Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2019, , 21 - 27, 30.04.2019
https://doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.544154

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Daim, M. M., Abuzead, S. M., & Halawa, S. M. (2013). Protective role of Spirulina platensis against acutedeltamethrin-induced toxicity in rats, PLoS One, 8(9), e72991.
  • Altiner, A., Atalay, H. & Bilal, T. (2017). Bir antioksidan olarak E vitamini. Balikesir Sağlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 149-157.
  • Araujo, K. G. L., Facchınetti, A. D. & Santos, C. P. (2003). Influence of intake of Spirulina biomass on body weight and feed intake in rats. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 23(1), 6-9.
  • Armario, A., Castellanos, J. M. & Balasch, J. (1984). Effect of crowding on emotional reactivity in male rats. Neuroendocrinology, 39(4), 330–333. Azar, T. A., Sharp, S. L., & Lawson, D. M. (2008). Effect of Housing Rats in Dim Light or Long Nights on Heart Rate. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 47(4), 25-34.
  • Benyo, Z., Szabo, C., & Kova, A.P. (2007). Prevention of the hemorrhagic hypotension-induced hepatic arterial vasoconstriction by L-arginine and naloxone. Shock, 11, 342–346.
  • Boon, P., Visser, H., Daan, S. (1997). Effect of photoperiod on body mass and daily energy intake and energy expenditure in young rats. Physiology & Behavior, 62, 913-919.
  • Botsoglou, N.A., Florou-Paneri, P., Christaki, E., Fletouris, D.J. & Spais, A.B. (2002). Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on performance of chickens and on iron-induced lipid oxidation of breast, thigh and abdominal fat tissues. British Poultry Science, 43(2), 223-230.
  • Dantzer, R., Wollman, E., Vitkovic, L. & Yirmiya, R. (1999). Cytokines and depression: Fortuitous or causative association?. Molecular Psychiatry, 4, 328-332. Dawson, B., & Trapp, R.G. (2001). Basic & Clinical Biostatistics. 3rd ed. New York, USA: Lange Medical Books/McGraw International Editions. Dowdy, S. & Wearden, S. (1981). Statistics for Research. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons Press
  • Ebling, F.J.P. (1994). Photoperiodic differences during development in the dwarf hamsters P. sungorus and P.campbelli. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 95, 475-482. Eid, F., Helal, E. G. E., & Taha, N.M. (2010). Effect of crowding stress and /or sulpiride treatment on some physiological and histological parameters in female albino rats. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, 41, 566-589. Ernst, J. M. & Cacioppo, J. T. (1999). Lonely hearts: Psychological perspectives on loneliness. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 8(1), 1-22.
  • Francisco, N.R., Raymond, C.M., & Heideman, P.D. (2004). Short photoperiod inhibition growth inbody mass and reproduction in ACI, BUF and PVG inbred rats. Reproduction, 128, 857-862.
  • Gambardella, P., Greco, A. M., Sticchi, R., Bellotti, R. & Di Renzo G. (1994). Individual housing modulates daily rhythms of hypothalamic catecholaminergic system and circulating hormones in adult male rats. The Journal of Biological and Medical Rhythm Research, 11(4), 213-221.
  • Giralt, M. & Armario, A. (1989). Individual housing does not influence the adaptation of the pituitary–adrenal axis and other physiological variables to chronic stress in adult male rats. Physiology & Behaviour, 45(3), 477-481.
  • Gorber, S.C., Tremblay, M., Moher, D. & Gorber, B. (2007). A comparison of direct vs. self-report measures for assessing height, weight and body mass index: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 8(4), 307-26.
  • Harper, C. & Lawrence, C. (2011). The Laboratory Zebrafish. Florida, USA: CRC Press / Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Karkos, P.D., Leong, S.C., Karkos, C.D., Sivaji, N. & Assimakopoulos, D.A. (2011). Spirulina in clinical practice: Evidence-based human applications. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011, article ID531053.
  • Keeling, L.J., Estevez, I., Newberry, R.C. & Correia, M.G. (2003). Production-related traits of layers reared in different sized flocks: the concept of problematic intermediate group sizes. Poultry Science, 82(9), 1393–1396.
  • Khan, M., Shobha, J.C., Mohan, I.K., Naidu, M.U., Sundaram, C., Singh, S., Kuppusamy, P. & Kutala, V.K. (2005). Protective effect of Spirulina against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Phytotherapy Research, 19(12), 1030-1037. Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K. & Glaser, R. (2002). Depression and immune function: Central pathways to morbidity and mortality. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53(4), 873-876. Lisheng, L., Baojiang, G., Jihong, R., Guangquan, Q. & Botang, W. (1991). Inhibitive effect andmechanism of polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis on transplanted tumor cells in mice. Marine Science, 5, 33–38.
  • Marin, T.M., Cruz, F.C., & Planeta, C.S. (2007). Chronic restraint or variable stress differently affect the behavior , corticosteron secretion and body weight in rats. Physiology & Behaviour, 90(1), 29-35.
