Okul Yaralanmalarını Önlemede Sağlık İnanç Modelinin Etkisi

Yıl 2018, , 467 - 475, 14.10.2018

Eda Kılınç , Kamer Gür

https://doi.org/10.17681/hsp.362244

Öz

Okul çağı çocukları, dış etkenlerle oluşabilecek zararlara karşı
kendini korumada savunmasız gruplardandır. Bu nedenle öğrenciler yaralanmalara
sıklıkla maruz kalmaktadırlar. Kaza sonucu meydana gelen yaralanmalar
çoğunlukla bu gruplarda, özellikle çocuk ve adölesanlarda görülmektedir. Ancak
bu konuda alınan önlemlerin çoğu zaman yetersiz ve göz ardı edildiği de
bilinmektedir. Özellikle ülkemizde öğrencilere sunulan okul sağlığı
hizmetlerinin oldukça sınırlı olduğu bir gerçektir; oysaki okul kazalarına yönelik
basit kişisel ve çevresel tedbirlerle istenmeyen bu yaralanmaların
önlenebileceği bildirilmektedir. Geliştirilecek programların çevre değişimi,
davranış değişimi, denetim ve politikaların geliştirilmesi konularını
kapsaması, ders müfredatına entegre edilmesi önerilmektedir. Programların
etkililiği artırmada modeller her zaman yol gösterici olmuştur. Sağlık İnanç
Modeli, kişilerin sağlığını; bireysel özellikler (sosyo-demografik özellikler),
algılar (duyarlılık, durumun ciddiyeti, yarar, engeller, öz-etkililiği) ve
eyleme geçiriciler (hazır oluşluk) ile etkilendiğini belirtmektedir. Bu derleme
makalede okul sağlığı hemşireleri olarak; yaralanma riski yüksek olan öğrenci
toplumunda okul yaralanmalarını önlemede bir rehber olan Sağlık İnanç Modeli’ni
tanıtmak; modelin okul yaralanmalarını önlemedeki etkisini yapılmış
araştırmalarla ortaya koymak ve bu model ile yapılacak çalışmalara yol
göstermek amaçlanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Okul yaralanmaları, sağlık inanç modeli, araştırma kanıtları

Effect of Health Belief Model in Prevention of School Injuries

Öz

School
children are vulnerable groups to protect themselves from harm caused by
external factors. For this reason, students are often exposed to injuries.
Injuries from the accident are often seen in these groups, especially in
children and adolescents.  However, it is also known that the measures taken in this subject are
often inadequate and ignored. Especially, it is a fact that the school health
services offered to students in our country is very limited, but it is reported
that simple personal and environmental measures against school accidents can
prevent these injuries which are not wanted. It is suggested that the programs
to be developed should be integrated into the course curriculum to cover
environmental change, behavior change, supervision and development of policies.
The model has always been a guide in increasing the effectiveness of programs. The
Health Belief Model states that people's health is influenced by individual
characteristics, (socio-demographic characteristics), perceptions (susceptibility,
seriousness, benefit, barriers, self-efficacy) and cues the action (readiness).
In this review article, as school health nurses; it is aimed to introduce the
Health Belief Model which is a guide to prevent school injuries in the student
society with high risk of injuries and to show the effect of the model on the
prevention of school injuries and to lead the studies with this model.

