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Herbal compounds used in canine cognitive dysfunction

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 159 - 165, 31.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.1495189

Öz

The prevalence of chronic diseases in dogs has been increasing due to their longer life spans. One of the diseases developing with age is Canine Cognitive Dysfunction (CCD) and it is a neurodegenerative disease that affects geriatric dogs. In dogs with cognitive dysfunction, behavioral changes such as anxiety, alterations in sleep patterns, and house soiling can be observed. The treatment protocols used for Canine Cognitive Dysfunction focus on alleviating the symptoms of the disease. Since this dysfunction cannot be cured, in addition to medications, lifestyle changes and dietary interventions are used to manage the symptoms. Herbal compounds frequently used in CCD have been the topic of recent studies. This review article presents the herbal compounds that can be used in dogs with CCD and summarizes the findings from studies on these supplements.

Kaynakça

  • Akinyemi, A. J., Okonkwo, P. K., Faboya, O. A., Onikanni, S. A., Fadaka, A., Olayide, I., Akinyemi, E. O., & Oboh, G. (2017). Curcumin improves episodic memory in cadmium induced memory impairment through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and adenosine deaminase activities in a rat model. Metabolic Brain Disease, 32(1), 87–95.
  • Ames, B. N., Shigenaga, M. K., & Hagen, T. M. (1993). Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 90(17), 7915–7922.
  • Amieva, H., Meillon, C., Helmer, C., Barberger-Gateau, P., & Dartigues, J. F. (2013). Ginkgo biloba extract and long-term cognitive decline: a 20-year follow-up population-based study. PloS One, 8(1), e52755.
  • Araujo, J. A., Landsberg, G. M., Milgram, N. W., & Miolo, A. (2008). Improvement of short-term memory performance in aged beagles by a nutraceutical supplement containing phosphatidylserine, Ginkgo biloba, vitamin E, and pyridoxine. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 49(4), 379–385.
  • Bellows, J., Colitz, C. M., Daristotle, L., Ingram, D. K., Lepine, A., Marks, S. L., Sanderson, S. L., Tomlinson, J., & Zhang, J. (2015). Defining healthy aging in older dogs and differentiating healthy aging from disease. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 246(1), 77–89.
  • Borràs, D., Ferrer, I., & Pumarola, M. (1999). Age-related changes in the brain of the dog. Veterinary Pathology, 36(3), 202–211.
  • Brace J. J. (1981). Theories of aging: an overview. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 11(4), 811–814.
  • Chen, D., Huang, C., & Chen, Z. (2019). A review for the pharmacological effect of lycopene in central nervous system disorders. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 111, 791–801.
  • Colle M-A, Hauw J-J, Crespeau, F., Uchihara, T., Akiyama, H., Checler, F., Pageat, P., & Duykaerts, C. (2000). Vascular and parenchymal abeta deposition in the aging dog: correlation with behavior. Neurobiology of Aging, 21(5), 695–704.
  • Cotman, C. W., Head, E., Muggenburg, B. A., Zicker, S., & Milgram, N. W. (2002). Brain aging in the canine: a diet enriched in antioxidants reduces cognitive dysfunction. Neurobiology of Aging, 23(5), 809–818.
  • Cox, K. H. M., White, D. J., Pipingas, A., Poorun, K., & Scholey, A. (2020). Further evidence of benefits to mood and working memory from lipidated curcumin in healthy older people: A 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, partial replication study. Nutrients, 12(6), 1678.
  • Crook, T., Petrie, W., Wells, C., & Massari, D. C. (1992). Effects of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 28(1), 61–66.
  • Cummings, B. J., Head, E., Afagh, A. J., Milgram, N. W., & Cotman, C. W. (1996). Beta-amyloid accumulation correlates with cognitive dysfunction in the aged canine. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 66(1), 11–23.
  • Cummings, B. J., Head, E., Ruehl, W., Milgram, N. W., & Cotman, C. W. (1996). The canine as an animal model of human aging and dementia. Neurobiology of Aging, 17(2), 259–268.
