Yeni Koronavirüs Salgını ve Diş Hekimliği Tedavileri Üzerine Etkileri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 92 - 107, 28.08.2020

Elif Ballıkaya , Gülce Esentürk Gizem Erbaş Ünverdi , Zafer Cehreli

https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.715439

Öz

Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından pandemik olarak ilan edilen ve ülkemiz genelini de kısa sürede etkisi altına alan yeni Corona Virüs Hastalığı (COVID-19), çok kritik bir toplum sağlığı problemidir. Yaygın olarak ateş, öksürük ve kas ağrısı/ halsizlik gibi klinik semptomlarla başlayarak ilerleyen bu viral enfeksiyonun bulaşma yolları direkt temas, damlacık ve aerosol iletimidir. Diş tedavileri sırasında oluşan aerosollerin hekimlere, yardımcı personele ve ortamda bulunan diğer kişilere enfeksiyonu yayma potansiyeli oldukça yüksektir. Bu riski tamamen ortadan kaldırmak mümkün olmasa da alınan basit ek önlemler ile minimuma indirmek mümkündür. Bu makalede, COVID-19 enfeksiyonunun epidemiyolojisi, semptomları ve bulaşma yolları gözden geçirilerek, güvenli diş hekimliği uygulamaları için enfeksiyon kontrol stratejileri ve alınabilecek ek önlemler değerlendirilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, Diş Hekimliği, Bulaşma, Toplum Ağız ve Diş Sağlığı, Minimal İnvaziv Diş Hekimliği

The New Corona Virus Pandemic and its Implications in Dental Practice

Öz

The new Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19), which has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization and has spread over our nation in a short time, is a highly critical public health problem. The transmission routes of this viral infection, which generally starts with clinical symptoms such as fever, cough and muscle pain / weakness, are direct contact, droplet and aerosol delivery. The potential of aerosols formed during dental treatments to spread the infection to physicians, assistants and others is quite high. Although it is not possible to eliminate this risk completely, it is possible to minimize it with simple additional measures. This article reviews the epidemiology, symptoms and routes of transmission of COVID-19 infection, and evaluates infection control strategies and additional measures for safe dental practice.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dentistry, Dental Public Health, Transmission, Minimal Invasive Dentistry, COVID-19

