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The Relationship between Orthorexic Tendency and Bread Consumption Habits in Adults: A Cross-sectional Study

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 365 - 376, 31.08.2023

Emine Yassıbaş , Feray Gençer Bingöl

https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.1256236

Öz

Objective: Recently, bread is a frequently discussed food whether it is healthy or not, due to its high carbohydrate and gluten content. It is thought that negative attitudes toward bread may effect on eating behavior. The present study examined attitudes toward bread consumption and orthorexic tendency.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 1220 adults. Data including the type and amount of consumed bread, food consumption frequencies and the ORTO-15 scale were collected through a questionnaire. Three stepwise linear regressions were conducted to evaluate the related factors with orthorexic tendency.
Results: It was determined that 66.6% of the individuals had an orthorexic tendency. The idea that bread is an unhealthy food was more common in individuals with an orthorexic tendency (p<0.05). Similarly, the percentage of individuals who do not consume any bread was approximately 3 times higher among individuals with orthorexic tendency (p<0.05). Also, daily bread consumption amount (134.1±72.22 g vs. 152.9±76.71 g) and carbohydrate intake (200.7±110.45 g vs. 225.7±111.58 g) were found to be significantly lower in individuals with orthorexic tendency (p<0.05). High educational level, consuming whole grain bread, and low carbohydrate intake were associated with higher levels of orthorexic tendencies according to ORTO-15 scores (p<0.05).
Conclusions: These results indicate that the orthorexic tendency was higher in individuals with negative attitudes toward bread. In this respect, it seems important to increase the awareness of individuals about healthy bread types and the amounts to be consumed in terms of gaining healthier eating behaviors/of improving their eating behaviors.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Bread consumption Carbohydrate intake Orthorexic tendency ORTO-15