  • Dewey, C. W., Rishniw, M., Sakovitch, K., & Hollenbeck, J. (2023). Oral administration of an integrative supplement (CogniCaps®) improves cognitive scores in aging dogs with canine cognitive dysfunction for at least two months: An open-label investigation in 10 dogs. Open Veterinary Journal, 13(2), 188–192.
  • Fragua, V., Lepoudère, A., Leray, V., Baron, C., Araujo, J. A., Nguyen, P., & Milgram, N. W. (2017). Effects of dietary supplementation with a mixed blueberry and grape extract on working memory in aged beagle dogs. Journal of Nutritional Science, 6, e35.
  • Fast, R., Schütt, T., Toft, N., Møller, A., & Berendt, M. (2013). An observational study with long-term follow-up of canine cognitive dysfunction: clinical characteristics, survival, and risk factors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 27(4), 822–829.
  • Floyd, R. A., West, M., & Hensley, K. (2001). Oxidative biochemical markers; clues to understanding aging in long-lived species. Experimental Gerontology, 36(4-6), 619–640.
  • Fragua, V., Lepoudère, A., Leray, V., Baron, C., Araujo, J. A., Nguyen, P., & Milgram, N. W. (2017). Effects of dietary supplementation with a mixed blueberry and grape extract on working memory in aged beagle dogs. Journal of Nutritional Science, 6, e35.
  • Francisqueti-Ferron, F. V., Ferron, A. J. T., Garcia, J. L., Silva, C. C. V. A., Costa, M. R., Gregolin, C. S., Moreto, F., Ferreira, A. L. A., Minatel, I. O., & Correa, C. R. (2019). Basic Concepts on the Role of Nuclear Factor Erythroid-Derived 2-Like 2 (Nrf2) in Age-Related Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(13), 3208.
  • Gold, P. E., Cahill, L., & Wenk, G. L. (2002). Ginkgo biloba: A Cognitive Enhancer?. Psychological science in the public interest : The Journal of the American Psychological Society, 3(1), 2–11.
  • Harvey N. D. (2021). How Old Is My Dog? Identification of Rational Age Groupings in Pet Dogs Based Upon Normative Age-Linked Processes. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, 643085.
  • Head E. (2009). Oxidative damage and cognitive dysfunction: antioxidant treatments to promote healthy brain aging. Neurochemical Research, 34(4), 670–678.
  • Head, E., Liu, J., Hagen, T. M., Muggenburg, B. A., Milgram, N. W., Ames, B. N., & Cotman, C. W. (2002). Oxidative damage increases with age in a canine model of human brain aging. Journal of Neurochemistry, 82(2), 375–381.
  • Head, E., McCleary, R., Hahn, F. F., Milgram, N. W., & Cotman, C. W. (2000). Region-specific age at onset of beta-amyloid in dogs. Neurobiology of Aging, 21(1), 89–96. Head, E., Nukala, V. N., Fenoglio, K. A., Muggenburg, B. A., Cotman, C. W., & Sullivan, P. G. (2009). Effects of age, dietary, and behavioral enrichment on brain mitochondria in a canine model of human aging. Experimental Neurology, 220(1), 171–176.
  • Head, E., Pop, V., Sarsoza, F., Kayed, R., Beckett, T. L., Studzinski, C. M., Tomic, J. L., Glabe, C. G., & Murphy, M. P. (2010). Amyloid-beta peptide and oligomers in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of aged canines. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 20(2), 637–646.
  • Herholz K. (2008). Acetylcholine esterase activity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. European Fournal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 35 Suppl 1, S25–S29.
  • Inoue, M., Kwan, N. C. L., & Sugiura, K. (2018). Estimating the life expectancy of companion dogs in Japan using pet cemetery data. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 80(7), 1153–1158.
  • Kidd, P. M. (1996). Phosphatidylserine; Membrane nutrient for memory. A clinical and mechanistic assessment. Alternative Medicine Review, 1(2), 70-84.
  • Koltai, M., Hosford, D., Guinot, P., Esanu, A., & Braquet, P. (1991). Platelet activating factor (PAF). A review of its effects, antagonists and possible future clinical implications (Part I). Drugs, 42(1), 9–29.
