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Placenta Consumption and Probable Benefit-Damage Profile

Yıl 2018, , 458 - 466, 14.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.17681/hsp.363853

Öz

Placentophagy is the
consumption of postpartum placenta and its components in the modified (cooked,
dried, or brewed in liquid) or unmodified (unprocessed) form by the mother
herself or any other person. There are intercultural differences in disposing of
the placenta. The procedures used for disposing of placenta in some cultures
are deemed as protective measures for the future health of the mother, while
these procedures are considered as means of healing for or as sources of
various diseases in some other cultures. Some researchers suggest that placenta
is quite rich in terms of various nutrients and hormones including estrogen,
progesterone, lactogen, iron, β-endorphins and oxytocin, and assert that this
richness remains in the placenta after the birth. Therefore, it is thought that
consumption of placenta may be used as a means of restoring the mother’s
nutrients and hormones lost during the birth, which makes the mother regain her
postpartum mood. It is also thought that placenta consumption may support
maternal-infant bonding, strengthen immunity, reduce postpartum pains, relieve
tiredness and anemia, prevent postpartum hemorrhage, increase lactation and
iron level, thicken hair, and heal skin texture. This review aims to draw
attention of health professionals working in prenatal, delivery and postnatal
services to the placenta consumption, by examining the changing rituals of
consumption of placenta from past to present and discussing the possible
benefits-damages of consumption of placenta in the light of up-to-date
information
 