Kaynakça

• Allegranzi, B., Storr, J., Dziekan, G., Leotsakos, A., Donaldson, L., & Pittet, D. (2007). The first global patient safety challenge “clean care is safer care”: from launch to current progress and achievements1. Journal of Hospital Infection, 65(2), 115-123.
• Amber Ather, B., & Nikita, B. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19): Implications for Clinical Dental Care. Journal of Endodontics, 46(5).
• American Dental Association (ADA). (2020). ADA Calls Upon Dentists to Postpone Elective Procedures. https://www.ada.org/en/press-room/news-releases/2020-archives/march/ada-calls-upon-dentists-to-postpone-elective-procedures adresinden elde edildi
• Bentley, C. D., Burkhart, N. W., & Crawford, J. J. (1994). Evaluating spatter and aerosol contamination during dental procedures. Journal of the American Dental Association, 125(5), 579-584.
• Chen, J. (2020). Pathogenicity and transmissibility of 2019-nCoV—a quick overview and comparison with other emerging viruses. Microbes and infection, 22(2), 69-71.
• Chowell, G., Abdirizak, F., Lee, S., Lee, J., Jung, E., Nishiura, H., & Viboud, C. (2015). Transmission characteristics of MERS and SARS in the healthcare setting: a comparative study. BMC medicine, 13(210), 1-12.
• Chuaybamroong, P., Chotigawin, R., Supothina, S., Sribenjalux, P., Larpkiattaworn, S., & Wu, C. Y. (2010). Efficacy of photocatalytic HEPA filter on microorganism removal. Indoor Air, 20(3), 246-254.
• Cochran, M. A., Miller, C. H., & Sheldrake, M. A. (1989). The efficacy of the rubber dam as a barrier to the spread of microorganisms during dental treatment. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 119(1), 141-144.
• Day, D., Xiang, J., Mo, J., Clyde, M., Weschler, C., Li, F. ve diğerleri. (2018). Combined use of an electrostatic precipitator and a high‐efficiency particulate air filter in building ventilation systems: Effects on cardiorespiratory health indicators in healthy adults. Indoor Air, 28(3), 360-372.
• De Amorim, R., Frencken, J., Raggio, D., Chen, X., Hu, X., & Leal, S. (2018). Survival percentages of atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) restorations and sealants in posterior teeth: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical oral investigations, 22(8), 2703-2725.
• Dias, K. R., de Andrade, C. B., Wait, T. T., Chamon, R., Ammari, M. M., Soviero, V. M. ve diğerleri. (2018). Efficacy of sealing occlusal caries with a flowable composite in primary molars: A 2-year randomized controlled clinical trial. Journal of dentistry, 74, 49-55.
• Farah, R. F. I. (2018). Effect of cooling water temperature on the temperature changes in pulp chamber and at handpiece head during high-speed tooth preparation. Restorative dentistry & endodontics, 44(1).
• Feres, M., Figueiredo, L. C., Faveri, M., Stewart, B., & de Vizio, W. (2010). The effectiveness of a preprocedural mouthrinse containing cetylpyridinium chloride in reducing bacteria in the dental office. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 141(4), 415-422.
• Gamio, L. (2020). The Workers Who Face the Greatest Coronavirus Risk. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/03/15/business/economy/coronavirus-worker-risk.html adresinden elde edildi
• Ganesh, M., & Parikh, D. (2011). Chemomechanical caries removal (CMCR) agents: Review and clinical application in primary teeth. Journal of Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, 3(3), 34-45.
• Ge, Z.-y., Yang, L.-m., Xia, J.-j., Fu, X.-h., & Zhang, Y.-z. (2020). Possible aerosol transmission of COVID-19 and special precautions in dentistry. Journal of Zheijang University SCIENCE B - Biomedicine & Biotechnology, 1-8 . doi: 10.1631/jzus.B2010010
• Gotjamanos, T. (1996). Pulp response in primary teeth with deep residual caries treated with silver fluoride and glass ionomer cement (‘atraumatic’technique). Australian Dental Journal, 41(5), 328-334.
• Grenier, D. (1995). Quantitative analysis of bacterial aerosols in two different dental clinic environments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61(8), 3165-3168.
• Guan, W.-j., Ni, Z.-y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-h., Ou, C.-q., He, J.-x. ve diğerleri. (2020). Clinical characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infection in China. The New England Journal of Medicine, 1-13. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
• Hamama, H., Yiu, C., & Burrow, M. (2014). Current update of chemomechanical caries removal methods. Australian Dental Journal, 59(4), 446-456.
• Harrel, S. K., & Molinari, J. (2004). Aerosols and splatter in dentistry: a brief review of the literature and infection control implications. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 135(4), 429-437.
