The Relationship Between Maximal Oxygen Intake, Body Fat and Bone Marker Measurements in Different Sports Branches

Yıl 2017, , 58 - 71, 28.12.2017

SERAP Demir , Armağan Aytuğ Yürük

https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.358326

Öz

 

Objectives: The purpose of our study is to evaluate the interaction
between maximal oxygen intake, body composition and some bone marker
measurements in Turkish elite players.

Methods: A total of 51 Turkish players of Turkish Super League
from following disciplines were included in the study: football (25 players),
basketball (12 players) and volleyball (14 players). Maximal oxygen intake as a
cardiorespiratory fitness measurement and some anthropometric measurements such
as body weight, fat mass, fat free mass were measured. We analyzed the serum
samples for total serum 25(OH)D and calcium levels. The data of individuals
were categorized as indoor sports (volleyball and basketball) and outdoor
sports (football); also according to the branches.  

Results: In this study, it was found that, fat mass (p=.019)
and fat free mass (p=.000) were significantly higher for indoor sports
athletes. On the contrary, VO₂ max intake (p=.001) and serum vitamin
25(OH)D (p=.000) levels were significantly lower in indoor athletes.  For all participants, only 51.0% subjects had
sufficient serum vitamin 25(OH)D. It was found that vitamin D levels was
inversely related with body weight (spearman r=-0.41, p=.003), fat free mass (spearman
r:-0.51, p=.000) and BMR (spearman r:-0.35, p=.012). We found no significant
correlation between total calcium levels and any of the other parameters.

Conclusion: In Turkish athletes, better cardiorespiratory fitness and
lower percent of body fat were associated with higher serum 25(OH)D level. All
these data were independent of serum total calcium level.