Anahtar Kelimeler

school injuries, health belief model, research evidences

Kaynakça

• 1. Wang SM, Dadal K. Safe communities in China as a strategy for injury prevention and safety promotion programmes in the era of rapid economic growth. J Community Health [serial on the internet]. 2013 [cited 2017 Aug 20]; 38(1): 205–214. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3547238/
• 2. World Health Organization. Injuries. [updated 2017; cited 2017 May 17]. Available from: http://www.who.int/topics/injuries/en/.
• 3. Eraslan R, Aycan S. Bir ilköğretim okulu ikinci kademe öğrencilerinde okul kazası görülme sıklığının incelenmesi [The study of the freqency of the school accıdents in the secondary school children]. Türkiye Çocuk Hastalıkları Dergisi [Turkish Journal of Pediatric Disease] 2008; 2(3): 8-18.
• 4. Ayvaz Ö, Tümerdem Y, Özel S, Önal E, Erdoğan, A. Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinde kazalar [Accidents in secondary school students]. 8. Halk Sağlığı Günleri Bildiri Kitabı, Sivas 2003: 79-80.
• 5. Gür K, Yıldız A. Öğrencilerin okul kazalarında güvenlik önlemlerine yönelik bilgi ve davranış ölçeklerinin geçerlik ve güvenirliği. [Validity and reliability of scales children`s knowledge and attitude towards the security prevention against school accidents]. Maltepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Bilim ve Sanatı Dergisi [Maltepe University Journal of Nursing Science and Art] [serial on the internet]. 2009 [cited 2017 February 20]; 2(1). Available from: http://hemsirelik.maltepe.edu.tr/dergiler/cilt2sayi1nisan2009/10_21.pdf.
• 6. Bostancı N, Albayrak B, Bakoğlu ÇS. Üniversite öğrencilerinde çocukluk çağı travmalarının depresif belirtileri üzerine etkisi [The impact of depressive symptom levels from childhood abuse ın university students]. New Symposium Journal [serial on the internet]. 2006 [cited 2017 February 20]; 44, 2; 100-106. Available from: http://yenisymposium.com/Pdf/EN-YeniSempozyum-759d6a7b.pdf
• 7. Gür K. Okul sağlığında özel sorunlar; Okul kazaları. Gözüm S, editör. Okul dönemindeki çocukların sağlığının geliştirilmesi [Improvement of the health of the school children] 1. Baskı. İstanbul: Vize; 2016; 399-410.
• 8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Healthy youth! Unintentional injuries, violence and the health of young people 2016 [updated 2016 October 11; cited 2017 Jan 30 Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/injury/facts.htm
• 9. Ülkar B, Güner R, Ergen E. Fiziksel olarak aktif çocuk ve ergenlerde yaralanma özellikleri [Injury characteristics in physically active children and adolescents]. 7. Uluslararası Spor Bilimleri Kongresi, Antalya 27-29 Ekim 2002 [cited 2016 November 13]; Available from: http://www.sporbilimleri.org.tr/media/files/kongre/2002sbd.pdf
• 10. Ergen E. Çocukluk ve ergenlik döneminde spor yaralanmalarının nedenleri, epidemiyolojisi, risk faktörleri [Sports ınjuries in children and adolescents: etiology, epidemiology, and risk factors]. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc [serial on the internet]. 2004 [cited 2017 April 12]; 38 (1): 27-31. Available from: http://aott.org.tr/files/journals/1/articles/1535/public/1535-1681-1-PB.pdf
• 11. Gür K. İstanbul ili ilköğretim okullarında kaza epidemiyolojisi ve öğrencilerin okul kazalarında güvenlik önlemlerine yönelik bilgi ve davranış ölçeklerinin geliştirilmesi [Epidemiology of accident in the elementary schools of ıstanbul and development of scales of children`s knowledge and attitude towards the security prevention against school accidents] [Doktora Tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü [Institute of Health Science, Marmara University], İstanbul, Türkiye, 2005
• 12. Posner M. Getting there and back: School bus, motor vehicle, bicycle, and pedestrian ınjuries. preventing school ınjuries. A comprehensive guide for school administrators teachers, and staff. 1nd ed, New Brunswick, New Jersey, and London: Rutgers University Press; 2000. P.53-85
• 13. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Traffic safety facts: 2014 data – occupant protection. Washington, DC: US Department of Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 2016. [updated 2017 Feb 15]. Available from: https://crashstats.nhtsa.dot.gov/Api/Public/ViewPublication/812262.
• 14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. WISQARS (Web-based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System). Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC 2015. [updated 2017 Feb 02]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars. Erişim yeri: https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html.
