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MIGRATION, HOW DOES IT AFFECT MENTAL HEALTH?

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 1 - 13, 30.06.2022

Merve Bat Tonkuş , Zeliha Kalın

https://doi.org/10.31457/hr.1073528

Öz

A geographical relocation of people for a permanent or temporary duration in order to spend all or part of their
future lives is characterized as migration. War, ethnic or religious conflicts, political pressure, inequities,
unemployment rates, poverty, hope for improved living standards, familial reasons, proximity to health care
services, climate, and natural catastrophes are all factors that might lead to migration. People who have
changed their environment owing to migration experience post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorder,
depression disorder, schizophrenia and related disorders, culture shock, handicap, abuse, and suicidal
ideation/attempt, especially among migrating women and children. Immigrants’ mental difficulties are treated
with psychosocial intervention methods such as individual/group trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy,
narrative exposure therapy, and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). However, the
number of evidence-based psychological intervention programs for immigrants must be increased. The goal of
this review is to look at the research that indicates immigrant mental problems.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Immigration Mental health Psychosocial intervention

Kaynakça

  • Acarturk, C., Konuk, E., Cetinkaya, M., Senay, I., Sijbrandij, M., Cuijpers, P., & Aker, T. (2015). EMDR for Syrian refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 27414. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.27414
  • Ahmad, A., & Sundelin-Wahlsten, V. (2008). Applying EMDR on children with PTSD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 17, 127–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-0646-8
  • Akarçay, P., & Ak, G. (2018). Sosyolojik, Psikolojik ve Kuramsal Açıdan Göç Olgusu: Küreselleşmenin İnsani ve Vicdani Yüzü. Kesit Akademi Dergisi, 4(14), 188–202.
  • Akıncı, B., & Nergiz, A. (2015). Uyum Süreci Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: Göç ve Toplumsal Kabul. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 58–83.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2010). Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Patients With Suicidal Behaviors. In The American journal of psychiatry.
  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. (2013). Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal Elkitabı (E. Çev. Köroğlu, Ed.; Beşinci Ba). Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
  • Anderson, K. K., Cheng, J., Susser, E., McKenzie, K. J., & Kurdyak, P. (2015). Incidence of psychotic disorders among first-generation immigrants and refugees in Ontario. CMAJ, 187(9), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.150494
  • Beehler, S., Birman, D., & Campbell, R. (2012). The Effectiveness of Cultural Adjustment and Trauma Services (CATS): Generating Practice-Based Evidence on a Comprehensive, School Based Mental Health Intervention for Immigrant Youth. Am J Community Psychol, 50, 155–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-011-9486-2
  • Bhugra, D., & Becker, M. A. (2005). Migration, cultural bereavement and cultural identity. Orld Psychiatry, 4(1), 18–24.
  • Bildik, T. (2013). Ölüm, kayıp, yas ve patolojik yas. Ege Tıp Dergisi, 52(4), 223–229.
  • Bogic, M., Njoku, A., & Priebe, S. (2015). Long-term mental health of war-refugees: a systematic literature review. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 15(29). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-015-0064-9
  • Bostan, H. (2017). Türkiye’de İç Göçlerin Toplumsal Yapıda Neden Olduğu Değişimler, Meydana Getirdiği Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri. Coğrafya Dergisi, 35, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.26650/jgeog330955
  • Bourque, F., Ven, E. Van Der, & Malla, A. (2011). A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants. Psychological Medicine, 41, 897–910. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710001406
  • Çelik, M. Y., Şen, A. T., Usta, H., & Usta, S. E. (2018). Avrupa Birliğinin Göç/Mülteci Politikası ve Sığınmacıların Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kamusal İletişim Sorunları: Kastamonu Örneği. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 57, 296–315.
  • Demirbaş, H., & Bekaroğlu, E. (2013). Evden uzakta olmak: Sığınmacıların/mültecilerin psikolojik sorunları ve alınacak önlemler. Kriz Dergisi, 21(1-2–3), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000334
  • Ertl, V., Pfeiffer, A., Schauer, E., Elbert, T., & Neuner, F. (2011). Community-Implemented Trauma Therapy for Former Child Soldiers in Northern Uganda A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA, 306(5), 503–512. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1060
  • Euronews. (2019). Suriyeli kız çocukları Türkiye’de cinsel istismarın en büyük mağduru oldu: Artış yüzde 736. https://tr.euronews.com/2019/10/26/suriyeli-kiz-cocuklari-turkiyede- cinsel-istismarin-en-buyuk-magduru-oldu-artis-yuzde-736
  • Faber, J., & Lee, E. (2020). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for a Refugee Mother With Depression and Anxiety. Clinical Case Studies, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650120924128
  • Forte, A., Trobia, F., Gualtieri, F., Lamis, D. A., Cardamone, G., Giallonardo, V., Fiorillo, A., Girardi, P., & Pompili, M. (2018). Suicide Risk among Immigrants and Ethnic Minorities: A Literature Overview. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7), 1438. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071438
  • Furnham, A. (2019). Culture Shock: A Review of the Literature for Practitioners. Psychology, 10(13), 1832–1855. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2019.1013119
  • Goldstein, S. B., & Keller, S. R. (2015). U.S. college students’ lay theories of culture shock. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 47, 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.05.010
  • Gümüş, F., & Yiğitalp, G. (2020). Uzun süreli terör eylemlerinin olduğu bölgede yaşayan veya tanık olan bireylerde travmatik stres, anksiyete ve depresif belirti sıklığı. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 11(1), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.14744/phd.2020.16362
  • Hinton, D. E., & Lewis-ferna, R. (2011). The Cross-Cultural Validity of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Implications For DSM-5. Depressipn and Anxiety, 28, 783–801. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20753
  • Hollander, A. C., Dal, H., Lewis, G., Magnusson, C., Kirkbride, J. B., & Dalman, C. (2016). Refugee migration and risk of schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses: Cohort study of 1.3 million people in Sweden. BMJ (Online), 352, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i1030
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GÖÇ RUH SAĞLIĞINI NASIL ETKİLEMEKTEDİR?