Anahtar Kelimeler

serum 25(OH)D, maximal oxygen intake, body fat percentage

Kaynakça

• Angeline, M.E., Gee, A.O., Shindle, M., Warren, R.F., Rodeo, S.A. (2013). The Effects of Vitamin D Deficiency in Athletes. American Journal of Sports Medicine: SAGE Journals; 41,2. DOI: 10.1177/0363546513475787.
• Bailey D.A., McKay, H.A., Mirwald, R.L., Crocker, P.R., Faulkner, R.A. (1999). A six-year longitudinal study of the relationship of physical activity to bone mineral accrual in growing children: the University of Saskatchewan bone mineral accrual study. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research; 14, 1672-1679.
• Bogunovic, L., Kim, A.D., Beamer, B.S., Nguyen, J., Lane, J.M. (2010). Hypovitaminosis D in patients scheduled to undergo orthopaedic surgery: a single-center analysis. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American Volume; 92, 2300-2304.
• Cannell, J.J., Hollis, B.W., Sorenson, M.B., Taft, T.N., Anderson, J.J. (2009). Athletic performance and vitamin D. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise; 41, 1102–1110.
• Cashman, K.D., Dowling, K.G., Skrabakova, Z., Gonzales-Gross, M., Valtuena J et al. (2016). Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: pendemic? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 103(4), 1033-1044.
• Ceglia, L., Chiu, G.R., Harris, S.S., Araujo, A.B. (2011). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration and physical function in adult men. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxf); 74(3), 370–376. PubMed: 21083597.
• Close, G.L., Leckey, J., Patterson, M., Bradley, W., Owens, D.J., Fraser, W.D., Morton, J.P. (2013). The effects of vitamin D3 supplementation on serum total 25(OH)D concentration and physical performance: A randomised dose-response study. British Journal of Sports Medicine; 47(11), 692-696.
• Constantini, N.W., Arieli, R., Chodick, G., Dubnov-Raz, G. (2010). High prevelance of vitamin D insufficiency in atheletes and dancers. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine; 20(5), 368-371.
• Drincic, A.T., Armas, L.A., Van Diest, E.E., Heaney, R.P. (2012). Volumetric dilution, rather than sequestration best explains the low vitamin D status of obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.); 20(7), 1444–1448. PubMed doi:10.1038/oby.2011.404
• Earthman, C.P., Beckman, L.M., Masodkar, K., Sibley, S.D. (2012). The link between obesity and low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations: considerations and implications. International Journal of Obesity (Lond); 36(3), 387–396. PubMed doi:10.1038/ijo.2011.119.
• Farrokhyar, F., Tabasinejad, R., Dao, D., Peterson, D., Ayeni, O.R., Hadioonzadeh, R., Bhandari, M. (2015). Prevalence of Vitamin D Inadequacy in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine; 45, 365–378.
• Fishman, M.P., Lomabrdo, S.J., Kharrazi, F.D. (2016). Vitamin D Deficiency Among Professional Basketball Players. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine; 4(7), 2325967116655742. Article first published online: July 6, 2016; Issue published: July 1, 2016 https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967116655742.
• Friedlander, A.L., Genant, H.K., Sadowsky, S., Byl, N.N., Gluer, C.C. (1995). A two-year program of aerobics and weight training enhances bone mineral density of young women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research; 10, 574-585.
• Gallagher, J.C., Yalamanchili, V., Smith, L.M. (2013). The effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum 25(OH)D in thin and obese women. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; 136, 195–200. PubMed doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.003.
• Gutierrez, O.M., Farwell, W.R., Kermah, D., Taylor, E.N. (2011). Racial differences in the relationship between vitamin D, bone mineral density, and parathyroid hormone in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Osteoporosis International; 22(6), 1745–1753.
• Halliday, T.M., Peterson, N.J., Thomas, J.J., Kleppinger, K., Hollis, B.W., Larson-Meyer, D.E. (2011). Vitamin D status relative to diet, lifestyle, injury, and illness in college athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise; 43(2), 335–343. PubMed doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181eb9d4d
• Hamilton, B., Grantham, J., Racinais, S., Chalabi, H. (2010). Vitamin D deficiency is endemic in Middle Eastern sportsmen. Public Health Nutrition; 13, 1528-1534.
• Harris, S.S., Dawson-Hughes, B. (2007). Reduced sun exposure does not explain the inverse association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D with percent body fat in older adults. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism; 92, 3155–3157.
• He, C.S., Handzlik, M., Muhamad, A., Preston, H., Richardson, A, Gleeson M. (2013). Influence of vitamin D status on respiratory infection incidence and immune function during 4 months of winter training in endurance sport athletes. Exercise Immunology Review; 19, 86-101.
• Heller, J.E., Thomas, J.J., Hollis, B.W., Larson-Meyer D.E. (2015). Relation Between Vitamin D Status and Body Composition in Collegiate Athletes. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism; 25, 128-135.
• Holick MF. (2007). Vitamin D deficiency. New England Journal Medicine; 357(3), 266-281.
• Holick, M.F., Binkley, N.C., Bischoff-Ferrari, H.A., Gordon, C.M, Hanley, D.A., Murad, M.H, Weaver, C.M. (2012). Guidelines for preventing and treating vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency revisited. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism; 97, 1153-1158.
• Kremer, R., Campbell, P.P., Reinhardt, T., Gilsanz V. (2009). Vitamin D Status and Its Relation to Body Fat, Final Height, and Peak Bone Mass in Young Women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinolgy and Metabolism; 94(1), 67–73.
• Kull, N., Kallikorm, R., Lember, M. (2009). Body mass index determines sunbathing habits: implications on vitamin D levels. Internal Medicine Journal; 39, 256-258.
• Lappe, J., Cullen, D., Haynatzki, G., Recker, R., Ahlf, R., Thompson, K. (2008). Calcium and vitamin d supplementation decreases incidence of stress fractures in female navy recruits. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research; 23(5), 741–749. PubMed doi:10.1359/jbmr.080102.
• Larson-Meyer, D.E, Willis, K.S. (2010). Vitamin D and Athletes. Sports Medicine Reports:9(4), 220-226.
• Lewis, R.M., Redzic, M., Thomas, D.T. (2013). The effects of season-long vitamin d supplementation on collegiate swimmers and divers. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism; 23(5), 431–440.
• Nordstrom, A., Karlsson, C., Nyquist, F., Olsson, T., Nordstrom, P., Karlsson, M. (2005). Bone loss and fracture risk after reduced physical activity. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research; 20, 202-207.
• Quraishi, S.A., Camargo, C.A., Manson, J.E. (2016). Low vitamin D status in Europe: moving from evidence to sound public health policies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 103, 957-958; First published online March 16, 2016. doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.132274.
• Scott, D., Blizzard, L., Fell, J., Ding, C., Winzenberg, T., Jones, G. A. (2010). Prospective study of the associations between 25-hydroxy-vitamin D, sarcopenia progression and physical activity in older adults. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxf); 73(5), 581–587. PubMed: 20681994.
• Sohl, E., de Jongh, R.T., Heymans M.W., van Schoor, N.M., Lips, P. (2015). Thresholds for Serum 25(OH)D Concentrations with Respect to Different Outcomes. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism; 100(6), 2480 –2488.
• Verreault, R., Semba, R.D., Volpato, S., Ferrucci, L., Fried, L.P., Guralnik, J.M. (2002). Low serum vitamin d does not predict new disability or loss of muscle strength in older women. Journal of American Geriatrics Society; 50(5), 912–917. PubMed: 12028180.
• Villacis, D., Yi, A., Jahn, R., Kephart, C.J., Charlton, T. (2014). Prevalence of Abnormal Vitamin D Levels Among Division I NCAA Athletes. Sports Health; 6(4), 340-347.
• Wahl, D.A., Cooper, C., Ebeling, P.R., Eggersdorfer, M., Hilger, J, Hoffmann, K., Josse, R, Kanis, J.A., Mithal, A., Stenmark, J., Stöcklin, E., Dawson-Hughes, B. (2012). A global representation of vitamin D status in healthy populations. Archive of Osteoporosis; 7(1–2), 155–72.
• Ward, K.A., Das, G., Berry, J.L., Roberts, S.A., Rawer, R., Adams, J.E., Mughal, Z. (2009). Vitamin D status and muscle function in post-menarchal adolescent girls. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism; 94(2), 559–63. PubMed: 19033372.
• Whiting, S.J., Vatanparast, H., Baxter-Jones, A., Faulkner, R.A., Mirwald, R., Bailey, D.A. (2004). Factors that affect bone mineral accrual in the adolescent growth spurt. Journal of Nutrition; 134, 696-700.
• Wortsman, J., Matsuoka, L.Y., Chen, T.C., Lu, Z., Holick, M.F. (2000). Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 72(3), 690–693.
• Zhu, K., Austin, N., Devine, A., Bruce, D., Prince, R.L. (2010). A randomized controlled trial of the effects of vitamin D on muscle strength and mobility in older women with vitamin D insufficiency. Journal of American Geriatrics Society; 58(11), 2063–2068. PubMed: 21054285