  • Markova, M., Adamekova, E., Kubatka, P., Bojkova, B., Ahlersova, E. & Ahlers, I. (2003). Effect of prolonged melatonin administration on metabolic parameters and organ weights in young male and female Sprague-dawley rats. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 72, 163-173.
  • Mawdsley, J. E. & Rampton, D. S. (2005). Psychological stress in IBD: new insights into pathogenic and therapeutic implications. Gut, 54, 1481–1491.
  • Meddings, J.B. & Swain, M.G. (2000). Environmental stress-induced gastrointestinal permeability is mediated by endogenous glucocorticoids in the rat. Gastroenterology, 119, 1019–1028.
  • Miller, A. H. (1998). Neuroendocrine and immune system interactions in stress and depression. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21(2), 443-463. Moffatt, C.A., Bennett, S.A. & Nelson, R.J. (1991). Effects of photoperiod and 6-methoxy 2- benzoxazolinone on male-induced estrus in Praitie vole. Physiology & Behaviour, 49, 27-31.
  • Moreira, L.M., Rocha, A.S.R., Rıbeıro, C.L.G., Rodrıgues, R.S. & Soares, L.S. (2011). Nutritional evaluation of single-cell protein produced by Spirulina platensis. African Journal of Food Science, 5(15), 799-805.
  • Nasirian, F., Mesbahzadeh, B., Maleki, S.A., Mogharnasi, M. & Kor, N.M. (2017). The effects of oral supplementation ofspirulina platensis microalgae on hematologicalparameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. American Journal of Translational Research, 9(12), 5238-5244
  • Nelson, R.J., Moffatt, C.A., & Goldman, B.D. (1994). Reproductive and non-reproductiveresponsiveness to photoperiod in laboratory rats. Journal of Pineal Research, 17, 123.
  • Park, H.J., Lee, Y.J., Ryu, H.K., Kim, M.H., Chung, H.W. & Kim, W.Y. (2008). A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study to establish the effects of spirulina in elderly Koreans. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 52, 322-328.
  • Peng, X., Lang, C.M., Drozdowicz, C.K. & Ohlsson-Wilhelm, B.M. (1989). Effect of cage population density on plasma corticosterone and peripheral lymphocyte populations of laboratory mice. Laboratory Animals, 23, 302–306.
  • Poyraz, O. (2000). Laboratuvar Hayvanları Bilimi. Ankara, Türkiye: Kardelen Yayınevi.
  • Promya, J. & Chitmanat, C. (2011). The effects of Spirulina platensis and Cladophora algae on the growth performance, meat quality and immunity stimulating capacity of the African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 13, 77–82.
  • Sejian, V., Maurya, V.P., & Naqvi, S.M.K. (2011). Effect of thermal stress, restricted feeding and combined stresses (thermal stress and restricted feeding) on growth and plasma reproductive hormone levels of Malpura ewes under semiarid tropical environment. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 95(2), 252– 258.
  • Sengezer, E. & Güngör, T. (2008). Esansiyel yağların hayvanlar üzerindeki etkileri. Lalahan Hayvan Arastırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 48(2), 101-110.
  • Seyidoglu, N. & Galip N. (2014). Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Spirulina platensis on Growth Performances and Biochemical Parameters in Rabbits. Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kafkas University, 20, 331-336.
  • Seyidoglu, N., Inan, S., & Aydin C. (2017). A Prominent Superfood: Spirulina platensis, In N. Shiomi, V. Waisundara (Ed). Superfood and Functional Food The Development of Superfoods and Their Roles as Medicine (pp. 1-27). Zagreb, Croita: InTech.
  • Seyidoglu N., Galip N., Budak F., & Uzabaci E. (2017a). The Effects Of Spirulina platensis And Saccharomyces cerevisiae On The Distribution and Cytokine Production Of CD4+ And CD8+ T-Lymphocytes In Rabbits. Australian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 49, 185-190.
  • Sharp, J.L., Zammit, T.G., Azar, T.A. & Lawson, D.M. (2002). Stress-like responses to common procedures in male rats housed alone or with other rats. American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 41(4), 8-14.
  • Shöamker, M.B. & Heideman, P.D. (2002). Reduced body mass, food intake and testis size in response to short photoperiod in adult F344 rats. BMC Physiology, 2(11).
  • Simsek, N., Karadenız, A. & Karaca, T. (2007). Effects of the Spirulina platensis and Panaxginseng oral supplementation on peripheral blood cells in rats. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire,158(10), 483-488.
  • Simsek, N., Karadeniz, A., Kalkan, Y., Keles, O.N., & Unal, B. (2009). Spirulina platensis feeding inhibited the anemia and leucopenia- induced lead and camium in rats. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164, 1304-1309.
  • Sixabela, P.S.S, Chivandi, E., Bademhorst, M., & Erlwanger, K.H. (2011). The effects of Dietary supplemenatation with Spirulina platensis in growing rats. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 1-9. Warner, A., Jethwa, P.H., Whse, C.A., I’Anson, H., Brameld, J.H. & Eblind, F.J. (2010). Effect of photoperiod on daily locomotor activity, energy, expenditure and feeding behavior in a seaonal mammal. American Journal of Physiology Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 298, 1409-1416.
  • Watanuki, H., Ota, K., Tassakka, A.C.M.A.R., Kato, T. & Sakai, M. (2006). Immunostimulanteffects of dietary Spirulina platensis on carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture, 258, 157–163 .

The effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis on morphological and hematological parameters evoked by social stress in male rats

Yıl 2019, , 21 - 27, 30.04.2019
https://doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.544154

Öz

Stress is a complex phenomenon and exposure to stress results in a series of reactions in the organism, including alterations in behaviour and various physiological changes. Role of nutrition in the maintenance of homeostatic mechanisms, including the stress, is very dense. The current study aimed to evaluate the potential effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis against mix stress models. For this purpose, 36 Sprague-Dawley male rats were allocated into four groups; 1. Control(C), 2. Stress(S), 3. S.platensis (Sp) and 4. S. platensis + Stress (SpS). S. platensis was applied to Sp and SpS groups by oral gavage (1500 mg/kg/day) for 28 days. All rats were exposed to light : dark cycle (long lightening period; 18h light : 6h dark) stress for 14 days. Also, S and SpS groups were stressed with additional mix stress by leaving in crowded environment and hosting alone under long lightening period. The animals which fed with S. platensis, shown significant changes in the numbers of circulating leukocytes, % of neutrophils, and the neutrophil : lymphocyte ratio. However, there were no significant differences in the morphological parameters. In conclusion, the possible preventive effect of S. platensis on hematological parameters was shown in a rat’s stress model of social stress which was included mix stress under long lightening period.

