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Effects of breed and sex on platelet and white blood cell counts in equine platelet-rich plasma and peripheral blood

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 107 - 114, 31.08.2025

Öz

Giriş: Plateletten zengin plazma (PRP), at hekimliğinde giderek daha fazla kullanılmaktadır; ancak bileşimi ve tedavi etkinliği, hazırlama yöntemleri ve ırk ile cinsiyet gibi içsel faktörlere bağlı olarak değişkenlik göstermektedir.

Amaç: Safkan İngiliz (TB) ve Arap (PA) atlarında, periferik kan ve PRP’deki platelet (PLT) ve beyaz kan hücresi (WBC) sayılarına ırk ve cinsiyetin etkilerini değerlendirmek.

Yöntem: Üç ile altı yaş arası, klinik olarak sağlıklı 41 yarış atı (23 TB, 18 PA) çalışmaya dahil edildi. PRP üç basamaklı santrifügasyon protokolü ile hazırlandı. PLT ve WBC sayımları otomatik hematoloji analizörü ile yapıldı ve mikroskobik olarak doğrulandı. Veriler t-testi veya Mann–Whitney U testi ile analiz edildi (p < 0,05).

Bulgular: Periferik WBC sayıları TB atlarında PA atlarına göre anlamlı derecede yüksekti (8,79 ± 1,28 vs. 7,60 ± 1,67 ×10³/µL; p = 0,013). Periferik PLT sayıları ise ırka göre farklılık göstermedi (p = 0,269). PRP PLT sayıları TB atlarında PA atlarına göre daha yüksekti (845,77 ± 316,34 vs. 647,00 ± 213,84 ×10³/µL; p = 0,033). Cinsiyet açısından değerlendirildiğinde, periferik WBC (p = 0,720) ve PLT sayılarında (p = 0,423) anlamlı bir fark bulunmadı. Ancak PRP’de erkeklerde WBC sayıları dişilere göre daha yüksekti (52,97 ± 29,72 vs. 40,37 ± 20,05/µL; p = 0,039). PRP PLT sayıları ise cinsiyete göre farklılık göstermedi (p = 0,445).

Sonuç: Irk ve cinsiyet, atlarda PRP’nin hücresel bileşimini etkilemektedir. Safkan İngilizler, Araplara kıyasla daha yüksek PRP platelet konsantrasyonları üretmekte, erkekler ise dişilere göre daha yüksek PRP WBC düzeyleri göstermektedir. Bu içsel faktörler, hematolojik verilerin yorumlanmasında ve PRP temelli rejeneratif tedavilerin optimize edilmesinde dikkate alınmalıdır. Daha büyük ve çok ırklı grupları içeren ileriki çalışmalar, standardizasyon çabalarının geliştirilmesi için gereklidir.

Etik Beyan

Çalışma protokolü, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Deneysel Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Hayvan Deneyleri Yerel Etik Kurulu (MUDEM-HADYEK) tarafından incelenmiş ve resmi etik kurul onayının gerekli olmadığına karar verilmiştir (Karar No: 42/21, Toplantı tarihi: 30.11.2021).