• Huang, C., Wang, Y., Li, X., Ren, L., Zhao, J., Hu, Y. ve diğerleri. (2020). Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet, 395(10223), 497-506.
• Innes, N., Evans, D., Bonifacio, C. C., Geneser, M., Hesse, D., Heimer, M. ve diğerleri. (2017). The Hall Technique 10 years on: Questions and answers. British Dental Journal, 222(6), 478-483.
• Jin, Y.-H., Cai, L., Cheng, Z.-S., Cheng, H., Deng, T., Fan, Y.-P. ve diğerleri. (2020). A rapid advice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infected pneumonia (standard version). Military Medical Research, 7(4), 1-23.
• Jones, R. M., & Brosseau, L. M. (2015). Aerosol transmission of infectious disease. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 57(5), 501-508.
• Kampf, G., Todt, D., Pfaender, S., & Steinmann, E. (2020). Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and its inactivation with biocidal agents. Journal of Hospital Infection, 104(3), 246-251.
• Kariwa, H., Fujii, N., & Takashima, I. (2006). Inactivation of SARS coronavirus by means of povidone-iodine, physical conditions and chemical reagents. Dermatology, 212(Suppl. 1), 119-123.
• Kohn, W. G., Collins, A. S., Cleveland, J. L., Harte, J. A., Eklund, K. J., & Malvitz, D. M. (2003). Guidelines for infection control in dental health-care settings. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 52.
• Kramer, A., Schwebke, I., & Kampf, G. (2006). How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infectious Diseases, 6(130), 1-8.
• Kutter, J. S., Spronken, M. I., Fraaij, P. L., Fouchier, R. A., & Herfst, S. (2018). Transmission routes of respiratory viruses among humans. Current Opinion in Virology, 28, 142-151.
• Lai, C.-C., Shih, T.-P., Ko, W.-C., Tang, H.-J., & Hsueh, P.-R. (2020). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19): the epidemic and the challenges. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 55(3), 1-9.
• Li, Q., Guan, X., Wu, P., Wang, X., Zhou, L., Tong, Y. ve diğerleri. (2020). Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(13), 1199-1207.
• Lu, C.-w., Liu, X.-f., & Jia, Z.-f. (2020). 2019-nCoV transmission through the ocular surface must not be ignored. The Lancet, 395(10224), e39.
• Marui, V. C., Souto, M. L. S., Rovai, E. S., Romito, G. A., Chambrone, L., & Pannuti, C. M. (2019). Efficacy of preprocedural mouthrinses in the reduction of microorganisms in aerosol: A systematic review. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 150(12), 1015-1026.
• Meng, L., Hua, F., & Bian, Z. (2020). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral Medicine. Journal of Dental Research, 1-7. doi: 10.1177/0022034520914246
• Mertz-Fairhurst, E. J., Curtis Jr, J. W., Ergle, J. W., Rueggeberg, F. A., & Adair, S. M. (1998). Ultraconservative and cariostatic sealed restorations: results at year 10. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 129(1), 55-66.
• Narayana, T., Mohanty, L., Sreenath, G., & Vidhyadhari, P. (2016). Role of preprocedural rinse and high volume evacuator in reducing bacterial contamination in bioaerosols. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, 20(1), 59.
• Nejatidanesh, F., Khosravi, Z., Goroohi, H., Badrian, H., & Savabi, O. (2013). Risk of contamination of different areas of dentist's face during dental practices. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4(5), 611-615.
• Oppermann, R. V., & Johansen, J. R. (1980). Effect of fluoride and non‐fluoride salts of copper, silver and tin on the acidogenicity of dental plaque in vivo. European Journal of Oral Sciences, 88(6), 476-480.
• Otter, J. A., Yezli, S., Salkeld, J. A., & French, G. L. (2013). Evidence that contaminated surfaces contribute to the transmission of hospital pathogens and an overview of strategies to address contaminated surfaces in hospital settings. American Journal of Infection Control, 41(5), 6-11.
• Peng, X., Xu, X., Li, Y., Cheng, L., Zhou, X., & Ren, B. (2020). Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. International Journal of Oral Science, 12(1), 1-6.
• Rabenau, H., Kampf, G., Cinatl, J., & Doerr, H. (2005). Efficacy of various disinfectants against SARS coronavirus. Journal of Hospital Infection, 61(2), 107-111.
• Ricci, M.L, Fontana, S., Pinci, F., Fiumana, E., Pedna, M.F., Farolfi, P. ve diğerleri. (2012). Pneumonia associated with a dental unit waterline. The Lancet ;379(9816), 684.
• Ricketts, D., Kidd, E., Innes, N. P., & Clarkson, J. E. (2008). Complete or ultraconservative removal of decayed tissue in unfilled teeth. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003808.pub2 adresinden elde edildi.