Kaynakça

  • Aksoydan, E. & Camci, N. (2009). Prevalence of orthorexia nervosa among Turkish performance artists. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 14(1), 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03327792
  • Arusoglu, G. (2006). Healthy eating obsession (orthorexia): Examination of the symptoms, the adaptation of ORTO-15. Ankara, Turkey: Hacettepe University.
  • Asil, E. & Sürücüoğlu, M. S. (2015). Orthorexia Nervosa in Turkish Dietitians. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 54(4), 303–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2014.987920
  • Baǧci Bosi, A. T., Çamur, D. & Güler, Ç. (2007). Prevalence of orthorexia nervosa in resident medical doctors in the faculty of medicine (Ankara, Turkey). Appetite, 49(3), 661–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2007.04.007
  • Barnes, M. A. & Caltabiano, M. L. (2017). The interrelationship between orthorexia nervosa, perfectionism, body image and attachment style. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 22(1), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-016-0280-x
  • Bautista-Castaño, I. & Serra-Majem, L. (2012). Relationship between bread consumption, body weight, and abdominal fat distribution: Evidence from epidemiological studies. Nutrition Reviews, 70(4), 218–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00454.x
  • Donini, L. M., Marsili, D., Graziani, M. P., Imbriale, M. & Cannella, C. (2004). Orthorexia nervosa: A preliminary study with a proposal for diagnosis and an attempt to measure the dimension of the phenomenon. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 9(2), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325060
  • Donini, L. M., Marsili, D., Graziani, M. P., Imbriale, M. & Cannella, C. (2005). Orthorexia nervosa: Validation of a diagnosis questionnaire. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03327537
  • Eglite, A., Economics, F., Development, S., Kunkulberga, D. & Technology, F. (2017). Bread choice and consumption trends. Baltic Conference on Food Science and Technology FOODBALT “Food for Consumer Well-Being,” 178–182. https://doi.org/10.22616/foodbalt.2017.005
  • Ertürk, A., Arslantaş, N., Sarıca, D. & Demircan, V. (2015). Families’ Bread Consumption and Waste in Urban Areas of Isparta City, Turkey. Academic Food Journal, 13(4), 291–298.
  • Fidan, T., Ertekin, V., Işikay, S. & Kirpinar, I. (2010). Prevalence of orthorexia among medical students in Erzurum, Turkey. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(1), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.03.001
  • Giannou, V., Kessoglou, V. & Tzia, C. (2003). Quality and safety characteristics of bread made from frozen dough. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 14(3), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(02)00278-9
  • Grammatikopoulou, M. G., Gkiouras, K., Markaki, A., Theodoridis, X., Tsakiri, V., Mavridis, P., Dardavessis T., Chourdakis, M. (2018). Food addiction, orthorexia, and food-related stress among dietetics students. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 23, 459-467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0514-1
  • Gunnarsson, A. & Elam, M. (2012). Food Fight! The Swedish Low-Carb/High Fat (LCHF) Movement and the Turning of Science Popularisation Against the Scientists. Science as Culture, 21(3), 315–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2011.632000
  • Gül, A., Isik, H., Bal, T. & Ozer, S. (2003). Bread Consumption and Waste of Households in Urban Area of Adana Province. Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, 6(2), 1–14.
  • Hauner, H., Bechthold, A., Boeing, H., Brönstrup, A., Buyken, A., Leschik-Bonnet, E., Linseisen, J., Schulze, M., Strohm, D. & Wolfram, G. (2012). Evidence-based guideline of the German nutrition society: Carbohydrate intake and prevention of nutrition-related diseases. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 60(1), 1–58. https://doi.org/10.1159/000335326
  • Koven, N. S. & Wabry, A. (2015). The clinical basis of orthorexia nervosa: Emerging perspectives. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 385–394. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S61665
  • Lobera, I. J. & Ríos, P. B. (2009). Choice of diet in patients with anorexia nervosa. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 24(6), 682–687. https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2009.24.6.4552
  • Loria-Kohen, V., Gómez-Candela, C., Fernández-Fernández, C., Pérez-Torres, A., García-Puig, J. & Bermejo, L. M. (2012). Evaluation of the usefulness of a low-calorie diet with or without bread in the treatment of overweight/obesity. Clinical Nutrition, 31(4), 455–461.
  • McComb, S. E. & Mills, J. S. (2019). Orthorexia nervosa: A review of psychosocial risk factors. Appetite, 140, 50–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.005
  • Missbach, B., Hinterbuchinger, B., Dreiseitl, V., Zellhofer, S., Kurz, C. & König, J. (2015). When eating right, is measured wrong! A validation and critical examination of the ORTO-15 questionnaire in German. PLoS ONE, 10(8), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135772
  • O’Connor, A. (2012). An overview of the role of bread in the UK diet. Nutrition Bulletin, 37, 193–212. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2012.01975.x
  • Ormancı, N. (2022). Kadınların Beslenme Alışkanlıkları ve Ortoreksiya Nervoza (Sağlıklı Beslenme Takıntıları) İlişkisi: KKTC Örneği. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(2), 223-229.
  • Plichta, M. & Jezewska-Zychowicz, M. (2019). Eating behaviors, attitudes toward health and eating, and symptoms of orthorexia nervosa among students. Appetite, 137, 114–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.02.022
  • Plichta, M. & Jezewska-Zychowicz, M. (2020). Orthorexic tendency and eating disorders symptoms in Polish students: Examining differences in eating behaviors. Nutrients, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010218
  • Plichta, M., Jezewska-Zychowicz, M. & Gębski, J. (2019). Orthorexic tendency in polish students: Exploring association with dietary patterns, body satisfaction and weight. Nutrients, 11(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010100
  • Pollard, C. M., Pulker, C. E., Meng, X., Scott, J. A., Denham, F. C., Solah, V. A. & Kerr, D. A. (2017). Consumer attitudes and misperceptions associated with trends in self-reported cereal foods consumption: Cross-sectional study of Western Australian adults, 1995 to 2012. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4511-5
  • Rej, A., Aziz, I. & Sanders, D. S. (2019). Breaking bread! Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 78(1), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665118002549
  • Roustaee, R., Houshiarrad, A., Tajik, E. & Hajifaraji, M. (2018). Assessment of Dietary Intakes and Food habits in Female Adolescents with Eating Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. Nutrition and Food Sciences Research, 5(4), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.29252/nfsr.5.4.7
  • Sandvik, P., Nydahl, M., Kihlberg, I. & Marklinder, I. (2018). Consumers’ health-related perceptions of bread – Implications for labeling and health communication. Appetite, 121, 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.11.092
  • Scarff, J. R. (2017). Orthorexia Nervosa: An Obsession With Healthy Eating. Federal Practitioner, 34(6), 36–39.
  • Serra-Majem, L. & Bautista-Castaño, I. (2015). Relationship between bread and obesity. British Journal of Nutrition, 113(2), S29–S35. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514003249
  • Shewry, P. R. & Hey, S. J. (2016). Do we need to worry about eating wheat? Nutrition Bulletin, 41(1), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12186
  • Strahler, J., Hermann, A., Walter, B. & Stark, R. (2018). Orthorexia nervosa: A behavioral complex or a psychological condition? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 1143–1156. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.129
  • Varga, M., Dukay-Szabó, S., Túry, F. & Van Furth Eric, F. (2013). Evidence and gaps in the literature on orthorexia nervosa. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 18(2), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-013-0026-y
  • Varga, M., Thege, B. K., Dukay-Szabó, S., Túry, F. & van Furth, E. F. (2014). When eating healthy is not healthy: Orthorexia nervosa and its measurement with the ORTO-15 in Hungary. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-59
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Body Mass Index - BMI. https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/a-healthy-lifestyle---who-recommendations Access date: 20.12.2022
  • Yeşildemir, Ö. & Acar Tek, N. (2022). A Cross-Sectional Study: Orthorexia Nervosa In Regular Exercising Individuals For Healthy Life. Progress In Nutrition, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v24i1.11921

