Traditional Uses, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Chemical Constituents of an Aphrodisiac Plant, Smilax myosotiflora: A Systematic Review
Yıl 2022,
, 276 - 290, 01.12.2022
Rasmaizatul Akma Rosdi
,
Mohd Dasuki Sul'ain
Deny Susanti Darnis
Wan Rosli Wan Ishak
Öz
Smilax myosotiflora is one of the well-known plants in Malaysian folk medicines for its aphrodisiac effect. The leaves and fruits were also claimed able to treat syphilis and rheumatism. This article aims to systematically provide an overview on the traditional uses, pharmacology, toxicology and chemical constituents of S. myosotiflora. The e-searching on previous literature of the plant was conducted from its inception to the end 2021 according to the study’s criteria. The development of this review was based on the Cochrane Collaboration framework and PRISMA guidelines. As the result, it was found that over half of 43 eligible articles have discussed on its aphrodisiac attribution while others reported on the synergistic, sex reversal, antioxidant, anthelmintic activities and so forth. Two stilbenoid compounds are successfully isolated from the plant; trans-resveratrol and trans-3,3’,5,5’-tetrahydroxy-4’-methoxystilbene. Other than the detection of aurones and phytosterols, S. myosotiflora was delineated to be high in alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids. This systematic review can be a platform for other researchers to explore more on S. myosotiflora as it still has more pharmacology potential to be discovered. Further studies are required prior to the development of S. myosotiflora-based drugs for medicinal usage in the future.
Proje Numarası
Research University Individual (RUI) 1001/PPSK/8012209
Kaynakça
- He Y, Wang J, Ren J, Zhao Y, Chen J, Chen X: Effect of COVID-19 on Male Reproductive System – A Systematic Review. Frontier in Endocrinology 2021, 12(May):1–18.
- Ates E, Kazici HG, Yildiz AE, Sulaimanov S, Kol A, Erol H: Male Sexual Functions and Behaviors in the Age of COVID-19: Evaluation of Mid-Term Effects with Online Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia 2021, 93(3):341–347.
- Li H, Xiao X, Zhang J, Zafar MI, Wu C, Long Y, Lu W, Pan F, Meng T, Zhao K, Zhou L, Shen S, Liu L, Liu Q, Xiong C: Impaired Spermatogenesis in COVID-19 Patients. EClinicalMedicine 2020, 28:1–8.
- Karackeci A, Korkmaz S, Karakoc O, Firdolas F, Pirinnci N: Effect of Premature Ejaculation on Depression and Sexual Functions in Female Partners: A Report from Eastern Turkey. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019, 22:1553–1563.
- Capogrosso P, S. Jensen CF, Rastrelli G, Torremade J, Russo GI, Raheem AA, Frey A, Fode M, Maggi M, Reisman Y, Bettocchi C, Corona G: Male Sexual Dysfunctions in the Infertile Couple–Recommendations From the European Society of Sexual Medicine (ESSM). Sexual Medicine 2021, 9(100377):1-23.
- Association European of Urology: 2018 EAU Male Sexual Dysfunction Guidelines; 2018.
- Mat Ali R, Abu Samah Z, Hussein N: ASEAN Herbal and Medicinal Plants; 2010.
- Tan SL, Zaharah A: Tuber Crops. UTAR Agricultural Science Journal 2015, 1(1):41–48.
- Qi Z, Li P, Fu C: New Combinations and a New Name in Smilax for Species of Heterosmilax in Eastern and Southeast Asian Smilacaceae (Liliales). Phytotaxa 2013, 117(2):58–60.
- Jones DT, German P: Flora of Malaysia: Illustrated; Oxford University Press: Michigan, 1993.
- Burkill LH: A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malaya Peninsula; Ministry of Agriculture Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur, 1993.
- George A, Köpcke B, Roemer E, Bitzer J, Hans J, Gruenwald J, Gehling M, Wabnitz P, Tengku Adnan TS, Grothe T: Aurones as Estrogen Receptor Modulators and Their Use in Sex Hormone Dependent Diseases, 2010.
- Ong HC, Azliza MA: Medicinal Plants for Diabetes by the Orang Asli in Selangor, Malaysia. Studies on Ethno-Medicine 2015, 9(1):77–84.