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 1 - 13, 30.06.2022

Merve Bat Tonkuş , Zeliha Kalın

https://doi.org/10.31457/hr.1073528

Öz

Göç kavramı, kişilerin gelecek yaşamlarının tamamını veya bir kısmını geçirmek amacıyla, sürekli ya da geçici
bir süre için bir coğrafi olarak yer değiştirmeleri olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Savaş, etnik ya da dini çatışmalar,
siyasi baskı, eşitsizlikler, işsizlik oranları, yoksulluk, daha iyi yaşam standartlarına sahip olma umudu, ailevi
nedenler, sağlık bakım hizmetlerine yakınlık, iklim, doğal afetler gibi faktörler göç nedenleri arasında
sıralanabilir. Göç etme durumu ile çevrelerini değiştiren kişilerde travma sonrası stres bozukluğu, anksiyete
bozukluğu, depresyon bozukluğu, şizofreni ve buna bağlı bozukluklar, kültür şoku, yeti yitimi, özellikle göç eden
kadın ve çocuklarda istismar, intihar düşüncesi/girişimi gibi birtakım ruhsal sorunlar görülmektedir. Göç eden
bireylerin ruhsal sorunların giderilmesine yönelik bireysel/grup travma odaklı bilişsel davranışçı terapi, öyküsel
maruz bırakma terapisi, Göz Hareketleriyle Duyarsızlaştırma ve Yeniden İşleme (EMDR) gibi psikososyal
müdahale programları uygulanmaktadır. Ancak göç eden bireylere yönelik kanıt temelli psikososyal müdahale
programlarının sayıca artırılmasına ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu derleme çalışmasında, göç eden bireylerin ruhsal
sorunlarını ortaya koyan alan yazının incelenmesi amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Göç Ruh sağlığı Psikososyal müdahale

