Vectors Without Borders: Imminent Arrival, Establishment, and Public Health Implications of The Asian Bush Aedes Japonicus and Asian Tiger Aedes Albopictus Mosquitoes in Turkey

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 40 Sayı: 1, 23 - 36, 01.01.2012

Işık Ünlü Ary Farajollahi

Öz

Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus are invasive mosquito species with expanding distributions. Both species are indigenous to the tropical and sub-tropical regions of Southeast Asia; however, they have rapidly established populations in several countries outside their native range over the last few decades. The European continent has not been excluded from these invasions. Aedes albopictus was first reported from Albania in 1979, subsequently from Italy, France, Greece, Switzerland, Belgium, Spain, Netherland sand Germany. Aedesjaponicus was first reported fromFrance in 2000, in Belgium during 2002, and from Germany in 2007. The potential risk for further invasion and/or expansion of either species may be projected based on their biology. Temperate countries in Europe such as Turkey are vulnerable to potential introductions of these invasive species. Existence of a national surveillance program would be a valuable proactive measure for the detection and rapid intervention efforts to prevent establishment of these nuisance mosquito species and the diseases they may transmit. We provide a brief historical background, biology, ecology, larval identification, public health implications, suitable climate areas, and routes of introduction for Ae. albopictus and Ae. japonicus in Turkey.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Invasive species, Exotic, Arboviruses, Public health, Introduction routes

Sınır Tanımayan Vektor Sivrisinekler: Kaçınılmaz Ülkeye Giriş ve Yayılış, Yayılışı Takiben Asya Cali ve Asya Sivrisineklerinin İnsan Sağlığı Üzerinde Oluşturabileceği Olumsuz Etkiler

Öz

A edes albopictus ve Aedes japonicus sınırlarını her gecen gün genişleten sivrisinek türleridir. Her iki tür de tropik ve tropik iklime yakın olan Güneydoğu Asya ülkelerinde yerli olmakla birlikte, son 30 yılda diğer ülkelerde de hızlı bir yayılış göstermektedirler. Avrupa ülkeleri de bu hızlı yayılıştan etkilenmişlerdir. Aedes albopictus ilk kez 1979’da Arnavutluk’da, daha sonra sırasıyla İtalya, Fransa, Yunanistan, İsviçre, Belçika, İspanya, Hollanda ve Almanya’da kaydedilmiştir. Aedes japonicus ilk kez Fransa’da 2000 yılında, Belçika’da 2002 yılında ve Almanya’da 2007 yılında tespit edilmiştir. Bahsedilen her iki türün de biyolojisine bakıldığında, bu türlerin Avrupa’da başka ülkelere girişi ve yayılma riski söz konusudur. Avrupada Türkiye gibi ılıman ülkeler bu türlerin giriş ve yayılışı için risk altındadır. Bu ülkelerin uygun teknikleri kullanarak sözü geçen türleri izlemeleri, hem sebep olabilecekleri hastalıkları hem de verecekleri rahatsızlığı önleme açısından, cok önemlidir. Bu makalede Ae. albopictus ve Ae. japonicus türlerinin tarihçeleri, biyolojileri, ekolojileri, larvalarının teşhisi, halk sağlığı açısından önemleri, yayılımları için uygun alanlar ve giriş yolları ana hatlarıyla tartışılmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

İstilacı türler, Dış kökenli türler, Arbovirüsler, Halk sağlığı, Ülkeye giriş yolları

