Klazomenai’de Erken Tunç Çağı’ndan Arkaik Dönem Sonuna Savunma Sistemleri ve Bunların Kentleşme Sürecine Etkileri

Yıl 2024, Sayı: 14, 69 - 90, 15.11.2024

Yaşar Erkan Ersoy , Hüseyin Cevizoğlu

Öz

Kuzey İonia bölgesindeki Klazomenai, prehistorik çağlardan Geç Arkaik döneme kadar uzanan çeşitli arkeolojik kanıtlar nedeniyle bölgedeki diğer kent devletlerine göre benzersizdir. Yerleşimden elde edilen güncel veriler, MÖ ikinci binin sonu, birinci bin başında yerleşmede kültürel anlamda bir devamlılığı gösterir. Bu yazıda, Erken Tunç Çağı (ETÇ) II ile Arkaik Dönem’e tarihlenen Klazomenai’nin savunma sistemlerinin gelişimini tartışmaktayız. MÖ 6. Yüzyıla ait olan zeytinyağı işliğinin yakınında gerçekleştirilen kazılarda, Liman Tepe’de bir üst kaleye sahip bir yerleşmenin aşağı kentini koruyan ve ETÇ II sonlarına ait olan bir sur duvarı ve at nalı kulesi bulunmuştur (Tabaka 1). Bu savunma sisteminin kullanımın sonlanması ardından, alan Erken Demir Çağı’nda (yaklaşık MÖ 11. yüzyıldan 7. yüzyılın başlarına kadar) bir fırının gösterdiği üzere seramik üretimi ve ardından mezarlık olarak kullanılmıştır (Tabaka 2). MÖ 7. yüzyılın başlarında, Klazomenai’yi koruyan sur duvarının inşası, hem asty’nün batı sınırını tanımlar ve hem de kent devletinin resmi anlamda tasarımına işaret eder (Tabaka 3a). Savunma sisteminin kurulmasına müteakip alandaki mezarlığın sonlanışı ve alanı çevreleyen sur dışındaki farklı mezarlık alanlarının oluşumu bununla ilişkilidir. MÖ 7. yüzyılın başına ait olan şevli sur duvarının mimari özellikleri, Demir Çağı Anadolu’sunun köklü mimari geleneğini yansıtır. Bu sur duvarındaki derin bir koridorlu girişin inşası ise, MÖ 6. yüzyılın sonlarında gerçekleşmiştir (Tabaka 3b); bu girişim de büyük bir olasılıkla Pers yönetiminin başına geçen Darius I (yaklaşık 522-486 M.Ö.) getirmiş olduğu pozitif ortam ile alakalıdır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ionia, Klazomenai, Tunç Çağı, Erken Demir Çağı, Arkaik dönem, sur duvarları, şehircilik, mezarlıklar

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunur.

Defense Systems at Klazomenai and their Role in the Urbanization Process of the Site from Early Bronze Age into the Late Archaic Period

Öz

Klazomenai, in North Ionia, is unique in comparison to the other city-states in the region because of diverse archaeological evidence. Current data from the settlement suggest a smooth transition from the end of the second into the first millennia BC. In this article, we discuss the development of the defense systems of Klazomenai dating to the Early Bronze Age II (EBA) and the Archaic period. Excavations in the area close to the Olive Oil Plant of the sixth century BC revealed a bastion of the EBA II, protecting the lower town of a site (Level 1), which has an upper citadel located at Liman Tepe. Following its termination, the area was used for pottery production and as a cemetery during the Early Iron Age (from ca. 11th century into the early 7th century). In the early seventh century BC, the construction of the fortification wall protecting Klazomenai, define the limits of the asty and marks the formal design of the urban layout of the site (Level 3a). The use of the area as a burial ground was terminated following the construction of the defense system. The formation of the various extramural cemeteries surrounding Archaic site is linked with this change. Architectural features of the fortification wall of the seventh century BC, with a glacis, reflect a well-rooted tradition of Iron Age Anatolia. The construction of the gateway with a deep corridor marks the final phase and belongs to the late sixth century BC (Level 3b).

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ionia, Klazomenai, Bronze Age, Early Iron Age, Archaic Period, fortification walls, Urbanization, Burial Grounds

Etik Beyan

It is declared that scientific and ethical principles were complied with during the preparation of this study and all the works referred are mentioned in the bibliography.

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