Kaynakça

  • Referans1. Taşkın L. Gebeliğin oluşumu ve fetusun fizyolojisi. Doğum ve Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği. Genişletilmiş XIII. Baskı. Ankara: Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi; 2016. p.75.
  • Referans2. Selander J, Cantor A, Young SM, Benyshek DC. Human maternal placentophagy: a survey of self-reported motivations and experiences associated with placenta consumption. Ecol Food Nutr. 2013; 52(2): 93–115.
  • Referans3. Young SM, Benyshek DC. In search of human placentophagy: a cross-cultural survey of human placenta consumption, disposal practices and cultural beliefs. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 2010; 49: 467–484.
  • Referans4. Kristal MB, DiPirro JM, Thompson AC. Placentophagia in humans and nonhuman mammals: causes and consequences. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 2012; 51: 177–197.
  • Referans5. Marraccini ME, Gorman KS. Exploring placentophagy in humans: problems and recommendations. J MidwiferyWomens Health 2015; 60: 371–379.
  • Referans6. Davidson JR. The shadow of life: psychosocial explanations for placenta rituals. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 1985; 9(1): 75–92.
  • Referans7. Jung CG. Man and his symbols. Anchor Press. New York 1964.
  • Referans8. Young SM, Gryder LK, David WB, Teng Y, Gerstenberger S, et al. Human placenta processed for encapsulation contains modest concentrations of 14 trace minerals and elements. Nutrition Research 2016a; 36: 872-878.
  • Referans9. Young SM, Gryder LK, Zava D, Kimball DW, Benyshek DC. Presence and concentration of 17 hormones in human placenta processed for encapsulation and consumption. Placenta 2016b; 43: 86-89.
  • Referans10. Beacock M. Does eating placenta offer postpartum health benefits? Br J Midwifery 2012; 20(7): 464-469.
  • Referans11. Myllynen P, Pasanen M, Pelkonen O. Human placenta: A human organ for developmental toxicology research and biomonitoring. Placenta 2005; 26(5): 361–371.
  • Referans12. Marraccini ME, Gorman KS. Exploring placentophagy in humans: problems and recommendations. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health 2015; 60(4): 371-379.
  • Referans13. DiPirro JM, Kristal MB. Placenta ıngestion by rats enhances y- and n-opioid antinociception, but suppresses a-opioid antinociception. Brain Research 2004; 1014: 22 – 33
  • Referans14. Apari P, Rozsa L. Deal in the womb: fetal opiates, parent offspring, conflict, and the future of midwifery. Med Hypotheses 2006; 67(5):1189–1194.
  • Referans15. Coyle CW, Hulse KE, Wisner KL, Driscoll KE, Clark CT. Placentophagy: therapeutic miracle or myth? Arch Womens Ment Health 2015; 18(5): 673–680.
  • Referans16. Ploss H, Bartels M, Bartels P. “Woman: An historical, gynaecological and anthropological compendium. Whitefriars Press. London 1935.
  • Referans17. Ober WB. Notes on placentophagy. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1979; 55(6): 591–599.
  • Referans18. Young SM, Benyshek DC, Lienard P. The conspicuous absence of placenta consumption in human postpartum females: the fire hypothesis. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 2012; 51:198–217.
  • Referans19. Enning C. Placenta: The gift of life. Motherbaby Press. Eugene, Oregon 2007.
  • Referans20. Sakamoto M, Yasutake A, Domingo JL, Chan HM, Kubota M. et al. Relationships between trace element concentrations in chorionic tissue of placenta and umbilical cord tissue: potential use as indicators for prenatal exposure. Environ Int. 2013; 60: 106–11.
  • Referans21. Manci EA, Blackburn WR. Regional variations in the levels of zinc, iron, copper, and calcium in the term human placenta. Placenta 1987; 8(5): 497–502.
  • Referans22. Phuapradit W, Chanrachakul B, Thuvasethakul P, Leelaphiwat S, Sassanarakkit S, et al. Nutrients and hormones in heat-dried human placenta. J Med Assoc Thai. 2000; 83(6): 690–694.
  • Referans23. Aagard K, Ma J, Antony KM, Ganu R, Petrosino J et al. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Sci Transl Med. 2014; 6(237):1–11.
  • Referans24. Stout MJ, Conlon B, Landeau M, Lee I, Bower C et al. Identification of ıntracellular bacteria ın the basal plate of the human placenta in term and preterm gestations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013; 208(3): 226.e1-7.
  • Referans25. Fardini Y, Chung P, Dumm R, Joshi N, Han YW. Transmission of diverse oral bacteria to murine placenta: evidence for the oral microbiome as a potential source of ıntrauterine ınfection. Infect Immun. 2010; 78: 1789–1796.
  • Referans26. Osman K, Akesson A, Berglund M, Bremme K, Schütz A et al. Toxic and essential elements in placentas of Swedish women. Clin Biochem. 2000; 33(2): 131–138.
  • Referans27. Kantola M, Purkunen R, Kroger P, Tooming A, Juravskaja J, et al. Selenium in pregnancy: is selenium an active defective ion against environmental chemical stress? Environ Res. 2004; 96: 51-61.
  • Referans28. Piasek M, Blanus M, Kostial K, Laskey JW. Placental cadmium and progesterone concentrations in cigarette smokers. Reproductive Toxicology 2001; 15: 673–681.
  • Referans29. Eisenmann CJ, Miller RK. Cadmium and glutathione: effect on human placental thromboxane and prostacyclin production. Reprod Toxicol. 1995; 9(1): 41-48.