Destekleyen Kurum

Tübitak 2209-A

Proje Numarası

1919B012101559

Kaynakça

  • Anitua, E., Prado, R., & Orive, G. (2017). Allogeneic platelet-rich plasma: At the dawn of an off-the-shelf therapy? Trends in Biotechnology, 35(2), 91–93.
  • Barros Pedroso, A. C., Peixoto, A., Oliveira, E. de, Dutra, H. T., Basile, R. C., Gaston Brandstetter, L. R., & Brianezi Moura, V. M. (2021). Influencing factors for preparation of platelet-rich plasma in horses. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 42(4), 2327–2336.
  • Boswell, S. G., Schnabel, L. V., Mohammed, H. O., Sundman, E. A., Minas, T., & Fortier, L. A. (2013). Increasing platelet concentrations in leukocyte-reduced platelet-rich plasma decrease collagen gene synthesis in tendons. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(1), 42–49.
  • Brossi, P. M., Moreira, J. J., Machado, T. S. L., & Baccarin, R. Y. A. (2015). Platelet-rich plasma in orthopedic therapy: A comparative systematic review of clinical and experimental data in equine and human musculoskeletal lesions. BMC Veterinary Research, 11(98), 1–17.
  • Carr, J. (2021). Editorial commentary: Platelet-rich plasma shows promise for improving shoulder tendinopathy. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, 37(9), 2754–2755.
  • Castelijns, G., Crawford, A., Schaffer, J., Ortolano, G. A., Beauregard, T., & Smith, R. K. W. (2011). Evaluation of a filter-prepared platelet concentrate for the treatment of suspensory branch injuries in horses. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 24(5), 363–369.
  • Castillo Franz, C. A., López, C., & Carmona, J. U. (2021). Evaluation of the catabolic and anabolic gene expression effects and histology changes induced by platelet-rich gel supernatants in equine suspensory ligament explants challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal, 11(1), 3–10.
  • Castillo, T. N., Pouliot, M. A., Kim, H. J., & Dragoo, J. L. (2011). Comparison of growth factor and platelet concentration from commercial platelet-rich plasma separation systems. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(2), 266–271.
  • Chahla, J., Cinque, M. E., Piuzzi, N. S., Mannava, S., Geeslin, A. G., Murray, I. R., Dornan, G. J., Muschler, G. F., & LaPrade, R. F. (2017). A call for standardization in platelet-rich plasma preparation protocols and composition reporting: A systematic review of the clinical orthopaedic literature. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - American Volume, 99(20), 1769–1779.
  • Chen, X., Jones, I. A., Park, C., & Vangsness, C. T. (2017). The efficacy of platelet-rich plasma on tendon and ligament healing: A systematic review and meta-analysis with bias assessment. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(1), 183–195.
  • Dawod, A., Miró, J., Elbaz, H. T., Ahmad Fahmy, H. M., & Abdoon, A. S. (2021). Effect of intrauterine infusion of equine fresh platelets-rich plasma (PRP) or lyophilized PRP (L-GFequina) on ovarian activity and pregnancy rate in repeat breeder purebred Arabian mares. Animals, 11(4), 1–14.
  • de Siqueira, R. F., Silva, B. O., Fernandes, M. L., & Fernandes, W. R. (2019). Evaluation of the racial difference in body condition score and parameters of lipid metabolism in purebred Arabian horses and Thoroughbred horses trained for racing. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, 56(2), 1–9.4456.bjvras.2019.158360
  • Fukuda, K., Kuroda, T., Tamura, N., Mita, H., & Kasashima, Y. (2020). Optimal activation methods for maximizing the concentrations of platelet-derived growth factor‑Bb and transforming growth factor‑β1 in equine platelet‑rich plasma. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 22(10),1472–1479
  • Geburek, F., Gaus, M., Schie, H. T. M., Röhn, K., & Štádler, P. (2016). Effect of intralesional platelet‑rich plasma (PRP) treatment on clinical and ultrasonographic parameters in equine naturally occurring superficial digital flexor tendinopathies – a randomized prospective controlled clinical trial. BMC Veterinary Research, 12(1), 191.
  • Giraldo, C. E., López, C., Álvarez, M. E., Samudio, I. J., Prades, M., & Carmona, J. U. (2013). Effects of the breed, sex and age on cellular content and growth factor release from equine pure‑platelet rich plasma and pure‑platelet rich gel. BMC Veterinary Research, 9(1), 29.
  • Grizendi, B. M., Sampaio Dória, R. G., Passarelli, D., Reginato, G. M., Barcelos Hayasaka, Y. de, & Neto, P. F. (2020). Correlation between hematological evaluation and the type of physical activity performed by horses in the state of São Paulo‑Brazil. Ciência Animal Brasileira, 21(1), 1-10
  • Huang, S., & Wang, Z. (2012). Platelet‑rich plasma‑derived growth factors promote osteogenic differentiation of rat muscle satellite cells: in vitro and in vivo studies. Cell Biology International, 36(12), 1195–1205.
  • Knott, L. E., Fonseca‑Martinez, B. A., O’Connor, A. M., Goodrich, L. R., McIlwraith, C. W., & Colbath, A. C. (2022). Current use of biologic therapies for musculoskeletal disease: a survey of board‑certified equine specialists. Veterinary Surgery, 51(4), 557–567.
  • Lansdown, D. A., & Fortier, L. A. (2017). Platelet‑rich plasma: formulations, preparations, constituents, and their effects. Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine, 25(1), 7–12.
  • Lee, E. B., Kim, J. W., & Seo, J. P. (2018). Comparison of the methods for platelet rich plasma preparation in horses. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 60(20), 1-4.
  • Li, H., Usas, A., Poddar, M., Chen, C. W., Thompson, S., Ahani, B., Cummins, J., Lavasani, M., & Huard, J. (2013). Platelet‑rich plasma promotes the proliferation of human muscle derived progenitor cells and maintains their stemness. PLoS ONE, 8(6), e64923.
