Electron microscopy and histopathological examination of canine papilomavirus

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 84 - 89, 31.08.2022

Bilge Kaan Tekelioğlu

https://doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.1106150

Öz

Diagnosis of canine papillomavirus (CPV) infection by histopathology, transmission and scanning electron microscopy is presented. The study is based on data obtained by examining nonregressing papillomas (warts) from naturally infected dogs with clinical manifestations of CPV infection. Papules on the mouth and lips were common bilaterally in all dogs. Confirmatory diagnosis of sick dogs was made by clinical findings, histopathology, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Histopathological examination of hematoxylin and eosin stained papillomas revealed lymphoplasmocytic cell infiltration and fibrosis, parakeratosis in the dermis, papillary proliferation and intranuclear vacuole degeneration in the stratum spinosum. Electron microscopy demonstrated viral icosahedral capsid formation and non-enveloped viral structure of CPV. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated viral particles and virions in the nuclei of infected cells, viral crystal mode formation in the nucleus. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated virions and virus-like particles budding in the infected tissue. The findings of the study reveal that electron microscopy and histopathology are effective and sensitive methods in the diagnosis of CPV infection. Electron microscopy is the only imaging technique that allows direct visualization of viruses, along with affected tissues and cells, due to its nanometer-scale resolution. This study reveals the intracellular and extracellular viral pathogenesis, viral ultra structure and structural components of CPV. Present findings indicate canine papillomavirus causes canine papillomatosis, inclusion bodies are common in nonregressive infection, papillomavirus induces cytopathic effect and pathogenesis, viral particles located in the cell and forms crystal mode in nuclear space.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Canine Papillomavirus, scanning electron miceoscopy, transmission electron microscopy, histopathology, viral particles

Teşekkür

I would like to thank Çukurova University Central Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine Histology and Embryology Department and Apatoloji Veterinary Diagnosis Laboratory for their professional cooperation in this study.