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Daim, M. M., Abuzead, S. M., & Halawa, S. M. (2013). Protective role of Spirulina platensis against acutedeltamethrin-induced toxicity in rats, PLoS One, 8(9), e72991.
  • Altiner, A., Atalay, H. & Bilal, T. (2017). Bir antioksidan olarak E vitamini. Balikesir Sağlik Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(3), 149-157.
  • Araujo, K. G. L., Facchınetti, A. D. & Santos, C. P. (2003). Influence of intake of Spirulina biomass on body weight and feed intake in rats. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 23(1), 6-9.
  • Armario, A., Castellanos, J. M. & Balasch, J. (1984). Effect of crowding on emotional reactivity in male rats. Neuroendocrinology, 39(4), 330–333. Azar, T. A., Sharp, S. L., & Lawson, D. M. (2008). Effect of Housing Rats in Dim Light or Long Nights on Heart Rate. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 47(4), 25-34.
  • Benyo, Z., Szabo, C., & Kova, A.P. (2007). Prevention of the hemorrhagic hypotension-induced hepatic arterial vasoconstriction by L-arginine and naloxone. Shock, 11, 342–346.
  • Boon, P., Visser, H., Daan, S. (1997). Effect of photoperiod on body mass and daily energy intake and energy expenditure in young rats. Physiology & Behavior, 62, 913-919.
  • Botsoglou, N.A., Florou-Paneri, P., Christaki, E., Fletouris, D.J. & Spais, A.B. (2002). Effect of dietary oregano essential oil on performance of chickens and on iron-induced lipid oxidation of breast, thigh and abdominal fat tissues. British Poultry Science, 43(2), 223-230.
  • Dantzer, R., Wollman, E., Vitkovic, L. & Yirmiya, R. (1999). Cytokines and depression: Fortuitous or causative association?. Molecular Psychiatry, 4, 328-332. Dawson, B., & Trapp, R.G. (2001). Basic & Clinical Biostatistics. 3rd ed. New York, USA: Lange Medical Books/McGraw International Editions. Dowdy, S. & Wearden, S. (1981). Statistics for Research. New York, USA: John Wiley & Sons Press
  • Ebling, F.J.P. (1994). Photoperiodic differences during development in the dwarf hamsters P. sungorus and P.campbelli. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 95, 475-482. Eid, F., Helal, E. G. E., & Taha, N.M. (2010). Effect of crowding stress and /or sulpiride treatment on some physiological and histological parameters in female albino rats. The Egyptian Journal of Hospital Medicine, 41, 566-589. Ernst, J. M. & Cacioppo, J. T. (1999). Lonely hearts: Psychological perspectives on loneliness. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 8(1), 1-22.
  • Francisco, N.R., Raymond, C.M., & Heideman, P.D. (2004). Short photoperiod inhibition growth inbody mass and reproduction in ACI, BUF and PVG inbred rats. Reproduction, 128, 857-862.
  • Gambardella, P., Greco, A. M., Sticchi, R., Bellotti, R. & Di Renzo G. (1994). Individual housing modulates daily rhythms of hypothalamic catecholaminergic system and circulating hormones in adult male rats. The Journal of Biological and Medical Rhythm Research, 11(4), 213-221.
  • Giralt, M. & Armario, A. (1989). Individual housing does not influence the adaptation of the pituitary–adrenal axis and other physiological variables to chronic stress in adult male rats. Physiology & Behaviour, 45(3), 477-481.
  • Gorber, S.C., Tremblay, M., Moher, D. & Gorber, B. (2007). A comparison of direct vs. self-report measures for assessing height, weight and body mass index: a systematic review. Obesity Reviews, 8(4), 307-26.
  • Harper, C. & Lawrence, C. (2011). The Laboratory Zebrafish. Florida, USA: CRC Press / Taylor & Francis Group.
  • Karkos, P.D., Leong, S.C., Karkos, C.D., Sivaji, N. & Assimakopoulos, D.A. (2011). Spirulina in clinical practice: Evidence-based human applications. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2011, article ID531053.
  • Keeling, L.J., Estevez, I., Newberry, R.C. & Correia, M.G. (2003). Production-related traits of layers reared in different sized flocks: the concept of problematic intermediate group sizes. Poultry Science, 82(9), 1393–1396.
  • Khan, M., Shobha, J.C., Mohan, I.K., Naidu, M.U., Sundaram, C., Singh, S., Kuppusamy, P. & Kutala, V.K. (2005). Protective effect of Spirulina against doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Phytotherapy Research, 19(12), 1030-1037. Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K. & Glaser, R. (2002). Depression and immune function: Central pathways to morbidity and mortality. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53(4), 873-876. Lisheng, L., Baojiang, G., Jihong, R., Guangquan, Q. & Botang, W. (1991). Inhibitive effect andmechanism of polysaccharide of Spirulina platensis on transplanted tumor cells in mice. Marine Science, 5, 33–38.
  • Marin, T.M., Cruz, F.C., & Planeta, C.S. (2007). Chronic restraint or variable stress differently affect the behavior , corticosteron secretion and body weight in rats. Physiology & Behaviour, 90(1), 29-35.
  • Markova, M., Adamekova, E., Kubatka, P., Bojkova, B., Ahlersova, E. & Ahlers, I. (2003). Effect of prolonged melatonin administration on metabolic parameters and organ weights in young male and female Sprague-dawley rats. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 72, 163-173.
  • Mawdsley, J. E. & Rampton, D. S. (2005). Psychological stress in IBD: new insights into pathogenic and therapeutic implications. Gut, 54, 1481–1491.
  • Meddings, J.B. & Swain, M.G. (2000). Environmental stress-induced gastrointestinal permeability is mediated by endogenous glucocorticoids in the rat. Gastroenterology, 119, 1019–1028.