  • Lovering, R. M., Hammond, J. W., Hinton, R. Y., Ann Curl, L., & Muriel, J. M. (2009). Use of autologous platelet‑rich plasma to treat muscle strain injuries. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(6),
  • Mahrous, K. F., Hassanane, M. S., Mordy, M. A., Shafey, H. I., & Hassan, N. (2011). Genetic variations in horse using microsatellite markers. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology,9(2),103-109.
  • Miranda, S., De Mello Costa, M. F., Jeunon Senna, J., Frapoint, J. C., De Alencar, N. X., & Barroso Lessa, D. A. (2018). Effects of breed/species and gender on platelet concentration in autologous platelet rich plasma. Acta Veterinaria, 68(4), 474–483.
  • Paz, L. B., Beck, A. A., Engelmann, A. M., Mucha, J. V. G., Frank, M. I., Pereira, R. C. F., Krause, A., & De La Côrte, F. D. (2022). Effects of breed, age and gender on equine platelet rich plasma and correlation of platelet count with its physical aspect. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia, 74(5), 759–766.
  • Peng, C., Yang, L., Labens, R., Gao, Y., Zhu, Y., & Li, J. (2024). A systematic review and meta‑analysis of the efficacy of platelet‑rich plasma products for treatment of equine joint disease. Equine Veterinary Journal, 56(5), 858–869. Radtke, A. V., Goodale, M. B., & Fortier, L. A. (2020). Platelet and leukocyte concentration in equine autologous conditioned plasma are inversely distributed by layer and are not affected by centrifugation rate. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7(173), 1-6.
  • Rinnovati, R., Romagnoli, N., Gentilini, F., Lambertini, C., & Spadari, A. (2016). The influence of environmental variables on platelet concentration in horse platelet‑rich plasma. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 58(45), 1-5.
  • Satué, K., Gardón, J. C., & Muñoz, A. (2017). Interpretation of platelets in the horse. Journal of Hematology Research, 4(3), 19–25.
  • Seabaugh, K. A., Thoresen, M., & Giguère, S. (2017). Extracorporeal shockwave therapy increases growth factor release from equine platelet‑rich plasma in vitro. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 4, 205.
  • Soares, C. S., Babo, P. S., Reis, R. L., Carvalho, P. P., & Gomes, M. E. (2021). Platelet‑derived products in veterinary medicine: a new trend or an effective therapy? Trends in Biotechnology, 39(3), 225–243. Elsevier Ltd.
  • Stirn, M., & Freeman, K. P. (2022). Quality management of hematology techniques. In Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology (pp. 1241–1254). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Textor, J. A., Norris, J. W., & Tablin, F. (2011). Effects of preparation method, shear force, and exposure to collagen on release of growth factors from equine platelet‑rich plasma. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 72(2), 271-278.
  • Trevissón‑Redondo, B., Vallejo, R., Sevillano, D., González, N., Losa‑Iglesias, M. E., López‑López, D., & Alou, L. (2022). Influence of sexual dimorphism, aging, and differential cell capture efficiency of blood separation systems on the quality of platelet‑rich plasma. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(6), 1683.
  • Valle, E., Zanatta, R., Odetti, P., Traverso, N., Furfaro, A. L., Bergero, D., Badino, P., Girardi, C., Miniscalco, B., Bergagna, S., Tarantola, M., Intorre, L., & Odore, R. (2015). Effects of competition on acute phase proteins and lymphocyte subpopulations – oxidative stress markers in eventing horses. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,95(5), 856-863
  • Yin, W., Qi, X., Zhang, Y., Sheng, J., Xu, Z., Tao, S., Xie, X., Li, X., & Zhang, C. (2016). Advantages of pure platelet‑rich plasma compared with leukocyte‑ and platelet‑rich plasma in promoting repair of bone defects. Journal of Translational Medicine, 14(1),
  • Zhou, Y., Zhang, J., Wu, H., Hogan, M. V., & Wang, J. H. (2015). The differential effects of leukocyte‑containing and pure platelet‑rich plasma (PRP) on tendon stem/progenitor cells – implications of PRP application for the clinical treatment of tendon injuries. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 6(1):173.
  • Textor, J. A., Norris, J. W., & Tablin, F. (2011). Effects of preparation method, shear force, and exposure to collagen on release of growth factors from equine platelet‑rich plasma. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 72(2), 271-278.
  • Trevissón‑Redondo, B., Vallejo, R., Sevillano, D., González, N., Losa‑Iglesias, M. E., López‑López, D., & Alou, L. (2022). Influence of sexual dimorphism, aging, and differential cell capture efficiency of blood separation systems on the quality of platelet‑rich plasma. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(6), 1683.
  • Valle, E., Zanatta, R., Odetti, P., Traverso, N., Furfaro, A. L., Bergero, D., Badino, P., Girardi, C., Miniscalco, B., Bergagna, S., Tarantola, M., Intorre, L., & Odore, R. (2015). Effects of competition on acute phase proteins and lymphocyte subpopulations – oxidative stress markers in eventing horses. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,95(5), 856-863
  • Yin, W., Qi, X., Zhang, Y., Sheng, J., Xu, Z., Tao, S., Xie, X., Li, X., & Zhang, C. (2016). Advantages of pure platelet‑rich plasma compared with leukocyte‑ and platelet‑rich plasma in promoting repair of bone defects. Journal of Translational Medicine, 14(1),
  • Zhou, Y., Zhang, J., Wu, H., Hogan, M. V., & Wang, J. H. (2015). The differential effects of leukocyte‑containing and pure platelet‑rich plasma (PRP) on tendon stem/progenitor cells – implications of PRP application for the clinical treatment of tendon injuries. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 6(1):173.