Kaynakça

• LP. Lounibos, Invasions by insect vectors of human disease, Annu.Rev. Entomol., 47 (2002) 233.
• SA. Juliano, LP. Lounibos, Ecology of invasive mosquitoes: effects on resident species and on human health, Ecol Lett., 8 (2005) 558.
• Global Invasive Species Database. 2011. Available from:http://www.issg.org/database/species/ search.asp? st=100ss [Accessed 3 March 2011].
• KL. Knight, Distribution of Aedes sollicitans (Walker) and Aedes taeniorhynchus (Wiedemann) within the United States (Diptera: Culicidae), J. Georgia Ent. Soc., 2 (1967) 9.
• P. Reiter, Aedes albopictus and the world trade in used tires, 1988-1995: the shape of things to come?, J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc., 14 (1998) 83.
• NG. Gratz, Critical review of the vector status of Aedes albopictus, Med Vet Entomol., 18 (2004) 215. 7. DJ. Gubler, The global emergence/resurgence of arboviral diseases as public health problems, Arch. Med. Res., 33 (2002) 330.
• G. Rezza, L. Nicoletti, R. Angelini et al.,Infection with chikungunya virus in Italy: an outbreak in a temperate region, Lancet., 370 (2007) 1840.
• A. Talbalaghi, S. Moutailler, M. Vazeille, A.-B. Failloux, Are Aedes albopictus or other mosquito species from northern Italy competent to sustain new arboviral outbreaks?, Med. Vet. Entomol., 24 (2010) 83.
• D. Serter, Arboviruses in the Mediterranean countries, Int. J. Microbiol. Hyg., 2 (1980) 155.
• N. Ozer, K. Ergünay, F. Simsek, S. Kaynas, B. Alten, S. S. Caglar, S. Ustacelebi, West Nile virus studies in the Sanliurfa Province of Turkey, J. Vector Ecol. 32 (2007) 202.
• ProMED-mail. 2010. WEST NILE VIRUS - EURASIA (03): RUSSIA, ITALY, TURKEY. http://www. promedmail.org/pls/apex/f?p=2400:1001:19 10270288822314::NO::F2400_P1001_BACK_ PAGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1000,84702.
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Development of Aedes albopictus risk maps. Tech. Report, 45 pages (2009).
• MQ. Benedict, RS. Levine, WA. Hawley, LP. Lounibos, Spread of the tiger: global risk of invasion by the mosquito Aedes albopictus, Vector Borne. Zoonotic. Dis., 7 (2007) 76.
• J. Adhami, P. Reiter, Introduction and establishment of Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus Skuse (Diptera: Culicidae) in Albania, J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc., 14 (1988) 340.
• D. Sprenger, T. Wuithiranyagool, The discovery and distribution of Aedes albopictus in Harris County, Texas, J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc., 2 (1986) 217.
• SJ. Nawrocki, WA. Hawley, Estimation of the northern limits of distribution of Aedes albopictus in North America, J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc., 3 (1987) 314.
• A. Farajollahi, MP. Nelder, Changes in Aedes albopic- tus (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in New Jersey and implications for arbovirus transmission, J. Med. Entomol., 46 (2009) 1220.
• R. Romi, Aedes albopictus in Italia: un problema sanitario sottovaluato, Annali dell’Istituto Superiore di Sanita`, 37 (2001) 241.
• R. Eritja, R. Escosa, J. Lucientes, E. Marquès, R. Molina, S. Ruiz, Worldwide invasion of vector mosquitos: present European distribution and challenges for Spain, Biol. Invas., 7 (2005) 87.
• P. Reiter, D. Sprenger, The used tire trade: a mechanism for the worldwide dispersal of container breeding mosquitoes, J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc., 3 (1987) 494.
• JG. Estrada-Franco, GBJr. Craig, Biology, disease relationships, and control of Aedes albopictus, Pan Am. Health Org., Tech. Pub. 42. PAHO, Washington, DC (1995).
• WA. Hawley, The biology of Aedes albopictus, J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc. Suppl., 1 (1988) 1.
• GF. O’Meara, LFJr. Evans, ADJr. Gettman, JP. Cuda, Spread of Aedes albopictus and decline of Ae. aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Florida, J. Med. Entomol., 32 (1995) 554.
• LP. Lounibos, S. Makhni, BW. Alto, B. Kesavaraju, Surplus killing by predatory larvae of Corethrella appendiculata: Prepupal timing and site-specific attack on mosquito prey, J. Insect. Behav., 21 (2008) 47.
• B. Kesavaraju, SA. Juliano, Behavioral Responses of Aedes albopictus to a Predator Are Correlated with Size-Dependent Risk of Predation, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am., 101 (2008) 1150.
• W. Preechaporn, M. Jaroensutasinee, K. Jaroensuta- sinee, The larval ecology of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in three topographical areas of Southern Thailand, Dengue Bull., 30 (2006) 204.