  • Referans30. Shiverick KT, Salafia C. Placenta, cigarette smoking and pregnancy I: ovarian, uterine and placental effects. Placenta 1999; 20: 265–272.
  • Referans31. Campbell EA, Linton EA, Wolfe CDA, Scraggs PR, Jones MT, et al. Plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone during pregnancy and partition. Journal of Clinical Metabolism 1987; 64 (5): 1054–1059.
  • Referans32. Smith SM, Vale WW. The Role of the hypothalamicpituitary- adrenal axis in neuroendocrine responses to stress. Dialogues In Clinical Neuroscience 2006; 8: 383–395.
  • Referans33. Gold PW, Licinio J, Wong ML, Chrousos GP. Corticotropin releasing hormone in the pathophysiology of melancholic and atypical depression and in the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1995; 771: 716–729.
  • Referans34. Arborelius L, Owens MJ, Plotsky PM, Nemeroff CB. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders. Journal of Endocrinology 1999; 160 (1): 1–12.
  • Referans35. Holsboer F. Stress, hypercortisolism and corticosteroid receptors in depression: implications for therapy. Journal of Affective Disorders 2001; 62 (1-2): 77–91.
  • Referans36. Hahn-Holbrook J, Schetter CD, Arora C, Hobel CJ. Placental corticotropin-releasing hormone mediates the association between prenatal social support and postpartum depression. Clinical Psychological Science 2013; 1(3): 253–265.
  • Referans37. Vitoratos N, Papatheodorou DC, Kalantaridou SN, Mastorakos G. “Reproductive” corticotropin-releasing hormone. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2006; 1092: 310–318.
  • Referans38. Hochberg Z, Pacak K, Chrousos GP. Endocrine withdrawal syndromes. Endocrine Reviews 2003; 24(4): 523–538.
  • Referans39. Chrousos GP, Torpy DJ, Gold PW. Interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system: clinical ımplications. Annals of Internal Medicine 1998; 129(3): 229–240.
  • Referans40. Iliadis SI, Sylv´en S, Hellgren C, Olivier JD, Schijven D, et al. Mid-Pregnancy corticotropin-releasing hormone levels in association with postpartum depressive symptoms. Depression And Anxiety 2016; 33: 1023–1030.
  • Referans41. Rich-Edwards JW, Mohllajee AP, Kleinman K, Hacker MR, Majzoub J, et al. Elevated midpregnancy corticotropin-releasing hormone is associated with prenatal, but not postpartum, maternal depression. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2008; 93(5): 1946-1951.
  • Referans42. Meltzer-Brody S, Stuebe A, Dole N, Savitz D, Rubinow D, et al. Elevated corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) during pregnancy and risk of postpartum depression (PPD). J Clin Endocr Metab. 2010; 96(1): 40-47.
  • Referans43. Glynn LM, Sandman CA. Evaluation of the association between placental corticotrophin-releasing hormone and postpartum depressive symptoms. Psychosom Med. 2014; 76(5): 355-362.
  • Referans44. Beard JL, Hendricks MK, Perez EM, Murray-Kolb LE, Berg A, et al. Maternal iron deficiency anemia affects postpartum emotions and cognition. J Nutr. 2005; 135(2): 267-272.
  • Referans45. Corwin EJ, Murray-Kolb LE, Beard JL. Low hemoglobin level is a risk factor for postpartum depression. J Nutr. 2003; 133(12): 4139-4142.
  • Referans46. Armony-Sivan R, Shao J, Li M, Zhao G, Zhao Z, et al. No relationship between maternal iron status and postpartum depression in two samples in China. J Pregnancy 2012: 521431.
  • Referans47. Paterson JA, Davis J, Gregory M. A study on the effects of low hemoglobin on postnatal women. Midwifery 1994; 10(2): 77-86.
  • Referans48. Gryder LK, Young SM, Zava D, Norris W, Cross CL et al. Effects of human maternal placentophagy on maternal postpartum ıron status: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled pilot study. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health 2017; 62(1): 68-79.
  • Referans49. Cremers GE, Low KG. Attitudes toward placentophagy: A brief report. Health Care for Women International 2014; 35: 113–119.
  • Referans50. Soykov´a-Pachnerov´a E, Brutar V, Golov´a B, Zvolsk´a E. Placenta as a lactagogon. Gynaecologia 1954; 138(6): 617-627.
  • Referans51. Blank MS, Friesen HG. Effects of placentophagy on serum prolactin and progesterone concentrations in rats after parturition or superovulation. J Reprod Fertil 1980; 60(2): 273–278.
  • Referans52. DiPirro JM, Kristal MB. Placenta ingestion by rats enhances Y- and N-opioid antinociception, but suppresses a-opioid antinociception. Brain Research 2004; 1014: 22 – 33.
  • Referans53. Kristal MB. Enhancement of opioid-mediated analgesia: a solution to the enigma of placentophagia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1991; 15: 425–35.
  • Referans54. Kristal MB, Abbott P, Thompson AC. Dose-Dependent enhancement of morphine-induced analgesia by ingestion of amniotic fluid and placenta. Pharmacology Biochemistry And Behavior; 1988; 31(2): 351–356.
  • Referans55. Farr A, Chervenak FA, McCullough LB, Baergen RN, Grunebaum A. Human placentophagy: A review. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2017.
  • Referans56. Buser GL, Mato S, Zhang AY, Metcalf BJ, Beall B et al. Notes from the field: Late onset infant group B streptococcus ınfection associated with maternal consumption of capsules containing dehydrated placenta—Oregon, 2016. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 2017; 66: 677-678.