Kaynakça

• Bernard, H. U., Burk, R. D., Chen, Z., van Doorslaer, K., zur Hausen, H., & de Villiers, E. M. (2010). Classification of papillomaviruses (PVs) based on 189 PV types and proposal of taxonomic amendments. Virology, 401(1), 70–79.
• Bianchi, M, V., Renata, A, C., Tatiane, T, N, W., Wouters, A, T, B., Wouters, F., Boos, G, S., Menegat, M, B., Driemeier, D. (2012). Canine papillomatosis: a retrospective study of 24 cases (2001-2011) and immunohistochemical characterization. Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 32(7), 653-657.
• Chang, C.-Y., Yamashita-Kawanishi, N., Tomizawa, S., Liu, I.-L., Chen, W.-T., Chang, Y.-C., Huang, W.-H., Tsai, P.-S., Shirota, K., Chambers, J. K., Uchida, K., Haga, T., & Chang, H.-W. (2020). Whole Genomic Analysis and Comparison of Two Canine Papillomavirus Type 9 Strains in Malignant and Benign Skin Lesions. Viruses, 12(7), 736. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12070736
• Goldsmith, C. S., & Miller, S. E. (2009). Modern Uses of Electron Microscopy for Detection of Viruses. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 22 (4), 552-563.
• Doorslaer, K ,V., Chen, Z., Bernard, H-U., Chan, P, K, S., DeSalle, R., Dillner, J., Forslund, O., Haga, T., McBride, A, A., Villa, L, L., & Burk, D, R., (2018). Ictv Report Consortium, ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Papillomaviridae. Journal of General Virology 3(891). DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001105
• Christian, L., & Claude, F. (2011). Canine Papillomaviruses. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice 41, 1183-1195. DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.08.003.
• ICTV. (2018, June). Papillomaviridae. https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv-reports/ictv_online_ report/dsdna-viruses/ w/ papillomaviridae.
• Lange, C. E., Zollinger, S., Tobler, K., Ackermann, M., & Favrot, C. (2011). Clinically healthy skin of dogs is a potential reservoir for canine papillomaviruses. Journal of clinical microbiology, 49(2), 707–709. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02047-10
• Martins, R, H, G., Dias, N, H., Gregório, E, A., Marques, M, A., da Silva, M, G., & Candeias, J, M, G. (2008). Laryngeal papillomatosis: morphological study by light and electron microscopy of the HPV-6. Brazilian Journal Of Otorhinolaryngology 74(4), 539-543.
• Murphy, F, A., Gibbs, E, P, J., Horzinek, M, C., & Studdert, M. (1999). Veterinary and Zoonotic Viral Diseases in Veterinary Virology 3rd ed. (pp. 335-342). London, UK: Elsevier.
• Narama, I., Kobayashi, Y., Yamagami, T., Ozaki, K., & Ueda, Y. (2005). Pigmented cutaneous papillomatosis (pigmented epidermal nevus) in three pug dogs; histopathology, electron microscopy and analysis of viral DNA by the polymerase chain reaction. Journal of comparative pathology, 132(2-3), 132–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2004.09.002
• Richert-Pöggeler, K, R., Franzke, K., Hipp, K., & Kleespies, R, G. (2019) Electron Microscopy Methods for Virus Diagnosis and High Resolution Analysis of Viruses. Frontiers in Microbiology 9, 3255. DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03255
• Nicholls, P. K., & Stanley, M. A. (1999). Canine papillomavirus--A centenary review. Journal of comparative pathology, 120(3), 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1053/jcpa.1998.0278
• Ogawa T, Tomita Y, Okada M, et al. Broad-spectrum detection of papillomaviruses in bovine teat papillomas and healthy teat skin. Gen Virol 2004; 85(8):2191-2197.
• Plattner, B. L., & Hostetter, J. M. (2009). Cutaneous Viral Papilloma with Local Extension and Subungual Cyst Formation in a Dog. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 21(4), 551–554. https://doi.org/10.1177/104063870902100423
• Roingeard, P., Raynal, P. I., Eymieux, S., & Blanchard, E. (2018). Virus detection by transmission electron microscopy: Still useful for diagnosis and a plus for biosafety. Reviews in Medical Virology, 29 (1), 1-9.
• Sykes, J.,& Luff, J, A. (2014). Viral papillomatosis. In: Skyes JE (ed.), Canine and Feline Infectious Diseases (pp.261-268). Missouri, US: Saunders-Elsevier.
• Sterling, J. C., Gibbs, S., Haque Hussain, S. S., Mohd Mustapa, M. F., & Handfield-Jones, S. E. (2014). British Association of Dermatologists' guidelines for the management of cutaneous warts 2014. The British journal of dermatology, 171(4), 696–712. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.13310
• Tan, M.T., Yıldırım, Y., Sozmen, M., Dağalp, S.B., Yilmaz, V.A., Kirmizigül, A.H., & Gökçe, E. (2012). A Histopathological, Immunohistochemical and Molecular Study of Cutaneous Bovine Papillomatosis. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 18, 739-744.
• Tekelioglu, B, K., Parkan, C., Yılmaz, A., Turan, N., Gurel, A., Berber, K., Haktanir, D., Sonmez, K., Noelle-Issautier, M., & Yilmaz, H. (2017). Clinical outcome of Canine papillomatosisafter ThuyaOccidentalis 9Ch-Silicea 7 CH, Tarantula cubensisvenom and levamisole-azythromicin treatment. Bulgrian Veterinary Journal 20(1), 249-255.
• Watrach, A. M. (1969). The ultrastructure of canine cutaneous papilloma. Cancer Research, 29, 2079-2084.
• Wang, J., Zhou, D., Prabhu, A., Schlegel, R., & Yuan, H. (2010). The Canine Papillomavirus and Gamma HPV E7 Proteins Use an Alternative Domain to Bind and Destabilize the Retinoblastoma Protein. PLOS Pathogens 6(9): e1001089. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal. ppat.1001089