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DOLLAR DIPLOMACY AND DEBT-TRAP DIPLOMACY: COMPARISON OF THE USA AND CHINA SAMPLES

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 174 - 194, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.25272/j.2149-8539.2019.5.3.2

Öz

The concepts of ‘’Dollar Diplomacy’’ and “Debt Trap Diplomacy” can be expressed as two prominent concepts in terms of reflecting the economic power, which is important in becoming a world power, as a military and cultural power. This study aims to investigate the effects of these concepts in the process of becoming a major power on the US and China by comparing similar and different aspects of Dollar Diplomacy and Debt Trap Diplomacy. In this study, the Dollar Diplomacy strategy is used by the USA on Latin American countries between 1898-1933 was first examined and then the Debt Trap Diplomacy which is claimed to be used by China on African countries in the recent years was researched. In this conceptualization-focused study, comparative analysis method was adopted and scientific books, articles, internet resources, official documents and reports were used. As a result of the researches, it was concluded that the two concepts with different content and characteristics applied in different periods reveal a similar foreign policy vision. The most prominent feature of both diplomacy models is the skillful use of the advantages of economic developments as a foreign policy instrument. 

Kaynakça

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DOLAR DİPLOMASİSİ VE BORÇ TUZAĞI DİPLOMASİSİ: ABD VE ÇİN ÖRNEKLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 174 - 194, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.25272/j.2149-8539.2019.5.3.2

Öz

“Dolar Diplomasisi” ve “Borç Tuzağı Diplomasisi” kavramları dünya gücü olma yolunda önem taşıyan ekonomik gücün, askeri ve kültürel güç olarak yansıtılması anlamında öne çıkan iki kavram olarak ifade edilebilir. Bu çalışma Dolar Diplomasisi ve Borç Tuzağı Diplomasisinin benzer ve farklı yönlerini karşılaştırarak, bu kavramların büyük güç olma sürecinde ABD ve Çin üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmayı hedeflemektedir. Çalışmada ilk olarak 1898-1933 yılları arasında ABD tarafından Latin Amerika ülkeleri üzerinde kullanılan Dolar Diplomasisi stratejisi incelenmiş, ardından son yıllarda Çin tarafından Afrika ülkeleri üzerinde kullanıldığı iddia edilen Borç Tuzağı Diplomasisi araştırılmıştır. Kavramsallaştırma odaklı bu çalışmada, karşılaştırmalı analiz yöntemi benimsenmiş olup, bilimsel veriler, kitaplar, makaleler, internet kaynakları, resmî belge ve raporlardan yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmalar sonucunda ortaya çıkan bulgularda ise farklı dönemlerde uygulanıp, farklı içerik ve özelliklere sahip olan iki kavramın benzer bir dış politika vizyonu ortaya koyduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Her iki diplomasi modelinde de öne çıkan en belirgin özellik ise ekonomik gelişmelerin sağladığı avantajların bir dış politika aracı olarak ustaca kullanılmasıdır. 