- Ahmed QU, Fatimah OR, Siti Zaiton MS, Parveen J: Ethnomedicinal Survey of Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Diabetes in Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; 2015.
- Perry LM: Medicinal Plants of East and South East Asia: Attributed Properties and Uses; MIT Press: Cambridge, 1980.
- Lin KW: Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by the Jah Hut Peoples in Malaysia. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 2005, 59(4):156–161.
- Zaki PH, Gandaseca S, Mohd Rashidi N, Ismail MH: Traditional Usage of Medicinal Plants by Temiar Tribes in the State of Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. Forest and Society 2019, 3(2):227–234.
- Nurul Ayuni MN, Faridah QZ, Anisa SA, Rosimah N, Norhidayah MH, Shamsul K: Ethnobotanical Documentation of Plants Used by the Jahai Tribe in Royal Belum State Park, Perak. In 15th Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Seminar; 2018:1–15.
- Rao PV, Huey LL, Mohamed S, Rahayu I, Abdul-wahab, Mei SJ: Ethnomedicinal Knowledge of Temiar Ethnic Tribe of Lojing Highlands, Kelantan : A Source for Nutritional and Antioxidant Potential. In 5th World Conference on Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology; 2016:12–21.
- Nurraihana H, Norfarizan-Hanoon NA, Hasmah A, Norsuhana AH, Fatan HY: Ethnomedical Survey of Aborigines Medicinal Plants in Gua Musang, Kelantan. Health and the Environment Journal 2016, 7(1):59–76.
- Mohammad NS: Documentation and Valuation of Plant Resources Used by the Orang Asli at Kampung Lubuk Ulu Legong, Baling, Kedah, 2014.
- Ang H-H, Lee K-L: Evaluation of Mercury Contamination in Smilax myosotiflora Herbal Preparations. International Journal of Toxicology 2007, 26:433–439.
- Ang HH, Lee KL, Kiyoshi M: Determination of Lead in Smilax myosotiflora Herbal Preparations Obtained in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 2004, 14(4):261–272.
- Balali-Mood M, Naseri K, Tahergorabi Z, Khazdair MR, Sadeghi M: Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium,
Cadmium, and Arsenic. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2021, 12(April):1–19.
- Graziano S, Montana A, Zaami S, Rotolo MC, Minutillo A: Sildenafil-Associated Hepatoxicity : A Review of the Literature. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2017, 21(1 Suppl):17–22.
- Sharma M, Arya D, Bhagour K, Gupta RS: Natural Aphrodisiac and Fertility Enhancement Measures in Males: A Review. Current Medicine Research and Practice 2016, 7(2):1–9.
- West E, Krychman M: Natural Aphrodisiacs-A Review of Selected Sexual Enhancers. Sexual Medicine Reviews 2015, 3(4):279–288.
- Traish AM: Benefits and Health Implications of Testosterone Therapy in Men With Testosterone Deficiency. Sexual Medicine Reviews 2018, 6:86–105.
- Correa C, Bieger P, Perry IS, Souza GC: Testosterone Supplementation on Sarcopenia Components in Chronic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2021.
- Hoon AH, Leng LK, Kiyoshi M: Smilax myosotiflora and Aphrodisiac Property: Is It a Fact or Folklore? 2005.
- Hilmi WM, Ahmad N, Sul’ain MD: Assessment of Smilax myosotiflora Toxicity on Male Sprague Dawley Rats’ Organs and Reproductive System. International Medical Journal 2015, 22(5):378–382.
- Wan MH, Ahmad N, Sul’ain MD: Evaluations of Cytotoxicity of Smilax myosotiflora and Its Effects on Sexual Hormone Levels and Testicular Histology in Male Rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2016, 6(3):246–250.
- Wan MH, Ahmad N, Sul’ain MD: Aphrodisiac Properties of Methanolic Extract of Smilax myosotiflora Tubers in Male Rats. International Journal of Medical Sciences and Biotechnology 2013, 1(2):41–50.
- Damayanthi D, Nwe KHH, Hamid A, Aminuddin AHK, Azman MAB: Comparison between the Effects of Two Different Doses of Smilax myosotiflora (Ubi Jaga) Rhizome on Dehydrogenase Oxidative Activity Corticosterone-Treated Normal Rats. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 2006, 13:232–232.