  • Kuhad, A., Sethi, R., & Chopra, K. (2008). Lycopene attenuates diabetes-associated cognitive decline in rats. Life Sciences, 83(3-4), 128–134.
  • Landsberg, G., & Araujo, J. A. (2005). Behavior problems in geriatric pets. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 35(3), 675–698.
  • Lee, Mi-Jin, Miey Park, and Hae-Jeung Lee. (2022). "Dietary Supplemented Anthocyanin Reduced Serum Amyloid Beta Oligomers and Improved Cognitive Dysfunction Scores in Elderly Dogs" Applied Sciences 12, no. 23: 12130.
  • Liu, J., & Mori, A. (1999). Stress, aging, and brain oxidative damage. Neurochemical research, 24(11), 1479–1497.
  • Milgram, N. W., Araujo, J. A., Hagen, T. M., Treadwell, B. V., & Ames, B. N. (2007). Acetyl-L-carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid supplementation of aged beagle dogs improves learning in two landmark discrimination tests. FASEB Journal, 21(13), 3756–3762.
  • Montoya, M., Morrison, J. A., Arrignon, F., Spofford, N., Charles, H., Hours, M. A., & Biourge, V. (2023). Life expectancy tables for dogs and cats derived from clinical data. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1082102.
  • Moreta, M. P., Burgos-Alonso, N., Torrecilla, M., Marco-Contelles, J., & Bruzos-Cidón, C. (2021). Efficacy of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors on Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Disease. Review of Reviews. Biomedicines, 9(11), 1689.
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Yıl 2024, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 159 - 165, 31.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.1495189

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Akinyemi, A. J., Okonkwo, P. K., Faboya, O. A., Onikanni, S. A., Fadaka, A., Olayide, I., Akinyemi, E. O., & Oboh, G. (2017). Curcumin improves episodic memory in cadmium induced memory impairment through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and adenosine deaminase activities in a rat model. Metabolic Brain Disease, 32(1), 87–95.
  • Ames, B. N., Shigenaga, M. K., & Hagen, T. M. (1993). Oxidants, antioxidants, and the degenerative diseases of aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 90(17), 7915–7922.
  • Amieva, H., Meillon, C., Helmer, C., Barberger-Gateau, P., & Dartigues, J. F. (2013). Ginkgo biloba extract and long-term cognitive decline: a 20-year follow-up population-based study. PloS One, 8(1), e52755.
  • Araujo, J. A., Landsberg, G. M., Milgram, N. W., & Miolo, A. (2008). Improvement of short-term memory performance in aged beagles by a nutraceutical supplement containing phosphatidylserine, Ginkgo biloba, vitamin E, and pyridoxine. The Canadian Veterinary Journal, 49(4), 379–385.
  • Bellows, J., Colitz, C. M., Daristotle, L., Ingram, D. K., Lepine, A., Marks, S. L., Sanderson, S. L., Tomlinson, J., & Zhang, J. (2015). Defining healthy aging in older dogs and differentiating healthy aging from disease. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 246(1), 77–89.
  • Borràs, D., Ferrer, I., & Pumarola, M. (1999). Age-related changes in the brain of the dog. Veterinary Pathology, 36(3), 202–211.
  • Brace J. J. (1981). Theories of aging: an overview. The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 11(4), 811–814.
  • Chen, D., Huang, C., & Chen, Z. (2019). A review for the pharmacological effect of lycopene in central nervous system disorders. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 111, 791–801.
  • Colle M-A, Hauw J-J, Crespeau, F., Uchihara, T., Akiyama, H., Checler, F., Pageat, P., & Duykaerts, C. (2000). Vascular and parenchymal abeta deposition in the aging dog: correlation with behavior. Neurobiology of Aging, 21(5), 695–704.
  • Cotman, C. W., Head, E., Muggenburg, B. A., Zicker, S., & Milgram, N. W. (2002). Brain aging in the canine: a diet enriched in antioxidants reduces cognitive dysfunction. Neurobiology of Aging, 23(5), 809–818.