Effects of breed and sex on platelet and white blood cell counts in equine platelet-rich plasma and peripheral blood

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 107 - 114, 31.08.2025

Öz

Introduction: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is increasingly used in equine medicine, but its composition and therapeutic efficacy vary depending on preparation methods and intrinsic factors such as breed and sex.

Aim: To evaluate the effects of breed and sex on platelet (PLT) and white blood cell (WBC) counts in peripheral blood and PRP of Thoroughbred (TB) and Purebred Arabian (PA) horses.

Methods: Forty-one clinically healthy racehorses (23 TB, 18 PA; aged 3–6 years) were sampled. PRP was prepared using a three-step centrifugation protocol. PLT and WBC counts were measured with an automated hematology analyzer and confirmed microscopically. Data were analyzed using t-tests or Mann–Whitney U tests (p < 0.05).

Results: Peripheral WBC counts were significantly higher in TB than PA horses (8.79 ± 1.28 vs. 7.60 ± 1.67 ×10³/µL; p = 0.013), while peripheral PLT counts did not differ by breed (p = 0.269). PRP PLT counts were significantly higher in TB compared to PA horses (845.77 ± 316.34 vs. 647.00 ± 213.84 ×10³/µL; p = 0.033). Regarding sex, no significant differences were found in peripheral WBC (p = 0.720) or PLT counts (p = 0.423). In PRP, WBC counts were significantly higher in males compared to females (52.97 ± 29.72 vs. 40.37 ± 20.05/µL; p = 0.039), while PRP PLT counts showed no sex-related difference (p = 0.445).

Conclusion: Both breed and sex influence the cellular composition of equine PRP. Thoroughbreds yield higher PRP platelet concentrations than Arabians, and males exhibit higher PRP leukocyte levels than females. These intrinsic factors should be considered when interpreting hematological data and optimizing PRP-based regenerative therapies. Future studies with larger, multi-breed cohorts are warranted to refine standardization efforts.