- Damayanthi D, Nwe KHH, Hamid A, Aminuddin AHK, Azman MAB: The Effects of Smilax myosotiflora (Ubi Jaga) Rhizome on Plasma Levels of Corticosterone in Male Rats. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 2007, 14:173–173.
- Damayanthi D, Azman MAB, Aminuddin AHK, Hamid A, Nwe KHH: Effects of Smilax myosotiflora on Testicular 11B-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Oxidative Activity and Plasma Hormone Levels in Rats. Biomedical Research 2010, 1–5.
- Mahmoud ASF, Mat Noor M: Comparative Study on the Effect of Eurycoma Longifolia and Smilax myosotiflora on Male Rats Fertility. In AIP Conference Proceedings; American Institute of Physics, 2013, 1571:227–233.
- Ahmad N, Wan MH, Shyamoli M, Sul’ain MD: Methanolic Extract of Smilax myosotiflora Treatment on Male Rats : Effect on Pregnancy
Outcome. International Medical Journal 2014, No. October:1–13.
- Osman A, Yunos NM, Adenan MI: Determination of Bioactive Peptide (4.3 KDA) as an Aphrodisiac Marker in Six Malaysian Plants. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 2007, 19(1):61–63.
- Chittasupho C, Manthaisong A, Okonogi S, Tadtong S, Samee W: Effects of Quercetin and Curcumin Combination on Antibacterial, Antioxidant, In Vitro Wound Healing and Migration of Human Dermal Fibroblast Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2022, 23(142):1-16.
- Neglo D, Tettey CO, Essuman EK, Amenu JD, Charles Mills-Robertson F, Sedohia D, Agyemang Boakye A, Abaye DA: Evaluation of the Modulatory Effect of Annona Muricata Extracts on the Activity of Some Selected Antibiotics against Biofilm-Forming MRSA. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021, 2021:1-9.
- Phitaktim S, Chomnawang M, Sirichaiwetchakoon K, Dunkhunthod B, Hobbs G, Eumkeb G: Synergism and the Mechanism of Action of the Combination of α-Mangostin Isolated from Garcinia Mangostana L. and Oxacillin against an Oxacillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Saprophyticus. BMC Microbiology 2016, 16(195):1–14.
- Chyang PJ, Mustapa M, Ambia KM: Synergistic Antimicrobial Effects of Different Ratio Combination of Smilax myosotiflora, Persicaria Odorata and Syzygium Aromaticum with Antibiotics. International Journal Of Research In Pharmaceutical Sciences 2018, 9(SPL2):98–101.
- Osman H, Sam TW, Ismail N, Chan KL: Preliminary Result from a Study on Smilax myosotiflora, a Local Traditional Herb; 2001.
- Okumu MO, Mbaria JM, Gikunju JK, Mbuthia PG, Madadi VO, Ochola FO, Jepkorir MS: Artemia Salina as an Animal Model for the Preliminary Evaluation of Snake Venom-Induced Toxicity. Toxicon: X 2021, 12:1–4.
- Dasuki MS, Khaizil Emylia Z, Noor Izani NJ, Mohsin SSJ: Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Activities on Methanolic Extract of Smilax myosotiflora Tuber. International Medical Journal 2012, 19(3):188–192.
- Ng K-W, Salhimi SM, Abdul Majid AMS, Chan KL: Anti-Angiogenic and Cytotoxicity Studies of Some Medicinal Plants. Planta Medica 2010, 76:935–940.
- M. Soliman S, Mosallam S, Mamdouh MA, Hussein MA, M. Abd El-Halim S: Design and Optimization of Cranberry Extract Loaded Bile Salt Augmented Liposomes for Targeting of MCP-1/STAT3/VEGF Signaling Pathway in DMN-Intoxicated Liver in Rats. Drug Delivery 2022, 29(1):427–439.
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- Rahman WA, Fatt YC, Sulaiman SF: In-Vitro Anthelmintic Activity of Smilax myosotiflora Plant (Locally Known as Ubi Jaga) Extracts against Haemonchus Contortus Worms in Goats. Malaysian Journal of Science 2010, 29(2):129–136.