  • Cox, K. H. M., White, D. J., Pipingas, A., Poorun, K., & Scholey, A. (2020). Further evidence of benefits to mood and working memory from lipidated curcumin in healthy older people: A 12-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled, partial replication study. Nutrients, 12(6), 1678.
  • Crook, T., Petrie, W., Wells, C., & Massari, D. C. (1992). Effects of phosphatidylserine in Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 28(1), 61–66.
  • Cummings, B. J., Head, E., Afagh, A. J., Milgram, N. W., & Cotman, C. W. (1996). Beta-amyloid accumulation correlates with cognitive dysfunction in the aged canine. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 66(1), 11–23.
  • Cummings, B. J., Head, E., Ruehl, W., Milgram, N. W., & Cotman, C. W. (1996). The canine as an animal model of human aging and dementia. Neurobiology of Aging, 17(2), 259–268.
  • Dewey, C. W., Rishniw, M., Sakovitch, K., & Hollenbeck, J. (2023). Oral administration of an integrative supplement (CogniCaps®) improves cognitive scores in aging dogs with canine cognitive dysfunction for at least two months: An open-label investigation in 10 dogs. Open Veterinary Journal, 13(2), 188–192.
  • Fragua, V., Lepoudère, A., Leray, V., Baron, C., Araujo, J. A., Nguyen, P., & Milgram, N. W. (2017). Effects of dietary supplementation with a mixed blueberry and grape extract on working memory in aged beagle dogs. Journal of Nutritional Science, 6, e35.
  • Fast, R., Schütt, T., Toft, N., Møller, A., & Berendt, M. (2013). An observational study with long-term follow-up of canine cognitive dysfunction: clinical characteristics, survival, and risk factors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 27(4), 822–829.
  • Floyd, R. A., West, M., & Hensley, K. (2001). Oxidative biochemical markers; clues to understanding aging in long-lived species. Experimental Gerontology, 36(4-6), 619–640.
  • Fragua, V., Lepoudère, A., Leray, V., Baron, C., Araujo, J. A., Nguyen, P., & Milgram, N. W. (2017). Effects of dietary supplementation with a mixed blueberry and grape extract on working memory in aged beagle dogs. Journal of Nutritional Science, 6, e35.
  • Francisqueti-Ferron, F. V., Ferron, A. J. T., Garcia, J. L., Silva, C. C. V. A., Costa, M. R., Gregolin, C. S., Moreto, F., Ferreira, A. L. A., Minatel, I. O., & Correa, C. R. (2019). Basic Concepts on the Role of Nuclear Factor Erythroid-Derived 2-Like 2 (Nrf2) in Age-Related Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(13), 3208.
  • Gold, P. E., Cahill, L., & Wenk, G. L. (2002). Ginkgo biloba: A Cognitive Enhancer?. Psychological science in the public interest : The Journal of the American Psychological Society, 3(1), 2–11.
  • Harvey N. D. (2021). How Old Is My Dog? Identification of Rational Age Groupings in Pet Dogs Based Upon Normative Age-Linked Processes. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 8, 643085.
  • Head E. (2009). Oxidative damage and cognitive dysfunction: antioxidant treatments to promote healthy brain aging. Neurochemical Research, 34(4), 670–678.
  • Head, E., Liu, J., Hagen, T. M., Muggenburg, B. A., Milgram, N. W., Ames, B. N., & Cotman, C. W. (2002). Oxidative damage increases with age in a canine model of human brain aging. Journal of Neurochemistry, 82(2), 375–381.
  • Head, E., McCleary, R., Hahn, F. F., Milgram, N. W., & Cotman, C. W. (2000). Region-specific age at onset of beta-amyloid in dogs. Neurobiology of Aging, 21(1), 89–96. Head, E., Nukala, V. N., Fenoglio, K. A., Muggenburg, B. A., Cotman, C. W., & Sullivan, P. G. (2009). Effects of age, dietary, and behavioral enrichment on brain mitochondria in a canine model of human aging. Experimental Neurology, 220(1), 171–176.