Kaynakça

  • Acarturk, C., Konuk, E., Cetinkaya, M., Senay, I., Sijbrandij, M., Cuijpers, P., & Aker, T. (2015). EMDR for Syrian refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms: results of a pilot randomized controlled trial. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 27414. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v6.27414
  • Ahmad, A., & Sundelin-Wahlsten, V. (2008). Applying EMDR on children with PTSD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 17, 127–132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-0646-8
  • Akarçay, P., & Ak, G. (2018). Sosyolojik, Psikolojik ve Kuramsal Açıdan Göç Olgusu: Küreselleşmenin İnsani ve Vicdani Yüzü. Kesit Akademi Dergisi, 4(14), 188–202.
  • Akıncı, B., & Nergiz, A. (2015). Uyum Süreci Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: Göç ve Toplumsal Kabul. Göç Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 58–83.
  • American Psychiatric Association. (2010). Practice Guideline for the Assessment and Treatment of Patients With Suicidal Behaviors. In The American journal of psychiatry.
  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. (2013). Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal Elkitabı (E. Çev. Köroğlu, Ed.; Beşinci Ba). Hekimler Yayın Birliği.
  • Anderson, K. K., Cheng, J., Susser, E., McKenzie, K. J., & Kurdyak, P. (2015). Incidence of psychotic disorders among first-generation immigrants and refugees in Ontario. CMAJ, 187(9), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.150494
  • Beehler, S., Birman, D., & Campbell, R. (2012). The Effectiveness of Cultural Adjustment and Trauma Services (CATS): Generating Practice-Based Evidence on a Comprehensive, School Based Mental Health Intervention for Immigrant Youth. Am J Community Psychol, 50, 155–168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-011-9486-2
  • Bhugra, D., & Becker, M. A. (2005). Migration, cultural bereavement and cultural identity. Orld Psychiatry, 4(1), 18–24.
  • Bildik, T. (2013). Ölüm, kayıp, yas ve patolojik yas. Ege Tıp Dergisi, 52(4), 223–229.
  • Bogic, M., Njoku, A., & Priebe, S. (2015). Long-term mental health of war-refugees: a systematic literature review. BMC International Health and Human Rights, 15(29). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12914-015-0064-9
  • Bostan, H. (2017). Türkiye’de İç Göçlerin Toplumsal Yapıda Neden Olduğu Değişimler, Meydana Getirdiği Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri. Coğrafya Dergisi, 35, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.26650/jgeog330955
  • Bourque, F., Ven, E. Van Der, & Malla, A. (2011). A meta-analysis of the risk for psychotic disorders among first- and second-generation immigrants. Psychological Medicine, 41, 897–910. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710001406
  • Çelik, M. Y., Şen, A. T., Usta, H., & Usta, S. E. (2018). Avrupa Birliğinin Göç/Mülteci Politikası ve Sığınmacıların Ekonomik, Sosyal ve Kamusal İletişim Sorunları: Kastamonu Örneği. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 57, 296–315.
  • Demirbaş, H., & Bekaroğlu, E. (2013). Evden uzakta olmak: Sığınmacıların/mültecilerin psikolojik sorunları ve alınacak önlemler. Kriz Dergisi, 21(1-2–3), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1501/Kriz_0000000334
  • Ertl, V., Pfeiffer, A., Schauer, E., Elbert, T., & Neuner, F. (2011). Community-Implemented Trauma Therapy for Former Child Soldiers in Northern Uganda A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA, 306(5), 503–512. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1060
  • Euronews. (2019). Suriyeli kız çocukları Türkiye’de cinsel istismarın en büyük mağduru oldu: Artış yüzde 736. https://tr.euronews.com/2019/10/26/suriyeli-kiz-cocuklari-turkiyede- cinsel-istismarin-en-buyuk-magduru-oldu-artis-yuzde-736
  • Faber, J., & Lee, E. (2020). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for a Refugee Mother With Depression and Anxiety. Clinical Case Studies, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534650120924128
  • Forte, A., Trobia, F., Gualtieri, F., Lamis, D. A., Cardamone, G., Giallonardo, V., Fiorillo, A., Girardi, P., & Pompili, M. (2018). Suicide Risk among Immigrants and Ethnic Minorities: A Literature Overview. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(7), 1438. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071438
  • Furnham, A. (2019). Culture Shock: A Review of the Literature for Practitioners. Psychology, 10(13), 1832–1855. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2019.1013119
  • Goldstein, S. B., & Keller, S. R. (2015). U.S. college students’ lay theories of culture shock. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 47, 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.05.010
  • Gümüş, F., & Yiğitalp, G. (2020). Uzun süreli terör eylemlerinin olduğu bölgede yaşayan veya tanık olan bireylerde travmatik stres, anksiyete ve depresif belirti sıklığı. Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 11(1), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.14744/phd.2020.16362