- Mustaffar Bakri NN: Preliminary Study on Masculinisation of Brine Shrimp, Artemia Salina by Using Ubi Jaga, Smilax myosotiflora A. DC.; 2013.
- Adedara IA, Omole O, Okpara ES, Fasina OB, Ayeni MF, Ajayi OM, Busari EO, Farombi EO: Impact of Prepubertal Exposure to Dietary Protocatechuic Acid on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis in Rats. Chemico-Biological Interactions 2018, 290(January):99–109.
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Traditional Uses, Pharmacology, Toxicology and Chemical Constituents of an Aphrodisiac Plant, Smilax myosotiflora: A Systematic Review
Yıl 2022,
, 276 - 290, 01.12.2022
Rasmaizatul Akma Rosdi
,
Mohd Dasuki Sul'ain
Deny Susanti Darnis
Wan Rosli Wan Ishak
Öz
Smilax myosotiflora is one of the well-known plants in Malaysian folk medicines for its aphrodisiac effect. The leaves and fruits were also claimed able to treat syphilis and rheumatism. This article aims to systematically provide an overview on the traditional uses, pharmacology, toxicology and chemical constituents of S. myosotiflora. The e-searching on previous literature of the plant was conducted from its inception to the end 2021 according to the study’s criteria. The development of this review was based on the Cochrane Collaboration framework and PRISMA guidelines. As the result, it was found that over half of 43 eligible articles have discussed on its aphrodisiac attribution while others reported on the synergistic, sex reversal, antioxidant, anthelmintic activities and so forth. Two stilbenoid compounds are successfully isolated from the plant; trans-resveratrol and trans-3,3’,5,5’-tetrahydroxy-4’-methoxystilbene. Other than the detection of aurones and phytosterols, S. myosotiflora was delineated to be high in alkaloids, saponins and flavonoids. This systematic review can be a platform for other researchers to explore more on S. myosotiflora as it still has more pharmacology potential to be discovered. Further studies are required prior to the development of S. myosotiflora-based drugs for medicinal usage in the future.
Destekleyen Kurum
Universiti Sains Malaysia
Proje Numarası
Research University Individual (RUI) 1001/PPSK/8012209
Teşekkür
We would like to express our thanks to the editorial team of Hacettepe University Journal of the Faculty of Pharmacy for the opportunity given, our university for the financial support and our future reviewers for their ideas and opinions.
Kaynakça
- He Y, Wang J, Ren J, Zhao Y, Chen J, Chen X: Effect of COVID-19 on Male Reproductive System – A Systematic Review. Frontier in Endocrinology 2021, 12(May):1–18.
- Ates E, Kazici HG, Yildiz AE, Sulaimanov S, Kol A, Erol H: Male Sexual Functions and Behaviors in the Age of COVID-19: Evaluation of Mid-Term Effects with Online Cross-Sectional Survey Study. Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia 2021, 93(3):341–347.
- Li H, Xiao X, Zhang J, Zafar MI, Wu C, Long Y, Lu W, Pan F, Meng T, Zhao K, Zhou L, Shen S, Liu L, Liu Q, Xiong C: Impaired Spermatogenesis in COVID-19 Patients. EClinicalMedicine 2020, 28:1–8.
- Karackeci A, Korkmaz S, Karakoc O, Firdolas F, Pirinnci N: Effect of Premature Ejaculation on Depression and Sexual Functions in Female Partners: A Report from Eastern Turkey. Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice 2019, 22:1553–1563.
- Capogrosso P, S. Jensen CF, Rastrelli G, Torremade J, Russo GI, Raheem AA, Frey A, Fode M, Maggi M, Reisman Y, Bettocchi C, Corona G: Male Sexual Dysfunctions in the Infertile Couple–Recommendations From the European Society of Sexual Medicine (ESSM). Sexual Medicine 2021, 9(100377):1-23.
- Association European of Urology: 2018 EAU Male Sexual Dysfunction Guidelines; 2018.
- Mat Ali R, Abu Samah Z, Hussein N: ASEAN Herbal and Medicinal Plants; 2010.
- Tan SL, Zaharah A: Tuber Crops. UTAR Agricultural Science Journal 2015, 1(1):41–48.