  • Head, E., Pop, V., Sarsoza, F., Kayed, R., Beckett, T. L., Studzinski, C. M., Tomic, J. L., Glabe, C. G., & Murphy, M. P. (2010). Amyloid-beta peptide and oligomers in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid of aged canines. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 20(2), 637–646.
  • Herholz K. (2008). Acetylcholine esterase activity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. European Fournal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, 35 Suppl 1, S25–S29.
  • Inoue, M., Kwan, N. C. L., & Sugiura, K. (2018). Estimating the life expectancy of companion dogs in Japan using pet cemetery data. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 80(7), 1153–1158.
  • Kidd, P. M. (1996). Phosphatidylserine; Membrane nutrient for memory. A clinical and mechanistic assessment. Alternative Medicine Review, 1(2), 70-84.
  • Koltai, M., Hosford, D., Guinot, P., Esanu, A., & Braquet, P. (1991). Platelet activating factor (PAF). A review of its effects, antagonists and possible future clinical implications (Part I). Drugs, 42(1), 9–29.
  • Kuhad, A., Sethi, R., & Chopra, K. (2008). Lycopene attenuates diabetes-associated cognitive decline in rats. Life Sciences, 83(3-4), 128–134.
  • Landsberg, G., & Araujo, J. A. (2005). Behavior problems in geriatric pets. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 35(3), 675–698.
  • Lee, Mi-Jin, Miey Park, and Hae-Jeung Lee. (2022). "Dietary Supplemented Anthocyanin Reduced Serum Amyloid Beta Oligomers and Improved Cognitive Dysfunction Scores in Elderly Dogs" Applied Sciences 12, no. 23: 12130.
  • Liu, J., & Mori, A. (1999). Stress, aging, and brain oxidative damage. Neurochemical research, 24(11), 1479–1497.
  • Milgram, N. W., Araujo, J. A., Hagen, T. M., Treadwell, B. V., & Ames, B. N. (2007). Acetyl-L-carnitine and alpha-lipoic acid supplementation of aged beagle dogs improves learning in two landmark discrimination tests. FASEB Journal, 21(13), 3756–3762.
  • Montoya, M., Morrison, J. A., Arrignon, F., Spofford, N., Charles, H., Hours, M. A., & Biourge, V. (2023). Life expectancy tables for dogs and cats derived from clinical data. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1082102.
  • Moreta, M. P., Burgos-Alonso, N., Torrecilla, M., Marco-Contelles, J., & Bruzos-Cidón, C. (2021). Efficacy of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors on Cognitive Function in Alzheimer's Disease. Review of Reviews. Biomedicines, 9(11), 1689.
  • Naomi, R., Yazid, M. D., Teoh, S. H., Balan, S. S., Shariff, H., Kumar, J., Bahari, H., & Embong, H. (2023). Dietary Polyphenols as a Protection against Cognitive Decline: Evidence from Animal Experiments; Mechanisms and Limitations. Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland), 12(5), 1054.
  • Okuda, M., Fujita, Y., & Sugimoto, H. (2019). The Additive Effects of Low Dose Intake of Ferulic Acid, Phosphatidylserine and Curcumin, Not Alone, Improve Cognitive Function in APPswe/PS1dE9 Transgenic Mice. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 42(10), 1694–1706.
  • Osella, M.C., Re, G., Odore, R., Girardi, C., Badino, P., Barbero, R., & Bergamasco, L. (2007). Canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome: Prevalence, clinical signs and treatment with a neuroprotective nutraceutical. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 105, 297-310.
  • Oyama, Y., Fuchs, P. A., Katayama, N., & Noda, K. (1994). Myricetin and quercetin, the flavonoid constituents of Ginkgo biloba extract, greatly reduce oxidative metabolism in both resting and Ca(2+)-loaded brain neurons. Brain Research, 635(1-2), 125–129.
  • Pop, V., Head, E., Hill, M. A., Gillen, D., Berchtold, N. C., Muggenburg, B. A., Milgram, N. W., Murphy, M. P., & Cotman, C. W. (2010). Synergistic effects of long-term antioxidant diet and behavioral enrichment on beta-amyloid load and non-amyloidogenic processing in aged canines. The Journal of Neuroscience, 30(29), 9831–9839.