Etik Beyan

The study protocol was reviewed by the Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Experimental Animals Research and Application Center Animal Experiments Local Ethics Committee (MUDEM-HADYEK), which decided that formal ethical approval was not required (Decision No: 42/21, Meeting date: 30.11.2021).

Destekleyen Kurum

Tübitak 2209-A

Proje Numarası

1919B012101559

Kaynakça

  • Anitua, E., Prado, R., & Orive, G. (2017). Allogeneic platelet-rich plasma: At the dawn of an off-the-shelf therapy? Trends in Biotechnology, 35(2), 91–93.
  • Barros Pedroso, A. C., Peixoto, A., Oliveira, E. de, Dutra, H. T., Basile, R. C., Gaston Brandstetter, L. R., & Brianezi Moura, V. M. (2021). Influencing factors for preparation of platelet-rich plasma in horses. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 42(4), 2327–2336.
  • Boswell, S. G., Schnabel, L. V., Mohammed, H. O., Sundman, E. A., Minas, T., & Fortier, L. A. (2013). Increasing platelet concentrations in leukocyte-reduced platelet-rich plasma decrease collagen gene synthesis in tendons. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(1), 42–49.
  • Brossi, P. M., Moreira, J. J., Machado, T. S. L., & Baccarin, R. Y. A. (2015). Platelet-rich plasma in orthopedic therapy: A comparative systematic review of clinical and experimental data in equine and human musculoskeletal lesions. BMC Veterinary Research, 11(98), 1–17.
  • Carr, J. (2021). Editorial commentary: Platelet-rich plasma shows promise for improving shoulder tendinopathy. Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, 37(9), 2754–2755.
  • Castelijns, G., Crawford, A., Schaffer, J., Ortolano, G. A., Beauregard, T., & Smith, R. K. W. (2011). Evaluation of a filter-prepared platelet concentrate for the treatment of suspensory branch injuries in horses. Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 24(5), 363–369.
  • Castillo Franz, C. A., López, C., & Carmona, J. U. (2021). Evaluation of the catabolic and anabolic gene expression effects and histology changes induced by platelet-rich gel supernatants in equine suspensory ligament explants challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Muscles, Ligaments and Tendons Journal, 11(1), 3–10.
  • Castillo, T. N., Pouliot, M. A., Kim, H. J., & Dragoo, J. L. (2011). Comparison of growth factor and platelet concentration from commercial platelet-rich plasma separation systems. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(2), 266–271.
  • Chahla, J., Cinque, M. E., Piuzzi, N. S., Mannava, S., Geeslin, A. G., Murray, I. R., Dornan, G. J., Muschler, G. F., & LaPrade, R. F. (2017). A call for standardization in platelet-rich plasma preparation protocols and composition reporting: A systematic review of the clinical orthopaedic literature. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - American Volume, 99(20), 1769–1779.
  • Chen, X., Jones, I. A., Park, C., & Vangsness, C. T. (2017). The efficacy of platelet-rich plasma on tendon and ligament healing: A systematic review and meta-analysis with bias assessment. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(1), 183–195.
  • Dawod, A., Miró, J., Elbaz, H. T., Ahmad Fahmy, H. M., & Abdoon, A. S. (2021). Effect of intrauterine infusion of equine fresh platelets-rich plasma (PRP) or lyophilized PRP (L-GFequina) on ovarian activity and pregnancy rate in repeat breeder purebred Arabian mares. Animals, 11(4), 1–14.
  • de Siqueira, R. F., Silva, B. O., Fernandes, M. L., & Fernandes, W. R. (2019). Evaluation of the racial difference in body condition score and parameters of lipid metabolism in purebred Arabian horses and Thoroughbred horses trained for racing. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science, 56(2), 1–9.4456.bjvras.2019.158360
  • Fukuda, K., Kuroda, T., Tamura, N., Mita, H., & Kasashima, Y. (2020). Optimal activation methods for maximizing the concentrations of platelet-derived growth factor‑Bb and transforming growth factor‑β1 in equine platelet‑rich plasma. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 22(10),1472–1479