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 365 - 376, 31.08.2023

Emine Yassıbaş , Feray Gençer Bingöl

https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.1256236

Öz

Amaç: Ekmek son zamanlarda yüksek karbonhidrat ve gluten içeriği nedeniyle sağlıklı olup olmadığı sıkça tartışılan bir besindir. Ekmeğe yönelik olumsuz tutumların yeme davranışı üzerinde etkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada ekmek tüketimine yönelik tutumlar ve ortorektik eğilim ile ilişkisi incelenmiştir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışma 1220 yetişkin ile yürütülmüş olup tüketilen ekmeğin türü ve miktarı, besin tüketim sıklıkları ve ORTO-15 ölçeğini içeren veriler bir anket aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Ortorektik eğilim ile ilişkili faktörleri değerlendirmek için üç aşamalı doğrusal regresyon analizi yapılmıştır.
Bulgular: Bireylerin %66.6’sının ortorektik eğilimi olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ekmeğin sağlıksız bir besin olduğu fikri ortorektik eğilimi olan bireylerde daha yaygındır (p<0.05). Benzer şekilde, hiç ekmek tüketmeyen bireylerin sıklığı ortorektik eğilimi olan bireyler arasında yaklaşık 3 kat daha fazladır (p<0.05). Ayrıca günlük ekmek tüketim miktarı (134.1±72.22 g ve 152.9±76.71 g) ve karbonhidrat alım miktarı (200.7±110.45 g ve 225.7±111.58 g) ortorektik eğilimi olan bireylerde önemli derecede düşük bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Yüksek eğitim düzeyi, tam tahıllı ekmek tüketimi ve düşük karbonhidrat alımı ORTO-15 skoruna göre daha yüksek ortorektik eğilim ile ilişkili bulunmuştur (p<0.05).
Sonuç: Bu sonuçlar, ekmeğe yönelik olumsuz tutuma sahip bireylerde ortorektik eğilimin daha yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu açıdan bireylerin sağlıklı ekmek çeşitleri ve tüketilmesi gereken miktarlar konusunda farkındalıklarının artırılması daha sağlıklı beslenme davranışları kazanmaları/yeme davranışlarını geliştirmeleri açısından önemli görünmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ekmek tüketimi Karbonhidrat alımı Ortorektik eğilim ORTO-15