Plasenta Tüketimi ve Olası Yarar-Zarar Profili

Yıl 2018, , 458 - 466, 14.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.17681/hsp.363853

Öz

Plasenta tüketimi (placentophagy);
doğum sonrası plasentanın ve bileşenlerinin değiştirilmiş (pişmiş, kurutulmuş,
sıvı içinde demlenmiş) veya değiştirilmemiş (herhangi bir işleme uğramamış)
formda annenin kendisi ya da herhangi biri tarafından yenmesidir. Plasentanın
imhasına dair kültürlerarası farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. Bazı kültürlerde
plasentanın imhası için kullanılan prosedürler, annenin gelecekteki sağlığını
koruyucu önlemler olarak işlev görürken, bazılarında
çeşitli hastalıkları
iyileştirme aracı olarak görülmekte, bazılarında ise hastalıkların kaynağı
olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bazı araştırmacılar plasentanın östrojen,
progesteron, laktojen, demir, β-endorfinler ve oksitosin de dahil olmak üzere
çeşitli hormonlar ve besinler açısından oldukça zengin olduğunu ve bu
zenginliğin
  doğumdan sonra da plasentada
kaldığını öne sürmüştür. Böylece plasenta tüketiminin, annenin doğum sırasında kaybettiği
besin maddelerini, hormonlarını tekrar yerine koyması için bir aracı
olabileceği, bu sayede postpartum ruh halinin düzenlenmesinin sağlandığı,
maternal bağlanmayı desteklediği, bağışıklığı güçlendirdiği, ağrıyı azalttığı,
yorgunluğu ve anemiyi önlediği, doğum sonu kanamayı engellediği, laktasyonu ve
demir düzeylerini arttırdığı, saç ve deri dokusunu iyileştirdiği
düşünülmektedir. 
Bu derlemede plasenta tüketiminin,
geçmişten günümüze kültürden kültüre değişen ritüelleri, ve olası yararları,
zararları güncel bilgiler ışığında tartışılarak, doğum öncesi, doğum ve doğum
sonu hizmetlerinde sorumluluğu olan sağlık çalışanlarının konuya dikkatini
çekmek amaçlanmıştır.