• 15. Winston F, Kallan M, Senserrick T, Elliott M. Risk factors for death among older child and teenaged motor vehicle passengers. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine [serial on the internet]. 2008 [cited 2017 Jan 23]; 162(3): 253–260. Available from: http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/379180
• 16. Back to School Safety Advisory: NHTSA encourages everyone to be responsible for getting children to and from school safely. NHTSA 41-15 Washington DC. [updated 2015 Aug 25; cited 2017 September 20]. Available from: https://www.nhtsa.gov/press-releases/back-school-safety-advisory-nhtsa-encourages-everyone-be-responsible-getting-children).
• 17. Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital Stanford, Stanford Children’s Health 2017 [cited 2017 September 20]. Available from: http://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=how-safe-is-the-school-bus-1-1133
• 18. Yıldız E. [Okul sağlığı hemşireliği]. Erci B, editör. Halk sağlığı hemşireliği. [Public health nursing]. 2. Baskı. Elazığ: Anadolu Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri; 2016. p.112-118.
• 19. Philbrook JK, Kiragu A, Geppert J, Graham P, Richardson L, Kriel R. Pediatric injury prevention: Methods of booster seat education. Pediatric Nursing [serial on the internet]. 2009 [cited 2017 April 18]; 35(4): 215–220. Available from: http://www.pediatricnursing.net/ce/2011/article35215220.pdf
• 20. Gözüm S, Çapık C. Sağlık davranışlarının geliştirilmesinde bir rehber: Sağlık İnanç Modeli [A guide to the development of health behaviors: Health Belief Model (HBM)]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi [Dokuz Eylul University School of Nursing Electronic Journal] [serial on the internet]. 2014 [cited 2016 December 18]; 7(3): 230- 237.Availablefrom:https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cantuerk_Capik/publication/279535129
• 21. Öncel S, Akcan A, Meydanlıoğlu A. Sağlığın Geliştirilmesi ve Hastalıkların Önlenmesi; Sağlık İnanç Modeli. Gözüm S, editör. Okul dönemindeki çocukların sağlığının geliştirilmesi [Improvement of the health of the school children].1. Baskı. İstanbul: Vize; 2016. p. 195-196.
• 22. Gottwald M, Goodman- Brown J. Health Belief Model. A Guide To Practical Health Promotion. 1nd ed. England, McGraw-Hill Educatio; 2012. p. 73-78.
• 23. Champion VL, Skinner CS. The Health Belief Model. Glanz K, Rimer BK, Viswanath K, editörs. Health Behavior and Health Education: theory, research, and practice. 4nd ed. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass; 2008. p. 45-62.
• 24. Hayden J. Health belief model. Introduction to Health Behavior Theory. 2nd Ed. Canada: Jones and Barlett Publishers; 2014. p. 63-107.
• 25. Webb TL, Sniehotta FF, Michie S. Using theories of behaviour change to inform interventions for addictive behaviours. Addiction [serial on the internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Oct 18]; 105 (11): 1879–1892. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20670346
• 26. Zhang LL, Dalal K, Wang SM. Injury related risk behavior: a health belief model-based study of primary school students in a safe community in Shanghai. PLoS One [serial on the internet]. 2013 [cited 2016 September 08]; 8(8). Available from: http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0070563
• 27. Wang SM, Cao ZJ, Chen Y. Health belief model based evaluation of school health education programme for injury prevention among high school students in the community context. BMC Public Health 2014 [cited 2016 September 20] Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-26
• 28. Rezapur-Shahkolai F, Ebrahimikhah M, Hazavehei S MM, Moghimbeigi A. Using health belief model on preventive behaviors related to road traffic injuries among primary school students. Journal of Research Health [serial on the internet]. 2016 [cited 2017 Aug 20] Available from: http://jrh.gmu.ac.ir/files/site1/files/Ebrahimikhahi26.4.95.pdf
• 29. Ross TP, Ross LT, Rahman A, Cataldo S. The bicycle helmet attitudes scale: using the health belief model to predict helmet use among undergraduates. J Am Coll Health [serial on the internet]. 2010 [cited 2017 Aug 20]; 59(1): 29–36 Available from: doi: 10.1080/07448481.2010.483702. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]
• 30. Lajunen T, Rasanen M. Can social psychological models be used to promote bicycle helmet use among teenagers? A comparison of the health belief model, Theory of planned behavior and the locus of control. Journel of Safety Research [serial on the internet]. 2004 [cited 2017 April 18]; 35(1): 115–123. Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022437504000040 Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2003.09.020