebotomidae (sandflies), Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem pp. 1–363, 1968.
• 57. Parrot, L. Sur un nouveau phle´botome alge´rien Phlebotomus sergenti sp.nov.. Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. 10, 564–567, 1917.
• 58. Dvorak, V., Aytekin, A.M., Alten, B., Skarupova, S., Votypka, J., Volf, P. A comparison of intraspecific variability of Phlebotomus sergenti Parrot, 1917 (Diptera:Psychodidae), J.Vec.Ecol., 31,2, 229-238, 2006.