Kaynakça

  • Referans1. Taşkın L. Gebeliğin oluşumu ve fetusun fizyolojisi. Doğum ve Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği. Genişletilmiş XIII. Baskı. Ankara: Akademisyen Tıp Kitabevi; 2016. p.75.
  • Referans2. Selander J, Cantor A, Young SM, Benyshek DC. Human maternal placentophagy: a survey of self-reported motivations and experiences associated with placenta consumption. Ecol Food Nutr. 2013; 52(2): 93–115.
  • Referans3. Young SM, Benyshek DC. In search of human placentophagy: a cross-cultural survey of human placenta consumption, disposal practices and cultural beliefs. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 2010; 49: 467–484.
  • Referans4. Kristal MB, DiPirro JM, Thompson AC. Placentophagia in humans and nonhuman mammals: causes and consequences. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 2012; 51: 177–197.
  • Referans5. Marraccini ME, Gorman KS. Exploring placentophagy in humans: problems and recommendations. J MidwiferyWomens Health 2015; 60: 371–379.
  • Referans6. Davidson JR. The shadow of life: psychosocial explanations for placenta rituals. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 1985; 9(1): 75–92.
  • Referans7. Jung CG. Man and his symbols. Anchor Press. New York 1964.
  • Referans8. Young SM, Gryder LK, David WB, Teng Y, Gerstenberger S, et al. Human placenta processed for encapsulation contains modest concentrations of 14 trace minerals and elements. Nutrition Research 2016a; 36: 872-878.
  • Referans9. Young SM, Gryder LK, Zava D, Kimball DW, Benyshek DC. Presence and concentration of 17 hormones in human placenta processed for encapsulation and consumption. Placenta 2016b; 43: 86-89.
  • Referans10. Beacock M. Does eating placenta offer postpartum health benefits? Br J Midwifery 2012; 20(7): 464-469.
  • Referans11. Myllynen P, Pasanen M, Pelkonen O. Human placenta: A human organ for developmental toxicology research and biomonitoring. Placenta 2005; 26(5): 361–371.
  • Referans12. Marraccini ME, Gorman KS. Exploring placentophagy in humans: problems and recommendations. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health 2015; 60(4): 371-379.
  • Referans13. DiPirro JM, Kristal MB. Placenta ıngestion by rats enhances y- and n-opioid antinociception, but suppresses a-opioid antinociception. Brain Research 2004; 1014: 22 – 33
  • Referans14. Apari P, Rozsa L. Deal in the womb: fetal opiates, parent offspring, conflict, and the future of midwifery. Med Hypotheses 2006; 67(5):1189–1194.
  • Referans15. Coyle CW, Hulse KE, Wisner KL, Driscoll KE, Clark CT. Placentophagy: therapeutic miracle or myth? Arch Womens Ment Health 2015; 18(5): 673–680.
  • Referans16. Ploss H, Bartels M, Bartels P. “Woman: An historical, gynaecological and anthropological compendium. Whitefriars Press. London 1935.
  • Referans17. Ober WB. Notes on placentophagy. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1979; 55(6): 591–599.
  • Referans18. Young SM, Benyshek DC, Lienard P. The conspicuous absence of placenta consumption in human postpartum females: the fire hypothesis. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 2012; 51:198–217.
  • Referans19. Enning C. Placenta: The gift of life. Motherbaby Press. Eugene, Oregon 2007.
  • Referans20. Sakamoto M, Yasutake A, Domingo JL, Chan HM, Kubota M. et al. Relationships between trace element concentrations in chorionic tissue of placenta and umbilical cord tissue: potential use as indicators for prenatal exposure. Environ Int. 2013; 60: 106–11.
  • Referans21. Manci EA, Blackburn WR. Regional variations in the levels of zinc, iron, copper, and calcium in the term human placenta. Placenta 1987; 8(5): 497–502.
  • Referans22. Phuapradit W, Chanrachakul B, Thuvasethakul P, Leelaphiwat S, Sassanarakkit S, et al. Nutrients and hormones in heat-dried human placenta. J Med Assoc Thai. 2000; 83(6): 690–694.
  • Referans23. Aagard K, Ma J, Antony KM, Ganu R, Petrosino J et al. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Sci Transl Med. 2014; 6(237):1–11.
  • Referans24. Stout MJ, Conlon B, Landeau M, Lee I, Bower C et al. Identification of ıntracellular bacteria ın the basal plate of the human placenta in term and preterm gestations. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013; 208(3): 226.e1-7.
  • Referans25. Fardini Y, Chung P, Dumm R, Joshi N, Han YW. Transmission of diverse oral bacteria to murine placenta: evidence for the oral microbiome as a potential source of ıntrauterine ınfection. Infect Immun. 2010; 78: 1789–1796.
  • Referans26. Osman K, Akesson A, Berglund M, Bremme K, Schütz A et al. Toxic and essential elements in placentas of Swedish women. Clin Biochem. 2000; 33(2): 131–138.
  • Referans27. Kantola M, Purkunen R, Kroger P, Tooming A, Juravskaja J, et al. Selenium in pregnancy: is selenium an active defective ion against environmental chemical stress? Environ Res. 2004; 96: 51-61.
  • Referans28. Piasek M, Blanus M, Kostial K, Laskey JW. Placental cadmium and progesterone concentrations in cigarette smokers. Reproductive Toxicology 2001; 15: 673–681.
  • Referans29. Eisenmann CJ, Miller RK. Cadmium and glutathione: effect on human placental thromboxane and prostacyclin production. Reprod Toxicol. 1995; 9(1): 41-48.
  • Referans30. Shiverick KT, Salafia C. Placenta, cigarette smoking and pregnancy I: ovarian, uterine and placental effects. Placenta 1999; 20: 265–272.