  • Geburek, F., Gaus, M., Schie, H. T. M., Röhn, K., & Štádler, P. (2016). Effect of intralesional platelet‑rich plasma (PRP) treatment on clinical and ultrasonographic parameters in equine naturally occurring superficial digital flexor tendinopathies – a randomized prospective controlled clinical trial. BMC Veterinary Research, 12(1), 191.
  • Giraldo, C. E., López, C., Álvarez, M. E., Samudio, I. J., Prades, M., & Carmona, J. U. (2013). Effects of the breed, sex and age on cellular content and growth factor release from equine pure‑platelet rich plasma and pure‑platelet rich gel. BMC Veterinary Research, 9(1), 29.
  • Grizendi, B. M., Sampaio Dória, R. G., Passarelli, D., Reginato, G. M., Barcelos Hayasaka, Y. de, & Neto, P. F. (2020). Correlation between hematological evaluation and the type of physical activity performed by horses in the state of São Paulo‑Brazil. Ciência Animal Brasileira, 21(1), 1-10
  • Huang, S., & Wang, Z. (2012). Platelet‑rich plasma‑derived growth factors promote osteogenic differentiation of rat muscle satellite cells: in vitro and in vivo studies. Cell Biology International, 36(12), 1195–1205.
  • Knott, L. E., Fonseca‑Martinez, B. A., O’Connor, A. M., Goodrich, L. R., McIlwraith, C. W., & Colbath, A. C. (2022). Current use of biologic therapies for musculoskeletal disease: a survey of board‑certified equine specialists. Veterinary Surgery, 51(4), 557–567.
  • Lansdown, D. A., & Fortier, L. A. (2017). Platelet‑rich plasma: formulations, preparations, constituents, and their effects. Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine, 25(1), 7–12.
  • Lee, E. B., Kim, J. W., & Seo, J. P. (2018). Comparison of the methods for platelet rich plasma preparation in horses. Journal of Animal Science and Technology, 60(20), 1-4.
  • Li, H., Usas, A., Poddar, M., Chen, C. W., Thompson, S., Ahani, B., Cummins, J., Lavasani, M., & Huard, J. (2013). Platelet‑rich plasma promotes the proliferation of human muscle derived progenitor cells and maintains their stemness. PLoS ONE, 8(6), e64923.
  • Lovering, R. M., Hammond, J. W., Hinton, R. Y., Ann Curl, L., & Muriel, J. M. (2009). Use of autologous platelet‑rich plasma to treat muscle strain injuries. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 37(6),
  • Mahrous, K. F., Hassanane, M. S., Mordy, M. A., Shafey, H. I., & Hassan, N. (2011). Genetic variations in horse using microsatellite markers. Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology,9(2),103-109.
  • Miranda, S., De Mello Costa, M. F., Jeunon Senna, J., Frapoint, J. C., De Alencar, N. X., & Barroso Lessa, D. A. (2018). Effects of breed/species and gender on platelet concentration in autologous platelet rich plasma. Acta Veterinaria, 68(4), 474–483.
  • Paz, L. B., Beck, A. A., Engelmann, A. M., Mucha, J. V. G., Frank, M. I., Pereira, R. C. F., Krause, A., & De La Côrte, F. D. (2022). Effects of breed, age and gender on equine platelet rich plasma and correlation of platelet count with its physical aspect. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia, 74(5), 759–766.
  • Peng, C., Yang, L., Labens, R., Gao, Y., Zhu, Y., & Li, J. (2024). A systematic review and meta‑analysis of the efficacy of platelet‑rich plasma products for treatment of equine joint disease. Equine Veterinary Journal, 56(5), 858–869. Radtke, A. V., Goodale, M. B., & Fortier, L. A. (2020). Platelet and leukocyte concentration in equine autologous conditioned plasma are inversely distributed by layer and are not affected by centrifugation rate. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7(173), 1-6.
  • Rinnovati, R., Romagnoli, N., Gentilini, F., Lambertini, C., & Spadari, A. (2016). The influence of environmental variables on platelet concentration in horse platelet‑rich plasma. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 58(45), 1-5.
  • Satué, K., Gardón, J. C., & Muñoz, A. (2017). Interpretation of platelets in the horse. Journal of Hematology Research, 4(3), 19–25.
  • Seabaugh, K. A., Thoresen, M., & Giguère, S. (2017). Extracorporeal shockwave therapy increases growth factor release from equine platelet‑rich plasma in vitro. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 4, 205.