Kaynakça

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  • DUNKERLEY, J. (2012), ‘’US Foreign Policy in Latin America’’, US Foreign Policy, ed. M. Cox ve D. Stokes, Oxford University Press, New york, s. 277-296.
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  • GOPALDAS, R., ‘’Lessons from Sri Lanka on China's 'debt-trap diplomacy’’, Institute for Security Studies, https://issafrica.org/amp/iss-today/lessons-from-sri-lanka-on-chinas-debt-trap-diplomacy, Erişim Tarihi: 30/07/2019.
  • GÖKTEN, K. (2011), ‘’Çin’in Barışçıl Yükselişine Muhafazakar-Realist Çözümler’’, Akdeniz İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, Cilt 11, Sayı 21, ss. 110-129.
  • Gunboat Diplomacy; https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/modern-europe/albanian-history/gunboat-diplomacy, Erişim tarihi: 27.07.2019. HANAUER, L. ve MORRIS, L. J. (2014), Chinese Engagement in Africa: Drivers, Reactions and Implcations for U.S. Policy, Rand Corporation, Washington D.C.
  • HURLEY, J., Morris S. ve Portelance, G. (2018, Mart), ‘’Examining the Debt Implications of the Belt and Road Initiative from a Policy Perspective’’, Center For Global Development, CDG Policy Paper 21.
  • JOHNSON, A. I. (2003), ‘’Is China a Status Quo Power’’, International Security, Cilt 27, Sayı 4, ss. 5-56.
  • JUNBO, J. ve FRASHERI, D. (2014), ‘’Neo-colonialism or De-colonializm? China’s economic engagement in Africa and implication for the world order?’’, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations, Cilt 8, Sayı 7, ss. 185-201.
  • KENNEDY, P. (1988), The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000, Unwin Hyman Limited, London.
  • KEYVAN, Ö. Z. (2017, 6 Mart), ‘’Tek Çin Politikası ve ABD’’, ANKASAM, https://ankasam.org/cinin-tek-cin-politikasi-ve-abd/, Erişim Tarihi: 29/07/2019.
  • KIZILTAN, A. (2004), ‘’Tek Kutuplu Bir Dünyada Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin Süper Güç Olabilirliği”, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 5, Sayı 1, ss. 45-66.
  • LAFEBER, W. (2012), ‘’The US rise to World power 1776-1945’’, Us Foreign Policy, ed. M. Cox ve D. Stokes, Oxford University Press, New york, s. 43-58.
  • LATERZA, V. ve Mususa, P. (2018, 11 Ekim). Is China really to blame for Zambia's debt problems?, Al Jazeera, https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/china-blame-zambia-debt-problems-181009140625090.html, Erişim Tarihi: 31/07/2019.
  • LAURENCE, W. (2017, 28 Mart), ‘’The Dark Legacy of China’s Drive for Global Resources”, Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, https://e360.yale.edu/features/the-dark-legacy-of-chinas-drive-for-global-resources, Erişim Tarihi: 29/07/2019.
  • Loans and Debt Resolution - Dollar diplomacy in nicaragua, American Foreign Policy https://www.americanforeignrelations.com/E-N/Loans-and-Debt-Resolution-Dollar-diplomacy-in-nicaragua.html Erişim tarihi: 28.07.2019.
  • MADDİSON, A. (1988), Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run, Development Center Studies, Paris.MAGGIORELLI, L. (2017), ‘’Chinese Aid to Latin America and the Caribbean: Evolution and Prospects’’, Revista Internacional de Cooperación y Desarrollo, Cilt 4, Sayı 2, s. 33.
  • MEAD, W. R. (2018, 17 Eylül), ‘’Imperialism Will Be Dangerous for China”, Wall Street Journal, https://www.wsj.com/articles/imperialism-will-be-dangerous-for-china-1537225875 Erişim Tarihi: 29/07/2019.
  • MEARSHEIMER, J. (2006), ‘’China’s Unpeaceful Rise’’, Current History, 105(690).
  • MEISER J. W. (2015), Power and Restraint The Rise of The United States 1898-1941, Georgetown University Press, Washington DC.
  • MILLER, R. J. (2006), Native America, Discovered and Conquered: Thomas Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, and Manifest Destiny, Praeger, Westport.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People’s Republic of China: FOCAC Archive (2006, 25 Temmuz). Africa Benefiting from partnership with China, http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/zflt/eng/zxxx/t264759.htm, Erişim Tarihi: 30/07/2019
  • MITCHENER, K. J. Ve WEIDENMEIR, M. (2005), ‘’Empire, Public Goods, and the Roosevelt Corollary’’, The Journal of Economic History, 65(3), s.658-692.