  • Miller, A. H. (1998). Neuroendocrine and immune system interactions in stress and depression. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21(2), 443-463. Moffatt, C.A., Bennett, S.A. & Nelson, R.J. (1991). Effects of photoperiod and 6-methoxy 2- benzoxazolinone on male-induced estrus in Praitie vole. Physiology & Behaviour, 49, 27-31.
  • Moreira, L.M., Rocha, A.S.R., Rıbeıro, C.L.G., Rodrıgues, R.S. & Soares, L.S. (2011). Nutritional evaluation of single-cell protein produced by Spirulina platensis. African Journal of Food Science, 5(15), 799-805.
  • Nasirian, F., Mesbahzadeh, B., Maleki, S.A., Mogharnasi, M. & Kor, N.M. (2017). The effects of oral supplementation ofspirulina platensis microalgae on hematologicalparameters in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. American Journal of Translational Research, 9(12), 5238-5244
  • Nelson, R.J., Moffatt, C.A., & Goldman, B.D. (1994). Reproductive and non-reproductiveresponsiveness to photoperiod in laboratory rats. Journal of Pineal Research, 17, 123.
  • Park, H.J., Lee, Y.J., Ryu, H.K., Kim, M.H., Chung, H.W. & Kim, W.Y. (2008). A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study to establish the effects of spirulina in elderly Koreans. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 52, 322-328.
  • Peng, X., Lang, C.M., Drozdowicz, C.K. & Ohlsson-Wilhelm, B.M. (1989). Effect of cage population density on plasma corticosterone and peripheral lymphocyte populations of laboratory mice. Laboratory Animals, 23, 302–306.
  • Poyraz, O. (2000). Laboratuvar Hayvanları Bilimi. Ankara, Türkiye: Kardelen Yayınevi.
  • Promya, J. & Chitmanat, C. (2011). The effects of Spirulina platensis and Cladophora algae on the growth performance, meat quality and immunity stimulating capacity of the African sharptooth catfish (Clarias gariepinus). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 13, 77–82.
  • Sejian, V., Maurya, V.P., & Naqvi, S.M.K. (2011). Effect of thermal stress, restricted feeding and combined stresses (thermal stress and restricted feeding) on growth and plasma reproductive hormone levels of Malpura ewes under semiarid tropical environment. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 95(2), 252– 258.
  • Sengezer, E. & Güngör, T. (2008). Esansiyel yağların hayvanlar üzerindeki etkileri. Lalahan Hayvan Arastırma Enstitüsü Dergisi, 48(2), 101-110.
  • Seyidoglu, N. & Galip N. (2014). Effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Spirulina platensis on Growth Performances and Biochemical Parameters in Rabbits. Journal of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Kafkas University, 20, 331-336.
  • Seyidoglu, N., Inan, S., & Aydin C. (2017). A Prominent Superfood: Spirulina platensis, In N. Shiomi, V. Waisundara (Ed). Superfood and Functional Food The Development of Superfoods and Their Roles as Medicine (pp. 1-27). Zagreb, Croita: InTech.
  • Seyidoglu N., Galip N., Budak F., & Uzabaci E. (2017a). The Effects Of Spirulina platensis And Saccharomyces cerevisiae On The Distribution and Cytokine Production Of CD4+ And CD8+ T-Lymphocytes In Rabbits. Australian Journal of Veterinary Sciences, 49, 185-190.
  • Sharp, J.L., Zammit, T.G., Azar, T.A. & Lawson, D.M. (2002). Stress-like responses to common procedures in male rats housed alone or with other rats. American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 41(4), 8-14.
  • Shöamker, M.B. & Heideman, P.D. (2002). Reduced body mass, food intake and testis size in response to short photoperiod in adult F344 rats. BMC Physiology, 2(11).
  • Simsek, N., Karadenız, A. & Karaca, T. (2007). Effects of the Spirulina platensis and Panaxginseng oral supplementation on peripheral blood cells in rats. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire,158(10), 483-488.
  • Simsek, N., Karadeniz, A., Kalkan, Y., Keles, O.N., & Unal, B. (2009). Spirulina platensis feeding inhibited the anemia and leucopenia- induced lead and camium in rats. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 164, 1304-1309.
  • Sixabela, P.S.S, Chivandi, E., Bademhorst, M., & Erlwanger, K.H. (2011). The effects of Dietary supplemenatation with Spirulina platensis in growing rats. Asian Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 1-9. Warner, A., Jethwa, P.H., Whse, C.A., I’Anson, H., Brameld, J.H. & Eblind, F.J. (2010). Effect of photoperiod on daily locomotor activity, energy, expenditure and feeding behavior in a seaonal mammal. American Journal of Physiology Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 298, 1409-1416.
  • Watanuki, H., Ota, K., Tassakka, A.C.M.A.R., Kato, T. & Sakai, M. (2006). Immunostimulanteffects of dietary Spirulina platensis on carp, Cyprinus carpio. Aquaculture, 258, 157–163 .
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Cerrahi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Nilay Seyidoglu

Rovshan Gurbanli Bu kişi benim

Eda Köseli Bu kişi benim

Fahrunisa Cengiz

Cenk Aydin Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

APA Seyidoglu, N., Gurbanli, R., Köseli, E., Cengiz, F., vd. (2019). The effects of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis on morphological and hematological parameters evoked by social stress in male rats. Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences, 3(1), 21-27. https://doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.544154

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