- Qi Z, Li P, Fu C: New Combinations and a New Name in Smilax for Species of Heterosmilax in Eastern and Southeast Asian Smilacaceae (Liliales). Phytotaxa 2013, 117(2):58–60.
- Jones DT, German P: Flora of Malaysia: Illustrated; Oxford University Press: Michigan, 1993.
- Burkill LH: A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malaya Peninsula; Ministry of Agriculture Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur, 1993.
- George A, Köpcke B, Roemer E, Bitzer J, Hans J, Gruenwald J, Gehling M, Wabnitz P, Tengku Adnan TS, Grothe T: Aurones as Estrogen Receptor Modulators and Their Use in Sex Hormone Dependent Diseases, 2010.
- Ong HC, Azliza MA: Medicinal Plants for Diabetes by the Orang Asli in Selangor, Malaysia. Studies on Ethno-Medicine 2015, 9(1):77–84.
- Ahmed QU, Fatimah OR, Siti Zaiton MS, Parveen J: Ethnomedicinal Survey of Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Diabetes in Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia; 2015.
- Perry LM: Medicinal Plants of East and South East Asia: Attributed Properties and Uses; MIT Press: Cambridge, 1980.
- Lin KW: Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal Plants Used by the Jah Hut Peoples in Malaysia. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences 2005, 59(4):156–161.
- Zaki PH, Gandaseca S, Mohd Rashidi N, Ismail MH: Traditional Usage of Medicinal Plants by Temiar Tribes in the State of Kelantan, Peninsular Malaysia. Forest and Society 2019, 3(2):227–234.
- Nurul Ayuni MN, Faridah QZ, Anisa SA, Rosimah N, Norhidayah MH, Shamsul K: Ethnobotanical Documentation of Plants Used by the Jahai Tribe in Royal Belum State Park, Perak. In 15th Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Seminar; 2018:1–15.
- Rao PV, Huey LL, Mohamed S, Rahayu I, Abdul-wahab, Mei SJ: Ethnomedicinal Knowledge of Temiar Ethnic Tribe of Lojing Highlands, Kelantan : A Source for Nutritional and Antioxidant Potential. In 5th World Conference on Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology; 2016:12–21.
- Nurraihana H, Norfarizan-Hanoon NA, Hasmah A, Norsuhana AH, Fatan HY: Ethnomedical Survey of Aborigines Medicinal Plants in Gua Musang, Kelantan. Health and the Environment Journal 2016, 7(1):59–76.
- Mohammad NS: Documentation and Valuation of Plant Resources Used by the Orang Asli at Kampung Lubuk Ulu Legong, Baling, Kedah, 2014.
- Ang H-H, Lee K-L: Evaluation of Mercury Contamination in Smilax myosotiflora Herbal Preparations. International Journal of Toxicology 2007, 26:433–439.
- Ang HH, Lee KL, Kiyoshi M: Determination of Lead in Smilax myosotiflora Herbal Preparations Obtained in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Health Research 2004, 14(4):261–272.
- Balali-Mood M, Naseri K, Tahergorabi Z, Khazdair MR, Sadeghi M: Toxic Mechanisms of Five Heavy Metals: Mercury, Lead, Chromium,
Cadmium, and Arsenic. Frontiers in Pharmacology 2021, 12(April):1–19.
- Graziano S, Montana A, Zaami S, Rotolo MC, Minutillo A: Sildenafil-Associated Hepatoxicity : A Review of the Literature. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences 2017, 21(1 Suppl):17–22.
- Sharma M, Arya D, Bhagour K, Gupta RS: Natural Aphrodisiac and Fertility Enhancement Measures in Males: A Review. Current Medicine Research and Practice 2016, 7(2):1–9.
- West E, Krychman M: Natural Aphrodisiacs-A Review of Selected Sexual Enhancers. Sexual Medicine Reviews 2015, 3(4):279–288.
- Traish AM: Benefits and Health Implications of Testosterone Therapy in Men With Testosterone Deficiency. Sexual Medicine Reviews 2018, 6:86–105.
- Correa C, Bieger P, Perry IS, Souza GC: Testosterone Supplementation on Sarcopenia Components in Chronic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Current Pharmaceutical Design 2021.