• Ricketts, D., Lamont, T., Innes, N. P., Kidd, E., & Clarkson, J. E. (2013). Operative caries management in adults and children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews(3).
• Rosenblatt, A., Stamford, T., & Niederman, R. (2009). Silver diamine fluoride: a caries “silver-fluoride bullet”. Journal of Dental Research, 88(2), 116-125.
• Rothe, C., Schunk, M., Sothmann, P., Bretzel, G., Froeschl, G., Wallrauch, C. ve diğerleri. (2020). Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(10).
• Samaranayake, L., Reid, J., & Evans, D. (1989). The efficacy of rubber dam isolation in reducing atmospheric bacterial contamination. ASDC Journal of Dentistry for Children, 56(6), 442-444.
• Samaranayake, L. P., & Peiris, M. (2004). Severe acute respiratory syndrome and dentistry: a retrospective view. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 135(9), 1292-1302.
• Schwendicke, F., Stolpe, M., & Innes, N. (2016). Conventional treatment, Hall Technique or immediate pulpotomy for carious primary molars: a cost‐effectiveness analysis. International Endodontic Journal, 49(9), 817-826.
• Smith WR, Mason K, Davies D, Onions J. (1982). Intraoral and pulmonary tuberculosis following dental treatment. The Lancet, 319(8276),842-44.
• The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team (2020). The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. Chinese Journal of Epidemiology, 41(2), 145.
• Stetzenbach, L. D., Buttner, M. P., & Cruz, P. (2004). Detection and enumeration of airborne biocontaminants. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 15(3), 170-174.
• Van't Hof, M. A., Frencken, J. E., Helderman, W. H. v. P., & Holmgren, C. J. (2006). The atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) approach for managing dental caries: a meta‐analysis. International Dental Journal, 56(6), 345-351.
• Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., & Qin, Q. (2020). Unique epidemiological and clinical features of the emerging 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID‐19) implicate special control measures. Journal of Medical Virology, 1-9.
• WHO.(2009). Natural ventilation for infection control in health-care settings. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK143284/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK143284.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
• WHO.(2014). Infection Prevention and Control of Epidemic- and Pandemic-Prone Acute Respiratory Infections in Health Care. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK214359/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK214359.pdf adresinden elde edildi.
• WHO. (2016). Decontamination and reprocessing of medical devices for health-care facilities. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250232/9789241549851-eng.pdf?sequence=1 adresinden elde edildi.
• WHO. (2020a). Clinical Management of Severe Acute RespiratoryInfection when Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV Infection is Suspected: Interim Guidance.). https://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected adresinden elde edildi.
• WHO. (2020b). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Situation Report – 59. https://reliefweb.int/report/world/coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-situation-report-59-19-march-2020 adresinden elde edildi.
• WHO. (2020c). Infection prevention and control during health care when novel coronavirus (‎‎‎ nCoV)‎‎‎ infection is suspected: interim guidance. https://www.who.int/publications-detail/infection-prevention-and-control-during-health-care-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection- is-suspected-20200125 adresinden elde edildi.
• Wood, A., & Payne, D. (1998). The action of three antiseptics/disinfectants against enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Journal of Hospital Infection, 38(4), 283-295.
• Xu, H., Zhong, L., Deng, J., Peng, J., Dan, H., Zeng, X. ve diğerleri (2020). High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. International Journal of Oral Science, 12(1), 1-5.
• Yalçın, S., & Alçay, A. Ü. (2015). İç Ortam Havası Biyoaerosolleri ve Mikrobiyal Hava Kalitesi Ölçüm Metodları. Anadolu Bil Meslek Yüksekokulu Dergisi(37), 17-30.
• Zemouri, C., de Soet, H., Crielaard, W., & Laheij, A. (2017). A scoping review on bio-aerosols in healthcare and the dental environment. PloS one, 12(5).
• Zhao, I. S., Gao, S. S., Hiraishi, N., Burrow, M. F., Duangthip, D., Mei, M. L. ve diğerleri. (2018). Mechanisms of silver diamine fluoride on arresting caries: a literature review. International Dental Journal, 68(2), 67-76.