  • Referans31. Campbell EA, Linton EA, Wolfe CDA, Scraggs PR, Jones MT, et al. Plasma corticotropin-releasing hormone during pregnancy and partition. Journal of Clinical Metabolism 1987; 64 (5): 1054–1059.
  • Referans32. Smith SM, Vale WW. The Role of the hypothalamicpituitary- adrenal axis in neuroendocrine responses to stress. Dialogues In Clinical Neuroscience 2006; 8: 383–395.
  • Referans33. Gold PW, Licinio J, Wong ML, Chrousos GP. Corticotropin releasing hormone in the pathophysiology of melancholic and atypical depression and in the mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 1995; 771: 716–729.
  • Referans34. Arborelius L, Owens MJ, Plotsky PM, Nemeroff CB. The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders. Journal of Endocrinology 1999; 160 (1): 1–12.
  • Referans35. Holsboer F. Stress, hypercortisolism and corticosteroid receptors in depression: implications for therapy. Journal of Affective Disorders 2001; 62 (1-2): 77–91.
  • Referans36. Hahn-Holbrook J, Schetter CD, Arora C, Hobel CJ. Placental corticotropin-releasing hormone mediates the association between prenatal social support and postpartum depression. Clinical Psychological Science 2013; 1(3): 253–265.
  • Referans37. Vitoratos N, Papatheodorou DC, Kalantaridou SN, Mastorakos G. “Reproductive” corticotropin-releasing hormone. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2006; 1092: 310–318.
  • Referans38. Hochberg Z, Pacak K, Chrousos GP. Endocrine withdrawal syndromes. Endocrine Reviews 2003; 24(4): 523–538.
  • Referans39. Chrousos GP, Torpy DJ, Gold PW. Interactions between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the female reproductive system: clinical ımplications. Annals of Internal Medicine 1998; 129(3): 229–240.
  • Referans40. Iliadis SI, Sylv´en S, Hellgren C, Olivier JD, Schijven D, et al. Mid-Pregnancy corticotropin-releasing hormone levels in association with postpartum depressive symptoms. Depression And Anxiety 2016; 33: 1023–1030.
  • Referans41. Rich-Edwards JW, Mohllajee AP, Kleinman K, Hacker MR, Majzoub J, et al. Elevated midpregnancy corticotropin-releasing hormone is associated with prenatal, but not postpartum, maternal depression. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2008; 93(5): 1946-1951.
  • Referans42. Meltzer-Brody S, Stuebe A, Dole N, Savitz D, Rubinow D, et al. Elevated corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) during pregnancy and risk of postpartum depression (PPD). J Clin Endocr Metab. 2010; 96(1): 40-47.
  • Referans43. Glynn LM, Sandman CA. Evaluation of the association between placental corticotrophin-releasing hormone and postpartum depressive symptoms. Psychosom Med. 2014; 76(5): 355-362.
  • Referans44. Beard JL, Hendricks MK, Perez EM, Murray-Kolb LE, Berg A, et al. Maternal iron deficiency anemia affects postpartum emotions and cognition. J Nutr. 2005; 135(2): 267-272.
  • Referans45. Corwin EJ, Murray-Kolb LE, Beard JL. Low hemoglobin level is a risk factor for postpartum depression. J Nutr. 2003; 133(12): 4139-4142.
  • Referans46. Armony-Sivan R, Shao J, Li M, Zhao G, Zhao Z, et al. No relationship between maternal iron status and postpartum depression in two samples in China. J Pregnancy 2012: 521431.
  • Referans47. Paterson JA, Davis J, Gregory M. A study on the effects of low hemoglobin on postnatal women. Midwifery 1994; 10(2): 77-86.
  • Referans48. Gryder LK, Young SM, Zava D, Norris W, Cross CL et al. Effects of human maternal placentophagy on maternal postpartum ıron status: a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled pilot study. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health 2017; 62(1): 68-79.
  • Referans49. Cremers GE, Low KG. Attitudes toward placentophagy: A brief report. Health Care for Women International 2014; 35: 113–119.
  • Referans50. Soykov´a-Pachnerov´a E, Brutar V, Golov´a B, Zvolsk´a E. Placenta as a lactagogon. Gynaecologia 1954; 138(6): 617-627.
  • Referans51. Blank MS, Friesen HG. Effects of placentophagy on serum prolactin and progesterone concentrations in rats after parturition or superovulation. J Reprod Fertil 1980; 60(2): 273–278.
  • Referans52. DiPirro JM, Kristal MB. Placenta ingestion by rats enhances Y- and N-opioid antinociception, but suppresses a-opioid antinociception. Brain Research 2004; 1014: 22 – 33.
  • Referans53. Kristal MB. Enhancement of opioid-mediated analgesia: a solution to the enigma of placentophagia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1991; 15: 425–35.
  • Referans54. Kristal MB, Abbott P, Thompson AC. Dose-Dependent enhancement of morphine-induced analgesia by ingestion of amniotic fluid and placenta. Pharmacology Biochemistry And Behavior; 1988; 31(2): 351–356.
  • Referans55. Farr A, Chervenak FA, McCullough LB, Baergen RN, Grunebaum A. Human placentophagy: A review. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2017.
  • Referans56. Buser GL, Mato S, Zhang AY, Metcalf BJ, Beall B et al. Notes from the field: Late onset infant group B streptococcus ınfection associated with maternal consumption of capsules containing dehydrated placenta—Oregon, 2016. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) 2017; 66: 677-678.
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm DERLEME YAZILARI
Yazarlar