• AH. Nur, AA. Hassan, AT. Nurita, MR. Che Salmah, B. Norasmah, Population analysis of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) laboratory conditions, Trop. Biomed., 25 (2008) 117. under uncontrolled
• ML. Nieblyski, Bionomics of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) in Potosi, Missouri, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, Doctoral Dissertation (1992).
• DD. Bonnet, DJ. Worcester, The dispersal of Aedes albopictus in the territory of Hawaii, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 26 (1946) 465.
• AR. Hylton, Studies on longevity of adult Eretmapodites chrysogaster, Aedes togoi and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus females (Diptera: Culicidae), J. Med. Entomol., 6 (1969) 147.
• DS. Hien, Biology of Aedes aegypti (L., 1762) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse,1895) (Diptera: Culicidae). IV. The feeding of females, Acta Parasitol. Polon., 24 (1976) 37.
• NA. Honorio, W. Da Costa Silva, PJ. Leite, JM. Goncalves, LP. Lounibos, RL. De-Olievera, Dispersal of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in an urban endemic dengue area in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Memorias Do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz., 98 (2003) 191.
• C1 Liew, C.F. Curtis, Horizontal and vertical dispersal of dengue vector mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, in Singapore, Med. Vet. Entomol., 18 (2004) 351.
• RM. Bohart, Diptera: Culicidae. Insects Micronesia 12 (1956) 1.
• HM. Savage, ML. Niebylski, GC. Smith, CJ. Mitchell, GBJr. Craig, Host-feeding patterns of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) at a temperate North American site, J. Med. Entomol., 30 (1993) 27.
• MA. Enserink, Mosquito goes global, Sci., 320 (2008) 864.
• RN. Charrel, X. de Lamballerie, D. Raoult, Chikungunya outbreaks—the globalization of vector-borne diseases, N. Engl. J. Med., 356 (2007) 769.
• K. Tanaka, K. Mizusawa, ES. Saugstad, A revision of the adult and larval mosquitoes of Japan (includingthe Ryukyu Archipelago and the Ogasawara Islands) and Korea (Diptera: Culicidae), Contrib. Am. Entomol. Inst. (Ann Arbor), 16 (1979) 1.
• M. Laird, L. Calder, RC. Thortorn, R. Syme, PW. Holder, M. Mogi, Japanese Aedes albopictus among four mosquito species reaching New Zealand in used tires, J. Am. Mosq. Cont. Assoc., 10 (1994) 14.
• EL. Peyton, SR. Campbell, TM. Candeletti, M. Roma- nowski, WJ. Crans, Aedes (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus (Theobald), a new introduction into the United States, J. Am. Mosq. Cont. Assoc., 15 (1999) 238.
• EC. Cameron, RC. Wilkerson, M. Mogi, I. Miyagi, T. Toma, HC. Kim, DM. Fonseca, Molecular phylogenetics of Aedes japonicus, a disease vector that recently invaded Western Europe, North America, and the Hawaiian islands, J. Med. Entomol., 47 (2010) 527.
• A. Farajollahi, DC. Price, A rapid identification guide for larvae of the most common North American container-inhabiting Culicidae) of medical importance, J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., In press (2011). species (Diptera
• A. Thielman, FFE. Hunter, Establishment of Ochlerota- tus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Ontario, Canada, J. Med. Entomol., 43 (2006) 38.
• F. Schaffner, S. Chouin, J. Guilloteau, First re-cord of Ochlerotatus (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) in metropolitan France, J. Am. Mosq. Control. Assoc., 19 (2003) 1.
• V. Versteirt, F. Schaffner, C. Garros, W. Dekoninck, M. Coosemans, WV. Bortel, Introduction and estab- lishment of the exotic mosquito species Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Belgium, J. Med. Entomol., 46 (2009) 1464.
• JJ. Scott, The ecology of the exotic mosquito Ochlero- tatus (Finlaya) japonicus japonicus (Theobald 1901) (Diptera: Culicidae) and an examination of its role in the West Nile virus cycle in New Jersey. [Ph. D. Dissertation], (2003) 180.
• TG. Andreadis, RJ. Wolfe, Evidence for reduction of native mosquitoes with increased expansion of invasive Ochlerotatus japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the northeastern United States, J. Med. Entomol., 47 (2010) 43.
• SN. Bevins, Establishment and abundance of a recently introduced mosquito species Ochlerotatus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Southern Appalachians, USA, J. Med. Entomol., 44 (2007) 945.
• JS. Armistead, N. Nishimura, RL. Escher, LP. Lounibos, Larval competition between Aedes japonicus and Aedes atropalpus (Diptera: Culicidae) in simulated rock pools, J. Vector Ecol., 33 (2008) 238.
• Y. Tsuda, M. Takagi, Y. Wada, Ecological study on mosquito communities in tree holes in Nagasaki, Japan, with special reference to Aedes albopictus, Jpn. J. Sanit. Zool., 45 (1994) 103.