- Hoon AH, Leng LK, Kiyoshi M: Smilax myosotiflora and Aphrodisiac Property: Is It a Fact or Folklore? 2005.
- Hilmi WM, Ahmad N, Sul’ain MD: Assessment of Smilax myosotiflora Toxicity on Male Sprague Dawley Rats’ Organs and Reproductive System. International Medical Journal 2015, 22(5):378–382.
- Wan MH, Ahmad N, Sul’ain MD: Evaluations of Cytotoxicity of Smilax myosotiflora and Its Effects on Sexual Hormone Levels and Testicular Histology in Male Rats. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2016, 6(3):246–250.
- Wan MH, Ahmad N, Sul’ain MD: Aphrodisiac Properties of Methanolic Extract of Smilax myosotiflora Tubers in Male Rats. International Journal of Medical Sciences and Biotechnology 2013, 1(2):41–50.
- Damayanthi D, Nwe KHH, Hamid A, Aminuddin AHK, Azman MAB: Comparison between the Effects of Two Different Doses of Smilax myosotiflora (Ubi Jaga) Rhizome on Dehydrogenase Oxidative Activity Corticosterone-Treated Normal Rats. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 2006, 13:232–232.
- Damayanthi D, Nwe KHH, Hamid A, Aminuddin AHK, Azman MAB: The Effects of Smilax myosotiflora (Ubi Jaga) Rhizome on Plasma Levels of Corticosterone in Male Rats. Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences 2007, 14:173–173.
- Damayanthi D, Azman MAB, Aminuddin AHK, Hamid A, Nwe KHH: Effects of Smilax myosotiflora on Testicular 11B-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Oxidative Activity and Plasma Hormone Levels in Rats. Biomedical Research 2010, 1–5.
- Mahmoud ASF, Mat Noor M: Comparative Study on the Effect of Eurycoma Longifolia and Smilax myosotiflora on Male Rats Fertility. In AIP Conference Proceedings; American Institute of Physics, 2013, 1571:227–233.
- Ahmad N, Wan MH, Shyamoli M, Sul’ain MD: Methanolic Extract of Smilax myosotiflora Treatment on Male Rats : Effect on Pregnancy
Outcome. International Medical Journal 2014, No. October:1–13.
- Osman A, Yunos NM, Adenan MI: Determination of Bioactive Peptide (4.3 KDA) as an Aphrodisiac Marker in Six Malaysian Plants. Journal of Tropical Forest Science 2007, 19(1):61–63.
- Chittasupho C, Manthaisong A, Okonogi S, Tadtong S, Samee W: Effects of Quercetin and Curcumin Combination on Antibacterial, Antioxidant, In Vitro Wound Healing and Migration of Human Dermal Fibroblast Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 2022, 23(142):1-16.
- Neglo D, Tettey CO, Essuman EK, Amenu JD, Charles Mills-Robertson F, Sedohia D, Agyemang Boakye A, Abaye DA: Evaluation of the Modulatory Effect of Annona Muricata Extracts on the Activity of Some Selected Antibiotics against Biofilm-Forming MRSA. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2021, 2021:1-9.
- Phitaktim S, Chomnawang M, Sirichaiwetchakoon K, Dunkhunthod B, Hobbs G, Eumkeb G: Synergism and the Mechanism of Action of the Combination of α-Mangostin Isolated from Garcinia Mangostana L. and Oxacillin against an Oxacillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Saprophyticus. BMC Microbiology 2016, 16(195):1–14.
- Chyang PJ, Mustapa M, Ambia KM: Synergistic Antimicrobial Effects of Different Ratio Combination of Smilax myosotiflora, Persicaria Odorata and Syzygium Aromaticum with Antibiotics. International Journal Of Research In Pharmaceutical Sciences 2018, 9(SPL2):98–101.
- Osman H, Sam TW, Ismail N, Chan KL: Preliminary Result from a Study on Smilax myosotiflora, a Local Traditional Herb; 2001.
- Okumu MO, Mbaria JM, Gikunju JK, Mbuthia PG, Madadi VO, Ochola FO, Jepkorir MS: Artemia Salina as an Animal Model for the Preliminary Evaluation of Snake Venom-Induced Toxicity. Toxicon: X 2021, 12:1–4.
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