Kaynakça

  • Aksoydan, E. & Camci, N. (2009). Prevalence of orthorexia nervosa among Turkish performance artists. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 14(1), 33–37. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03327792
  • Arusoglu, G. (2006). Healthy eating obsession (orthorexia): Examination of the symptoms, the adaptation of ORTO-15. Ankara, Turkey: Hacettepe University.
  • Asil, E. & Sürücüoğlu, M. S. (2015). Orthorexia Nervosa in Turkish Dietitians. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 54(4), 303–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2014.987920
  • Baǧci Bosi, A. T., Çamur, D. & Güler, Ç. (2007). Prevalence of orthorexia nervosa in resident medical doctors in the faculty of medicine (Ankara, Turkey). Appetite, 49(3), 661–666. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2007.04.007
  • Barnes, M. A. & Caltabiano, M. L. (2017). The interrelationship between orthorexia nervosa, perfectionism, body image and attachment style. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 22(1), 177–184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-016-0280-x
  • Bautista-Castaño, I. & Serra-Majem, L. (2012). Relationship between bread consumption, body weight, and abdominal fat distribution: Evidence from epidemiological studies. Nutrition Reviews, 70(4), 218–233. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2012.00454.x
  • Donini, L. M., Marsili, D., Graziani, M. P., Imbriale, M. & Cannella, C. (2004). Orthorexia nervosa: A preliminary study with a proposal for diagnosis and an attempt to measure the dimension of the phenomenon. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 9(2), 151–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03325060
  • Donini, L. M., Marsili, D., Graziani, M. P., Imbriale, M. & Cannella, C. (2005). Orthorexia nervosa: Validation of a diagnosis questionnaire. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03327537
  • Eglite, A., Economics, F., Development, S., Kunkulberga, D. & Technology, F. (2017). Bread choice and consumption trends. Baltic Conference on Food Science and Technology FOODBALT “Food for Consumer Well-Being,” 178–182. https://doi.org/10.22616/foodbalt.2017.005
  • Ertürk, A., Arslantaş, N., Sarıca, D. & Demircan, V. (2015). Families’ Bread Consumption and Waste in Urban Areas of Isparta City, Turkey. Academic Food Journal, 13(4), 291–298.
  • Fidan, T., Ertekin, V., Işikay, S. & Kirpinar, I. (2010). Prevalence of orthorexia among medical students in Erzurum, Turkey. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 51(1), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.03.001
  • Giannou, V., Kessoglou, V. & Tzia, C. (2003). Quality and safety characteristics of bread made from frozen dough. Trends in Food Science and Technology, 14(3), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-2244(02)00278-9
  • Grammatikopoulou, M. G., Gkiouras, K., Markaki, A., Theodoridis, X., Tsakiri, V., Mavridis, P., Dardavessis T., Chourdakis, M. (2018). Food addiction, orthorexia, and food-related stress among dietetics students. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 23, 459-467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0514-1
  • Gunnarsson, A. & Elam, M. (2012). Food Fight! The Swedish Low-Carb/High Fat (LCHF) Movement and the Turning of Science Popularisation Against the Scientists. Science as Culture, 21(3), 315–334. https://doi.org/10.1080/09505431.2011.632000
  • Gül, A., Isik, H., Bal, T. & Ozer, S. (2003). Bread Consumption and Waste of Households in Urban Area of Adana Province. Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, 6(2), 1–14.
  • Hauner, H., Bechthold, A., Boeing, H., Brönstrup, A., Buyken, A., Leschik-Bonnet, E., Linseisen, J., Schulze, M., Strohm, D. & Wolfram, G. (2012). Evidence-based guideline of the German nutrition society: Carbohydrate intake and prevention of nutrition-related diseases. Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 60(1), 1–58. https://doi.org/10.1159/000335326
  • Koven, N. S. & Wabry, A. (2015). The clinical basis of orthorexia nervosa: Emerging perspectives. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 11, 385–394. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S61665
  • Lobera, I. J. & Ríos, P. B. (2009). Choice of diet in patients with anorexia nervosa. Nutricion Hospitalaria, 24(6), 682–687. https://doi.org/10.3305/nh.2009.24.6.4552
  • Loria-Kohen, V., Gómez-Candela, C., Fernández-Fernández, C., Pérez-Torres, A., García-Puig, J. & Bermejo, L. M. (2012). Evaluation of the usefulness of a low-calorie diet with or without bread in the treatment of overweight/obesity. Clinical Nutrition, 31(4), 455–461.
  • McComb, S. E. & Mills, J. S. (2019). Orthorexia nervosa: A review of psychosocial risk factors. Appetite, 140, 50–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.005
