An Investigation on Some Toxic Effects of Carbofuran on Daphnia magna Crustacea, Cladocera ​

Year 2016, Volume: 44 Issue: 2, 155 - 160, 01.06.2016

Sezgi Arman Esra Akat Sema İşisağ Üçüncü

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the median effective concentration EC50 of carbofuran, a carbamate pesticide, for Daphnia magna and to evaluate the effects on the heart rate. In the experiment, five neonates ≤ 24 hours were used for each negative control, solvent control acetone and the treatment groups. The treatment groups were exposed to five different concentrations 2.5 μg/L, 4.5 μg/L, 8.1 μg/L, 14.58 μg/L and 26.244 μg/L of carbofuran 98% for 48 hours. Immobilised daphnids were noted at the 24th and the 48th hour in both control and treatment groups. EC50 values were calculated by probit analysis as 33.814 μg/L and 3.451 μg/L for 24 and 48 h, respectively. At the end of the 48th h, all samples were observed by light micros- copy and the heart beats per minute bpm were counted by using a video camera. Heart rate was similar in negative and solvent control groups 444.8±24.12 and 458.4±34.14, respectively . In the treatment groups heart beats were noted as 498.4±17.43, 183.8±103.83, 441.6±35.73, 293.8±101.09 and 442.4±32.94 for 2.5, 4.5, 8.1, 14.58 and 26.244 μg/L, respectively. These results show that carbofuran caused immobilisation and decreased heart rate in D. magna. However, heart occured independently of carbofuran concentration gradient.

Keywords

pesticide, carbofuran, Daphnia magna, EC50, heart rate

Karbofuran’ın Daphnia magna Crustacea, Cladocera Üzerindeki Bazı Toksik Etkilerinin Araştırılması

Abstract

B u çalışmada karbamatlı bir pestisit olan karbofuran’ın Daphnia magna için EC50 değerinin bulunması ve kalp atım sayısı üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Denemede negatif kontrol, çözücü kontrol aseton ve uygulama grupları için beşer daphnid 24 saatlikten küçük kullanılmıştır. Uygulama grupları karbofuran’ın % 98 saflıkta beş farklı derişimine 2.5 µg/L, 4.5 µg/L, 8.1 µg/L, 14.58 µg/L ve 26.24 µg/L 48 saat boyunca maruz bırakılmıştır. Tüm gruplarda 24. ve 48. saatlerde hareketsiz bireyler kaydedilmiş ve probit analiz yöntemi ile EC değerleri sırasıyla 33.814 µg/L ve 3.451 µg/L olarak hesaplanmıştır. 48 saat sonunda, tüm örnekler ışık mikroskobu ile incelenmiş ve bir dakikadaki kalp atım sayıları video kamera ile kaydedilerek belirlenmiştir. Kalp atım sayıları negatif kontrol grubunda 444.8±24.12; çözücü uygulanan kontrol grubunda ise 458.4±34.14 olarak birbirine yakın değerlerdedir. Deneme gruplarında bu sayılar artan derişimine göre sırasıyla 2.5 µg/L için 498.4±17,43; 4.5 µg/L için 183.8±103.83; 8,1 µg/L için 441.6±35.73; 14.58 µg/L için 293.8±101.09 ve 26.244 µg/L için 442.4±32.94 olarak kaydedilmiştir. Buna göre karbofuran, D. magna neonatlarında hareketsizliğe ve kalp atım sayılarında azalmaya sebep olmuştur; ancak bu azalma derişim artışı ile paralellik göstermemektedir