  • Hinton, D. E., & Lewis-ferna, R. (2011). The Cross-Cultural Validity of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Implications For DSM-5. Depressipn and Anxiety, 28, 783–801. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20753
  • Hollander, A. C., Dal, H., Lewis, G., Magnusson, C., Kirkbride, J. B., & Dalman, C. (2016). Refugee migration and risk of schizophrenia and other non-affective psychoses: Cohort study of 1.3 million people in Sweden. BMJ (Online), 352, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i1030
  • İkizer, G. (2020). Travmaya nitel ve öznel bir bakış: Öyküsel terapi yaklaşımları. Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 7(43), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.497048
  • İncili, Ö. F., & Akdemir, İ. O. (2016). Yerinden Edilmişliğin Coğrafi Analizi: Kilis’te Suriyeli Sığınmacılar. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 34, 118–133.
  • International Organization for Migration. (2009). Environment and Climate Change: Assessing the Evidence (F. Laczko & C. Aghazarm, Eds.).
  • Kälin, W., & Schrepfer, N. (2012). Protecting People Crossing Borders in the Context of Climate Change Normative Gaps and Possible Approaches.
  • Kananian, S., Soltani, Y., Hinton, D., & Stangier, U. (2020). Culturally Adapted Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Plus Problem Management (CA-CBT+) With Afghan Refugees: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study. Journal OfTraumatic Stress, 33, 928–938. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.22615
  • Karataş, S., Bat Tonkuş, M., & Çevik Durmaz, Y. (2020). Pandemi Sürecinde İntihar: Riskli Gruplara Yönelik Bir Değerlendirme ve Yaklaşım. In N. Gürhan (Ed.), Pandemide Psikiyatri Hemşireliği (1. Baskı, pp. 1–7). Türkiye Klinikleri.
  • Khamis, V., Researcher, P., Macy, R., & Psychology, T. (2004). The Impact of the Classroom/Community/Camp-Based Intervention (CBI®) Program on Palestinian Children. In US Agency for International Development and SAVE report on Palestinian children2.
  • Koçak, Y., & Terzi, E. (2012). Türkı̇ye’de Göç Olgusu, Göç Edenlerı̇n Kentlere Olan Etkı̇lerı̇ ve Çözüm Önerı̇lerı̇. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(3), 163–184.
  • Kokou-Kpolou, C. K., Moukouta, C. S., Masson, J., Bernoussi, A., Cénat, J. M., & Bacqué, M.-F. (2020). Correlates of grief-related disorders and mental health outcomes among adult refugees exposed to trauma and bereavement: A systematic review and future research directions. Journal of Affective Disorders, 267, 171–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.02.026
  • Kurtuldu, K., & Şahin, E. (2018). Göçün Kadın Yaşamı ve Sağlığı Üzerine Etkileri. Ordu University Journal of Nursing Studies, 1(1), 37–46.
  • Lacour, O., Morina, N., Spaaij, J., Nickerson, A., Schnyder, U., von Känel, R., Bryant, R. A., & Schick, M. (2020). Prolonged Grief Disorder Among Refugees in Psychological Treatment—Association With Self-Efficacy and Emotion Regulation. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 526. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00526
  • Li, M. (2016). Pre-migration Trauma and Post-migration Stressors for Asian and Latino American Immigrants: Transnational Stress Proliferation. Social Indicators Research, 129(1), 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-015-1090-7
  • Matlin, S. A., Depoux, A., Schütte, S., Flahault, A., & Saso, L. (2018). Migrants’ and refugees’ health: towards an agenda of solutions. Public Health Reviews, 39(27), 1– 55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-018-0104-9
  • Mucci, N., Traversini, V., Giorgi, G., Tommasi, E., Sio, S. De, & Arcangeli, G. (2020). Migrant Workers and Psychological Health : A Systematic Review. Sustainability, 12(120), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12010120
  • OECD. (2021). International Migration Outlook 2021 Key facts. https://www.oecd.org/migration/international-migration-outlook-1999124x.htm
  • Ooi, C. S., Rooney, R. M., Roberts, C., Kane, R. T., Wright, B., & Chatzisarantis, N. (2016). The Efficacy of a Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for War-Affected Young Migrants Living in Australia: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Front. Psychol., 7, 1641. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01641
  • Oras, R., Ezpeleta, S. C. D. E., & Ahmad, A. (2004). Treatment of traumatized refugee children with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing in a psychodynamic context. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 58(3), 199–203. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480410006232
  • Özer, S., Şirin, S., & Oppedal, B. (2016). Bahçeşehir Study of Syrian Refugee Children in Turkey. https://www.fhi.no/globalassets/dokumenterfiler/studier/ungkul/bahcesehir- study-report.pdf
  • Öztürk, M., & Altuntepe, N. (2008). Türkiye’de Kentsel alanlarda Göç Edenlerin Kent ve Çalışma Hayatına Uyum Durumları: Bir Alan Araştırması. Journal of Yasar University, 3(11), 1587–1625.
  • Richter, K., Baumgärtner, L., Niklewski, G., Peter, L., Köck, M., & Kellner, S. (2020). Sleep disorders in migrants and refugees: a systematic review with implications for personalized medical approach. EPMA Journal, 11, 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-020-00205-2
