Alterations of Trace Elements and Malondialdehyde Levels in Blood, Brain and Hippocampus Following Functional Pinealectomy in Rats

Year 2009, Volume: 37 Issue: 4, 345 - 352, 01.12.2009

M. Nalan Tüzmen Mehmet Sezgin

Abstract

Metal plays an important role in neural toxicity. The changes of some essential metal levels are important in increasing oxidative stress and enhancing neurodegenerative disorders. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of light and dark treatment on the level of some essential elements such as Al, Fe, Zn and Cu and lipid peroxidation and the relationship between aging and changes in the level of these elements. Animals were divided into three groups: 24 h dark throughout the study highest melatonin release , 24 h light exposure light-induced functional pinealectomy and 12 h light/12 h dark exposure control group . Thereafter, each group was divided into two groups as young and old animals. All groups had access to food and water ad libitum for four weeks. After this period, lipid peroxidation end product, malondialdehyde MDA , and Al, Fe, Zn and Cu concentrations were measured in blood and brain tissue as well as hippocampus tissue. According to our findings MDA increased especially in dark groups of hippocampus tissue. It can be an indicator of increased free radical formation related to Al influenced light-dark treatment.

Keywords

Aging, Brain, Hippocampus, Oxidative stress, Essential elements

References

• 1. Floyd, R.A., Antioxidants, oxidative stress and degenerative neurological disorders. Exp.Biol. Med., 222, 236, 1999.
• 2. Abubakar, M.G., Taylor. A., Ferns. G.A.A., Regional accumulation of aluminium in the rat brain is affected by dietary vitamin E. J. Trace Elements in Med.Biol., 18, 53, 2004.
• 3. Daniel, S., Limson, J.L., Dairam, A., Watkins, G.M., Daya, S., Through metal binding, curcumin protects against lead- and cadmium-induced lipid peroxidation in rat brain homogenates and against lead-induced tissue damage. J Inorg. Biochem., 98, 266, 2004.
• 4. Diguiseppi, J., Fridovich, I., Ethylene from 2- keto- 4- thiomethyl butyric acid: The Haber- Weiss Reaction. Arch. Biochem.Biophys., 205:2, 323, 1980.
• 5. Gutteridge, J.M.C., Superoxide dismutase inhibits the superoxide- driven Fenton reaction at two different levels. FEBS, 185:1, 19, 1985.
• 6. Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M.C., Oxygen radicals and singlet oxygen. Free Radicals in Biol.and Med., Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 93- 109, 1989.
• 7. Deibel, M.A., Ehmann, W.D., Markesbery, W.R., Copper, iron, and zinc imbalances in severely degenerated brain regions in Alzheimer’s disease: possible relation to oxidative stress. J. Neurol. Sci., 143, 137, 1996.
• 8. Multhaup, G., Amyloid precursor protein, copper and Alzheimer’s disease. Biomed. Pharmacother., 51: 3, 105, 1997.
• 9. Lovell, M.A., Xie, C., Markesbery, W.R., Protection against amyloid beta peptide toxicity by zinc. Brain Res., 823, 88, 1999.
• 10. Zago, M.P., Oteiza, P.I., The antioxidant properties of zinc: interactions with iron and antioxidants. Free Rad. Biol.Med., 31:2, 266, 2001.
• 11. Oteiza, P.I., Olin, K.L., Fraga, C.G., Keen, C.L., Zn deficiency causes oxidative damage to proteins, lipids and DNA in rat testes. J. Nutr. 125, 823, 1995.
• 12. Cross, C.E., Halliwell, B., Borish, E., Pryor, W., Ames, B.N., Saul, R., Mc Cord, J.M., Harman, D., Oxygen radicals and human disease. Annals Int. Med., 107, 526, 1987.
• 13. Tan, D.X., Reiter, R.J., Manchester, L.C., Yan, M.T., ElSawi, M., Sainz, R.M., Chemical and physical properties of melatonin and potential mechanisms: Melatonin as a broad spectrum antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Curr. Topics Med. Chem., 2, 181, 2002.
• 14. Reiter ,R.J., Melatonin: that ubiquitously acting pineal hormone. News Physiol. Sci., 6, 223, 1991.
• 15. Reiter, R J., Oxidative processes and antioxidative defense mechanisms in the aging brain. FASEB J., 9, 526, 1996.
• 16. Reiter, R.J., Oxidative damage in the central nervous system: Protection by melatonin. Prog. Neurobiol. 56, 359, 1998.
• 17. John, T.M., Brown, M.C., Wideman, L., Brown, G.M., Melatonin replacement nullifies the effect of light-induced functional pinealectomy on nociceptive rhythm in the rat. Physiol. Behav. 55, 735, 1994.
• 18. Draper, H.H., Hadley, M., Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation. Methods in Enzymology, 186, 421, 1990.
• 19. Gomez, M., Sanchez, D.J., Llobet, J.M., Corbella, J., Domingo, J.L., Concentrations of some essential elements in the brain of aluminum-exposed rats in relation to the age of exposure. Arch. Gerontol.Geriatr., 24, 287, 1997.
• 20. Ebadi, M., Leuschen, M.P., Refaey, H., Hamada, F.M., Rojas, P., The antioxidant properties of zinc and metallothionein. Neurochem. Int. 29, 159, 1996.
• 21. Tate, D.J., Miceli, M.V., Newsome, D.A., Zinc protects against oxidative damage in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells. Free Rad. Biol. Med., 26, 704, 1999.
• 22. Powell, S.R., The antioxidant properties of zinc. J. Nutrition 130, 1447S, 2000.