• CS. Apperson, HK. Hassan, BA. Harrison, HM. Savage, SE. Aspen, A. Farajollahi, W. Crans, TJ. Daniels, RC. Falco, M. Benedict, M. Anderson, L. McMillen, TR. Unnasch, Host feeding patterns of established and potential mosquito vectors of West Nile virus in the eastern United States, Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis., 4 (2004) 71.
• G. Molaei, TG. Andreadis, PM. Armstrong, M. Diuk- Wasser, Host-feeding patterns of potential mosquito vectors in Connecticut, U.S.A.: Molecular analysis of bloodmeals from 23 species of Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Coquillettidia, Psorophora, and Uranotaenia, J. Med. Entomol., 45 (2008) 1143.
• G. Molaei, A. Farajollahi, PM. Armstrong, J. Oliver, JJ. Howard, TG. Andreadis, Identification of bloodmeals in Anopheles quadrimaculatus and Anopheles punctipennis from eastern equine encephalitis virus foci in northeastern U.S.A., Med. Vet. Entomol., 23
• I. Miyagi, Feeding habits of some Japanese mosquitoes on cold-blooded animals in the laboratory, Trop. Med., 14 (1972) 203 [In Japanese.]
• E. Williges, A. Farajollahi, JJ. Scott, LJ. McCuiston, WC. Crans, R. Gaugler, Laboratory colonization of Aedes japonicus japonicus, J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 24 (2008) 591.
• I. Takashima, L. Rosen, Horizontal and vertical trans- mission of Japanese encephalitis virus by Aedes japo- nicus (Diptera: Culicidae), J. Med. Entomol., 26 (1989) 454.
• MR. Sardelis, MJ. Turell, Ochlerotatus j. japonicus in Frederick County, Maryland: discovery, distribution, and vector competence for West Nile virus, Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 17 (2001) 137.
• MJ. Turell, ML. O’Guinn, DJ. Dohm, JW. Jones, Vector competence of North American mosquitoes (Diptera:Culicidae) for West Nile virus, J. Med. Entomol., 38 (2001) 130.
• CDC,http://cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/westnile/ mosquito-species.htm, Page last modified April 30 (2009).
• MR. Sardelis, MJ. Turell, ML. O’Guinn, RG. Andre, DR Roberts, Vector competence of three North American strains of Aedes albopictus for West Nile virus, J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 18 (2002) 284.
• MR. Sardelis, MJ. Turell, RG. Andre, Experimental transmission of St. Louis encephalitis virus by Ochlerotatus j. japonicus, J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 19 (2003) 159.
• TJ. Curtin, Status of Aedes aegypti in the Eastern Mediterranean, J. Med. Entomol., 4 (1967) 48.
• CD. Ramsdale, B. Alten, SS. Caglar, NA. Ozer, Revised, annotated checklist of the mosquitoes (Diptera, Culicidae) of Turkey, Eu. Mosq. Bull., 9 (2002) 18.
• K. Bartlett-Healy, I. Unlu, P. Obenaure, T. Hughes, S. Healy, T. Crepeau, A. Farajollahi, B. Kesavaraju, D. Fonseca, G. Schoeler, R. Gaugler, D. Strickman, Larval Mosquito Habitat Utilization and Community Dynamics of Aedes albopictus and Aedes japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae), J. Med. Entomol., accepted.
• A. Hofhuis , J. Reimerink, C. Reusken, EJ. Scholte, A. Boer, W. Takken, M. Koopmans, The hidden passenger of lucky bamboo: do imported Aedes albopictus mosquitoes cause dengue virus transmission in the Netherlands?, Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 9 (2009) 217.
• MB. Madon, JE. Hazelrigg, MW. Shaw, S. Kluh, MS. Mulla, Has Aedes albopictus established in California?, J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 19 (2003) 297.
• CJ. Mitchell, Geographic spread of Aedes albopictus and potential for involvement in arbovirus cycles in the Mediterranean basin, J. Vector Ecol., 20 (1995) 44.
• M. Kobayashi, N. Nihei, T. Kurihara, Analysis of northern distribution of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Japan by geographical information system, J. Med. Entomol., 39 (2002) 4.
• JG. Derraik, A scenario for invasion and dispersal of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in New Zealand, J. Med. Entomol., 43 (2006) 1.
• G. Dalla Pozza, G. Majori, First record of Aedes albopictus establishment in Italy, J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 8 (1992) 318.
• DA. Yee, Tires as habitats for mosquitoes: a review of studies within the eastern United States, J. Med. Entomol., 45 (2008) 581.
• BJ. Jardina, The eradication of Aedes albopictus in Indianapolis, Indiana, J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 6
• AS. Wheeler, WD. Petrie, D. Malone, F. Allen, Introduction, control, and spread of Aedes albopictus on Grand Cayman Island, 1997-2001, J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 25 (2009) 251.