Keywords

Pestisit, karbofuran, Daphnia magna, EC, kalp atım sayısı

References

• W. Lampert, W. Fleckner, E. Pott, U. Schober, and K-U. Storkel, Herbicide effects on planktonic systems of different complexity, Hydrobiologia, 188/189 (1989) 415-424.
• G.C. Mitchell, D. Benett, N. Pearson, Effects of lindane on macroinvertebrates and periphyton in outdoor artificial streams, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 25 (1993) 90-102.
• P.E. Davies, L.S.J. Cook, and D. Goenarso, Sublethal responses to pesticides of several species of australian freshwater fish and crustaceans and rainbow trout, Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 13 (1994) 1341-1354.
• M.F. Kirby, and D.A. Sheahan, Effects of atrazine, isoproturon and mecoprop on the macrophyte Lemna minor and the alga Scenedesmus subspicatus, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 53 (1994) 120-126.
• C.E.W. Steinberg, R. Lorenz, and O.H. Spieser, Effects of atrazine on swimming behaviour of zebrafish. Brachydanio rerio, Wat. Res., 29 (1995) 981-985.
• P. Saglio, S. Trijasse, and D. Azam, Behavioral effects of waterborne carbofuran in goldfish, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 31 (1996) 232-238.
• R. Schulz, M. Liess, A Şeld study of the effects of agriculturally derived input on stream macroinvertebrate dynamics, Aquat. Toxicol., 46 (1999) 155–176.
• M.H. Fulton, P.B. Key, Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in esturaine Şsh and invertebrates as an indicator of organophosphorus insecticide exposure and effects, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 20 (2001) 37–45.
• C. Barata, A. Solayan, C. Porte, Role of B-esterases in assessing toxicity of organophosphorus (chlorpyrifos, malathion) and carbamate (carbofuran) pesticides to Daphnia magna, Aquatic Toxicology, 66 (2004) 125–139.
• S. Bondarenko, J. Gan, D.L. Haver, J.N. Kabashima, Persistence of selected organophosphate and carbamate inseticides in waters from a coastal watershed, Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 23 (2004) 2649– 2654.
• B.A. Ansari, K. Kumar, Malathion toxicity: in vivo inhibition of acetylcholinesterase in the Şsh Brachydanio rerio (Cyprinidae), Toxicol. Lett., 20 (1984) 283–287.
• M. Gupta, G.K Bagchi, S.D. Gupta, D. Sasmal, T. Chatterjee, S.N. Dey, Changes of acetylcholine, catecolamines and amino acid in mice brain following treatment with nuvacron and furadan, Toxicology, 30 (1984) 171–175.
• S. Bretaud, J.P Toutant, P. Saglio, Effects of carbofuran, diuron and nicosulfuron on acetylcholinesterase activity in goldŞsh (Carassius auratus), Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 47 (2000) 117–124.
• S.L. Dodson, T. Hanazato, Commentary on effects of anthropogenic and natural organic chemicals on development, swimming behaviour and reproduction of Daphnia, a key member of aquatic ecosystems, Environ. Health Perspect., 103 (1995) 7-11.
• R. Pirow, C. Bäumer, R.J. Paul, BeneŞts of haemoglobin in the cladoceran crustacean Daphnia magna, J. Exp. Biol., 204 (2001) 3425–3441.
• A. Villegas-Navarro, E. Rosas-L, J.L Reyes, The heart of Daphnia magna: effects of four cardioactive drugs, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 136 (2003) 127–134.
• A.K. Campbell, K.T. Wann, S.B. Matthews, Lactose causes heart arrhythmia in the water flea Daphnia pulex, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B, 139 (2004) 225– 234.
• J.M Bekker, B.J. Krijgsman, Physiological investigations into the heart function of Daphnia, J. Physiol., 115 (1951) 249-57.
• M.J. Davis, M.A. Hill, Signaling mechanisms underlying the vascular myogenic response, Physiol. Rev., 79 (1999) 387-423.
• I.M. Cooke, Reliable, responsive pacemaking and pattern generation with minimal cell numbers: the crustacean cardiac ganglion, Biol. Bull., 202 (2002) 108-36.
• E.R. Baylor, Cardiac pharmacology of the cladoceran, Daphnia, Biol. Bull., 83 (1942) 165-72.
• B. Kaas, K. Krishnarao, E. Marion, L. Stuckey, and R. Kohn, Effects of melatonin and ethanol on the heart rate of Daphnia magna, Impulse: The Premier Journal for Undergraduate Publications in the Neurosciences, (2009).
• J.F. Haney et al., An-Image-based key to the zooplankton of North America, version 5.0 released 2013. University of New Hampshire Center of Freshwater Biology (2013)
• Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Daphnia sp., acute immobilization test, OECD Guideline for testing Chemicals, No: 202, (2004).
• M. Kikuchi, M. Wakabayashi, Monitoring the biological effects of chemicals in river water using Daphnia magna (in Japanese), Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 63 (1997) 627-633.
• M. Kikuchi, Y. Sasaki, M. Wakabayashi, Screening of organophosphate insecticide pollution in water by using Daphnia magna, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 47 (2000) 239–245.
• R. Ashauer, A. Hintermeistera, E. Potthoff, B.I. Escher, Acute toxicity of organic chemicals to Gammarus pulex correlates with sensitivity of Daphnia magna across most modes of action, Aquatic Toxicology, 103 (2011) 38–45.
• A.R.F. Alba, L.M. Guil, G.D. López, Y. Chisti, Toxicity of pesticides in wastewater: a comparative assessment of rapid bioassays, Anal. Chim. Acta, 426 (2001) 289- 301.
• Organization for Economic Cooperation and 35. J. Rendon-von Osten, A. Ortiz Arana, L. Guilhermino, Development (OECD) Daphnia spp., acute immobilization and reproduction test, OECD Guideline for testing Chemicals, No: 202, Geneva, (1984)
• D.J. Baird, I. Barber, M. Bradly, P. Calow, A.M.V.M. Soares, The Daphnia bioassay: A critique hydrobiologia, 188/189 (1989) 403-406.
• M. Rassoulzadegan, N. Akyurtlaklı, An investigation on the toxic effects of malathion (organophosphate insecticide) on the Daphnia magna Straus, 1820 (Crustacea, Cladocera), Turk. J. Zool., 26 (2002) 349- 355.
• D.M. Trotter, R.A. Kent, P. Wong, Aquatic fate and effect of carbofuran, Crit. Rev. Environ. Control, 21 (1991) 137–176.
• C.D.S. Tomlin, The Pesticide Manual, 11th Edition. BCPC (British Crop Protection Council), UK, 1997.
• W.W. Johnson, M.T. Finley, Handbook of Acute Toxicity of Chemicals to Fish and Aquatic Invertebrates. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication, 137, USDI, Washington, DC (1980). A.M. Soares, In vivo evaluation of three biomarkers in the mosquito fish (Gambusia yucatana) exposed to pesticides, Chemosphere, 58 (2005) 627-636.
• Th.J. Postmes, G. Nacken, R.G. Nelissen, An electronic method for measuring the heart frequency of the water flea: Daphnia pulex, Experientia, 30 (1973) 1478– 1480.
• A. Bownik, Z. Stępniewska, T. Skowroęski, Effects of ectoine on behavioural, physiological and biochemical parameters of Daphnia magna, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part C, 168 (2015) 2–10.
• C.C. Lin, Michelle N.Y. Hui, S.H. Cheng, Toxicity and cardiac effects of carbaryl in early developing zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 222 (2007) 159–168.