Neriman Güdücü 0000-0001-9365-5337

Neslihan Keser Özcan 0000-0003-1311-6646

Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Ekim 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018

Kaynak Göster

APA Güdücü, N., & Keser Özcan, N. (2018). Plasenta Tüketimi ve Olası Yarar-Zarar Profili. Sağlık Bilimleri Ve Meslekleri Dergisi, 5(3), 458-466. https://doi.org/10.17681/hsp.363853
AMA Güdücü N, Keser Özcan N. Plasenta Tüketimi ve Olası Yarar-Zarar Profili. HSP. Ekim 2018;5(3):458-466. doi:10.17681/hsp.363853
Chicago Güdücü, Neriman, ve Neslihan Keser Özcan. “Plasenta Tüketimi Ve Olası Yarar-Zarar Profili”. Sağlık Bilimleri Ve Meslekleri Dergisi 5, sy. 3 (Ekim 2018): 458-66. https://doi.org/10.17681/hsp.363853.
EndNote Güdücü N, Keser Özcan N (01 Ekim 2018) Plasenta Tüketimi ve Olası Yarar-Zarar Profili. Sağlık Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi 5 3 458–466.
IEEE N. Güdücü ve N. Keser Özcan, “Plasenta Tüketimi ve Olası Yarar-Zarar Profili”, HSP, c. 5, sy. 3, ss. 458–466, 2018, doi: 10.17681/hsp.363853.
ISNAD Güdücü, Neriman - Keser Özcan, Neslihan. “Plasenta Tüketimi Ve Olası Yarar-Zarar Profili”. Sağlık Bilimleri ve Meslekleri Dergisi 5/3 (Ekim 2018), 458-466. https://doi.org/10.17681/hsp.363853.
JAMA Güdücü N, Keser Özcan N. Plasenta Tüketimi ve Olası Yarar-Zarar Profili. HSP. 2018;5:458–466.
MLA Güdücü, Neriman ve Neslihan Keser Özcan. “Plasenta Tüketimi Ve Olası Yarar-Zarar Profili”. Sağlık Bilimleri Ve Meslekleri Dergisi, c. 5, sy. 3, 2018, ss. 458-66, doi:10.17681/hsp.363853.
Vancouver Güdücü N, Keser Özcan N. Plasenta Tüketimi ve Olası Yarar-Zarar Profili. HSP. 2018;5(3):458-66.