  • Sal, M. (2020). Kırdan Kente Göçte Sosyoekonomik Faktörlerin Etkisi “Siirt İli Örneği.” Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi.
  • Samhsa. (2014). A Treatment Improvent Protocol Trauma-Informed Care in Behavioral Health Services TIP 57.
  • Saunders, N. R., Chiu, M., Lebenbaum, M., Chen, S., Kurdyak, P., Guttmann, A., & Vigod, S. (2019). Suicide and Self-Harm in Recent Immigrants in Ontario, Canada: A Population-Based Study. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 64(11), 777–788. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743719856851
  • Schauer, M., Neuner, F., & T, E. (2011). Narrative Exposure Therapy: A short Term Treatment For Traumatic Stress Disorders (2nd editio). Hogrefe Publishing.
  • Şen Tepe, Ç., Çulhacık, G. D., Durat, G., & Eker, F. (2018). Göçün Sessiz Kayıpları: Çocuk İntiharları. Route Educational and Social Science Journal, 5(34), 772–778. https://doi.org/10.17121/ressjournal.1561
  • Solgun, C., & Durat, G. (2017). Göç ve Ruh Sağlığı. J Hum Rhythm, 3(3), 137–144.
  • Spallek, J., Reeske, A., Norredam, M., Nielsen, S. S., Lehnhardt, J., & Razum, O. (2015). Suicide among immigrants in Europe--a systematic literature review. The European Journal of Public Health, 25(1), 63–71. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cku121
  • Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Kataoka, S. H., Wong, M., Elliott, M. N., & Fink, A. (2003). A Mental Health Intervention for Schoolchildren Exposed to Violence A Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA, 290(5), 603–611. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.290.5.603
  • Türk Tabipleri Birliği. (2016). Savaş, Göç ve Sağlık. In Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling (Vol. 53, Issue 9). Türk Tabipleri Birliği Yayınları.
  • Tuzcu, A., & Bademli, K. (2014). Psychosocial Aspects of Migration. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar- Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 6(1), 55–66. https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20130719123555
  • Tuzcu, A., & Ilgaz, A. (2015). Effects of Migration on Mental Health of Women. Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar- Current Approaches in Psychiatry, 7(1), 56–67. https://doi.org/10.5455/cap.20140503020915
  • UNICEF. (2017). Geçici Koruma Statüsündeki Bireylere Yönelik Rehberlik Hizmetleri Kılavuz Kitabı. Tanıtıcı Yayınlar Dizi No 82.
  • Unterhitzenberger, J., Wintersohl, S., Lang, M., König, J., & Rosner, R. (2019). Providing manualized individual trauma - focused CBT to unaccompanied refugee minors with uncertain residence status: a pilot study. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 13, 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-019-0282-3
  • Vatansever, M., & Erden, G. (2018). Mülteci Çocuklar ve Ergenler ile Yapılan Psı̇kolojı̇k Görüşme Üzerı̇ne Bı̇r Derleme. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 25(2), 175– 186.
  • World Health Organization. (2018). Report on the health of refugees and migrants in the WHO European Region: no public health without refugee and migrant health. https://www.euro.who.int/en/publications/html/report-on-the-health-of-refugees-and- migrants-in-the-who-european-region-no-public-health-without-refugee-and-migrant- health-2018/en/index.html
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Refugee and migrant health. https://www.who.int/health- topics/refugee-and-migrant-health#tab=tab_1
  • World Health Organization. (2022). WHO psychological intervention effective in preventing mental disorders among Syrian refugees in Turkey. https://www.who.int/news/item/11-01-2022-who-psychological-intervention-effective- in-preventing-mental-disorders-among-syrian-refugees-in-turkey
  • Yıldırım, A. (2004). Kentleşme ve Kentleşme Sürecı̇nde Göçün Suç Olgusu Üzerı̇ndeki Etkı̇lerı̇. Ankara Üniversitesi.
  • Yılmaz, E., & Çitçi, S. (2011). Kentlerin Ortaya Çıkışı ve Sosyo-Politik Açıdan Türkiye’de Kentleşme Dönemleri. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(35), 252–267. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.75208
  • Yücel, U., Türkoğlu, Ö., & Ekşioğlu, A. (2021). Göç ve Kadın Sağlığı Hizmetleri. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 361–370. https://doi.org/10.46237/amusbfd.775726
  • Yurtsever, A., Konuk, E., Akyüz, T., Zat, Z., Tükel, F., Çetinkaya, M., Savran, C., & Shapiro, E. (2018). An Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) Group Intervention for Syrian Refugees With Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms: Results of a Randomized Controlled. Front. Psychol., 9, 493. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00493
Toplam 65 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Merve Bat Tonkuş 0000-0002-1046-6862

Zeliha Kalın 0000-0002-2548-7594

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Şubat 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Bat Tonkuş, M., & Kalın, Z. (2022). GÖÇ RUH SAĞLIĞINI NASIL ETKİLEMEKTEDİR?. Hakkari Review, 6(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.31457/hr.1073528
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