  • Soares, C. S., Babo, P. S., Reis, R. L., Carvalho, P. P., & Gomes, M. E. (2021). Platelet‑derived products in veterinary medicine: a new trend or an effective therapy? Trends in Biotechnology, 39(3), 225–243. Elsevier Ltd.
  • Stirn, M., & Freeman, K. P. (2022). Quality management of hematology techniques. In Schalm’s Veterinary Hematology (pp. 1241–1254). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Textor, J. A., Norris, J. W., & Tablin, F. (2011). Effects of preparation method, shear force, and exposure to collagen on release of growth factors from equine platelet‑rich plasma. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 72(2), 271-278.
  • Trevissón‑Redondo, B., Vallejo, R., Sevillano, D., González, N., Losa‑Iglesias, M. E., López‑López, D., & Alou, L. (2022). Influence of sexual dimorphism, aging, and differential cell capture efficiency of blood separation systems on the quality of platelet‑rich plasma. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(6), 1683.
  • Valle, E., Zanatta, R., Odetti, P., Traverso, N., Furfaro, A. L., Bergero, D., Badino, P., Girardi, C., Miniscalco, B., Bergagna, S., Tarantola, M., Intorre, L., & Odore, R. (2015). Effects of competition on acute phase proteins and lymphocyte subpopulations – oxidative stress markers in eventing horses. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,95(5), 856-863
  • Yin, W., Qi, X., Zhang, Y., Sheng, J., Xu, Z., Tao, S., Xie, X., Li, X., & Zhang, C. (2016). Advantages of pure platelet‑rich plasma compared with leukocyte‑ and platelet‑rich plasma in promoting repair of bone defects. Journal of Translational Medicine, 14(1),
  • Zhou, Y., Zhang, J., Wu, H., Hogan, M. V., & Wang, J. H. (2015). The differential effects of leukocyte‑containing and pure platelet‑rich plasma (PRP) on tendon stem/progenitor cells – implications of PRP application for the clinical treatment of tendon injuries. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 6(1):173.
  • Textor, J. A., Norris, J. W., & Tablin, F. (2011). Effects of preparation method, shear force, and exposure to collagen on release of growth factors from equine platelet‑rich plasma. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 72(2), 271-278.
  • Trevissón‑Redondo, B., Vallejo, R., Sevillano, D., González, N., Losa‑Iglesias, M. E., López‑López, D., & Alou, L. (2022). Influence of sexual dimorphism, aging, and differential cell capture efficiency of blood separation systems on the quality of platelet‑rich plasma. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(6), 1683.
  • Valle, E., Zanatta, R., Odetti, P., Traverso, N., Furfaro, A. L., Bergero, D., Badino, P., Girardi, C., Miniscalco, B., Bergagna, S., Tarantola, M., Intorre, L., & Odore, R. (2015). Effects of competition on acute phase proteins and lymphocyte subpopulations – oxidative stress markers in eventing horses. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition,95(5), 856-863
  • Yin, W., Qi, X., Zhang, Y., Sheng, J., Xu, Z., Tao, S., Xie, X., Li, X., & Zhang, C. (2016). Advantages of pure platelet‑rich plasma compared with leukocyte‑ and platelet‑rich plasma in promoting repair of bone defects. Journal of Translational Medicine, 14(1),
  • Zhou, Y., Zhang, J., Wu, H., Hogan, M. V., & Wang, J. H. (2015). The differential effects of leukocyte‑containing and pure platelet‑rich plasma (PRP) on tendon stem/progenitor cells – implications of PRP application for the clinical treatment of tendon injuries. Stem Cell Research & Therapy, 6(1):173.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Veteriner Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Necati Emre Gür 0000-0002-8690-817X

Kadir Öksüzoğlu 0009-0001-9936-5821

Alper Mete 0000-0002-4810-5579

Proje Numarası 1919B012101559
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 29 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Gür, N. E., Öksüzoğlu, K., & Mete, A. (2025). Effects of breed and sex on platelet and white blood cell counts in equine platelet-rich plasma and peripheral blood. Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences, 9(2), 107-114.

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