  • Missbach, B., Hinterbuchinger, B., Dreiseitl, V., Zellhofer, S., Kurz, C. & König, J. (2015). When eating right, is measured wrong! A validation and critical examination of the ORTO-15 questionnaire in German. PLoS ONE, 10(8), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135772
  • O’Connor, A. (2012). An overview of the role of bread in the UK diet. Nutrition Bulletin, 37, 193–212. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-3010.2012.01975.x
  • Ormancı, N. (2022). Kadınların Beslenme Alışkanlıkları ve Ortoreksiya Nervoza (Sağlıklı Beslenme Takıntıları) İlişkisi: KKTC Örneği. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(2), 223-229.
  • Plichta, M. & Jezewska-Zychowicz, M. (2019). Eating behaviors, attitudes toward health and eating, and symptoms of orthorexia nervosa among students. Appetite, 137, 114–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.02.022
  • Plichta, M. & Jezewska-Zychowicz, M. (2020). Orthorexic tendency and eating disorders symptoms in Polish students: Examining differences in eating behaviors. Nutrients, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010218
  • Plichta, M., Jezewska-Zychowicz, M. & Gębski, J. (2019). Orthorexic tendency in polish students: Exploring association with dietary patterns, body satisfaction and weight. Nutrients, 11(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010100
  • Pollard, C. M., Pulker, C. E., Meng, X., Scott, J. A., Denham, F. C., Solah, V. A. & Kerr, D. A. (2017). Consumer attitudes and misperceptions associated with trends in self-reported cereal foods consumption: Cross-sectional study of Western Australian adults, 1995 to 2012. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4511-5
  • Rej, A., Aziz, I. & Sanders, D. S. (2019). Breaking bread! Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 78(1), 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665118002549
  • Roustaee, R., Houshiarrad, A., Tajik, E. & Hajifaraji, M. (2018). Assessment of Dietary Intakes and Food habits in Female Adolescents with Eating Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity. Nutrition and Food Sciences Research, 5(4), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.29252/nfsr.5.4.7
  • Sandvik, P., Nydahl, M., Kihlberg, I. & Marklinder, I. (2018). Consumers’ health-related perceptions of bread – Implications for labeling and health communication. Appetite, 121, 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.11.092
  • Scarff, J. R. (2017). Orthorexia Nervosa: An Obsession With Healthy Eating. Federal Practitioner, 34(6), 36–39.
  • Serra-Majem, L. & Bautista-Castaño, I. (2015). Relationship between bread and obesity. British Journal of Nutrition, 113(2), S29–S35. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114514003249
  • Shewry, P. R. & Hey, S. J. (2016). Do we need to worry about eating wheat? Nutrition Bulletin, 41(1), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12186
  • Strahler, J., Hermann, A., Walter, B. & Stark, R. (2018). Orthorexia nervosa: A behavioral complex or a psychological condition? Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(4), 1143–1156. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.129
  • Varga, M., Dukay-Szabó, S., Túry, F. & Van Furth Eric, F. (2013). Evidence and gaps in the literature on orthorexia nervosa. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 18(2), 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-013-0026-y
  • Varga, M., Thege, B. K., Dukay-Szabó, S., Túry, F. & van Furth, E. F. (2014). When eating healthy is not healthy: Orthorexia nervosa and its measurement with the ORTO-15 in Hungary. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-14-59
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Body Mass Index - BMI. https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/fact-sheets/item/a-healthy-lifestyle---who-recommendations Access date: 20.12.2022
  • Yeşildemir, Ö. & Acar Tek, N. (2022). A Cross-Sectional Study: Orthorexia Nervosa In Regular Exercising Individuals For Healthy Life. Progress In Nutrition, 24(1). https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v24i1.11921
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Beslenme Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Emine Yassıbaş 0000-0002-8784-3371

Feray Gençer Bingöl 0000-0001-5754-7208

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 18 Temmuz 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 24 Şubat 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yassıbaş, E., & Gençer Bingöl, F. (2023). The Relationship between Orthorexic Tendency and Bread Consumption Habits in Adults: A Cross-sectional Study. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 10(2), 365-376. https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.1256236
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