  • Ramesh C. Gupta, Ajay Srivastava, Rajiv Lall (2019). Nutraceuticals for Cognitive Dysfunction. In Ramesh et al., (Ed). Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine. (pp:404). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Cham.
  • Rao, P. P., Mohamed, T., Teckwani, K., & Tin, G. (2015). Curcumin Binding to Beta Amyloid: A Computational Study. Chemical Biology & Drug Design, 86(4), 813–820.
  • Reichling, J., Frater-Schröder, M., Herzog, K., Bucher, S., & Saller, R. (2006). Reduction of behavioural disturbances in elderly dogs supplemented with a standardised Ginkgo leaf extract. Schweizer Archiv fur Tierheilkunde, 148(5), 257–263.
  • Salvin, H. E., McGreevy, P. D., Sachdev, P. S., & Valenzuela, M. J. (2011). Growing old gracefully—Behavioral changes associated with “successful aging” in the dog, Canis familiaris. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 6(6), 313–320.
  • Salvin, H. E., McGreevy, P. D., Sachdev, P. S., & Valenzuela, M. J. (2010). Under diagnosis of canine cognitive dysfunction: a cross-sectional survey of older companion dogs. Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997), 184(3), 277–281.
  • Salvin, H. E., McGreevy, P. D., Sachdev, P. S., & Valenzuela, M. J. (2011). The canine cognitive dysfunction rating scale (CCDR): a data-driven and ecologically relevant assessment tool. Veterinary Journal (London, England : 1997), 188(3), 331–336.
  • Sechi, S., Chiavolelli, F., Spissu, N., Di Cerbo, A., Canello, S., Guidetti, G., Fiore, F., & Cocco, R. (2015). An Antioxidant Dietary Supplement Improves Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels in Serum of Aged Dogs: Preliminary Results. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 2015, 412501.
  • Shay, K. P., Moreau, R. F., Smith, E. J., Smith, A. R., & Hagen, T. M. (2009). Alpha-lipoic acid as a dietary supplement: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1790(10), 1149–1160.
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  • Tapp, P. D., Siwak, C. T., Gao, F. Q., Chiou, J. Y., Black, S. E., Head, E., Muggenburg, B. A., Cotman, C. W., Milgram, N. W., & Su, M. Y. (2004). Frontal lobe volume, function, and beta-amyloid pathology in a canine model of aging. The Journal of Neuroscience, 24(38), 8205–8213.
  • Thapa, A., Jett, S. D., & Chi, E. Y. (2016). Curcumin Attenuates Amyloid-β Aggregate Toxicity and Modulates Amyloid-β Aggregation Pathway. ACS Chemical Neuroscience, 7(1), 56–68.
  • Tsakiris, S., & Deliconstantinos, G. (1984). Influence of phosphatidylserine on (Na+ + K+)-stimulated ATPase and acetylcholinesterase activities of dog brain synaptosomal plasma membranes. The Biochemical Journal, 220(1), 301–307.
  • Ye, M., Han, B. H., Kim, J. S., Kim, K., & Shim, I. (2020). Neuroprotective effect of bean phosphatidylserine on TMT-induced memory deficits in a rat model. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(14), 4901.
  • Zanotti, A., Valzelli, L., & Toffano, G. (1989). Chronic phosphatidylserine treatment improves spatial memory and passive avoidance in aged rats. Psychopharmacology, 99(3), 316–321.
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  • Zhao, B., Liu, H., Wang, J., Liu, P., Tan, X., Ren, B., Liu, Z., & Liu, X. (2018). Lycopene Supplementation Attenuates Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Cognitive Impairment in Aged CD-1 Mice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 66(12), 3127–3136.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Derleme Makaleler
Yazarlar

Gülşah Emre Mantar 0009-0004-9940-3316

Gülcan Demirel 0000-0002-6864-5134

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 27 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Emre Mantar, G., & Demirel, G. (2024). Herbal compounds used in canine cognitive dysfunction. Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences, 8(2), 159-165. https://doi.org/10.30704/http-www-jivs-net.1495189

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