  • MITIMINGI, T. C. ve HILL, M. (2019, 9 Mayıs). Bloomberg, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-05-09/zambia-s-debt-build-up-continues-apace-despite-imf-warnings, Erişim Tarihi: 31/07/2019.
  • MURRIN, J. M. (2012), Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People Volume 2 Since 1863, Cengage Advantage Books, Sixth Edition, Boston.Open Door Policy, https://www.britannica.com/event/Open-Door-policy Erişim tarihi: 26.07.2019.
  • ÖĞÜTÇÜ, M. (1998), Yükselen Asya, İmge Kitabevi Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • PANDA, A. (2014, 26 Haziran), ‘’Reflecting on China's Five Principles, 60 Years Later’’, The Diplomat, https://thediplomat.com/2014/06/reflecting-on-chinas-five-principles-60-years-later/, Erişim Tarihi: 29/07/2019.
  • PARK, Y. J. (2016, 12 Mayıs), ‘’One Million Chinese in Africa”, SAIS Perspectives, http://www.saisperspectives.com/2016issue/2016/5/12/n947s9csa0ik6kmkm0bzb0hy584sfo, Erişim Tarihi: 30/07/2019.
  • PARKER, S. ve CHEFITZ, G. (2018, Mayıs), ‘’Debtbook Diplomacy: China’s Strategic Leveraging of its Newfound Economic Influence and the Consequences for U.S. Foreign Policy’’, Harvard Kenedy School Working Paper.
  • PATERSON, T. G., CLIFFORD J. ve HAGAN G. ve Kenneth J. (1988), American Foreign Policy: A History Since 1900, D. C. Heath and Company, Lexington.PEHNELT, G. ve ABEL, M. (2007), ‘’China’s Development Policy in Africa”, The South African Institute of International Affairs, Rapor No 1.
  • Platt Kanun Değişikliği (1901), https://www.britannica.com/topic/Platt-Amendment Erişim tarihi: 27.07.2019.
  • Presidental Speeches, William Howard Taft, December 3, (1912) https://millercenter.org/the-presidency/presidential-speeches/december-3-1912-fourth-annual-message Erişim tarihi: 28.07.2019.
  • RIPPY, J. F. (1937, Kasım), ‘’The Initiation of the Customs Receivership in the Dominican Republic Fred rippy dominician’’, The Hispanic American Historical Review, 17(4), s. 419-457.
  • RONIGER, L. (2010), ‘’US hemispheric hegemony and the descent into genocidal practices in Latin America’’, State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold Wars Years, ed. Marcia ESPARZA- Henry R. HUTTENBACHaniel FEIERSTEIN, Routledge, New York, s. 23-43.
  • ROSENBERG, E. S. (1999), Financial Missionaries to the World: The Politics and Culture of Dollar Diplomacy 1900-1930, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.SARI ERTEM, H. (2010), Geleneksel Amerikan kimlik ve güvenlik algısının 11 Eylül sonrası ABD dış politikasına etkileri (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
  • SHATTUCK, T. J. (2018, Temmuz), ‘’How China Dictates The Rules of the Game”, Foreign Policy Research Institute, https://www.fpri.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/howchinadictatesthegame.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 29/07/2019.
  • TANDOĞAN, M. (2018, 21 Eylül), ‘’Çin’in Borç Diplomasisi ve Afrika’’, AA Analiz, https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz-haber/cin-in-borc-diplomasisi-ve-afrika/1260770, Erişim Tarihi: 29/07/2019.
  • The Monroe Doctrine 1923, https://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/VirtualLibrary/MonroeDoctrine/Treaty/MonroeDoctrine.pdf Erişim tarihi: 24.07.2019.
  • The World's Top 10 Largest Economies, FocusEconomic, https://www.focus-economics.com/blog/the-largest-economies-in-the-world , Erişim tarihi: 1.08.2019.
  • TSEGAY, B. (2013, Ekim), ‘’The Impact of China on Western’s Policy towards Africa”, Horn Affairs, https://hornaffairs.com/2017/01/12/impact-of-china-on-westerns-policy-towards-africa/, Erişim Tarihi: 30/07/2019.
  • VEESER, C. (2002), A World Safe for Capitalism: Dollar Diplomacy and America’s Rise to Global Power, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Venezuela borç krizi, https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Learn-About-TR/TR-Encyclopedia/Foreign-Affairs/Venezuela-Debt-Crisis.aspx Erişim tarihi: 28.07.2019.
  • WATTS, J. (2013, 26 Mart), China's exploitation of Latin American natural resources raises concern”, The Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/mar/26/china-latin-america-resources-concern, Erişim Tarihi: 29/07/2019.
  • WEEKS, G. B. (2015), U.S and Latin America Relations, Wiley Blackwell, Malden.
  • White House (2018, 13 Aralık), ‘’Remarks by National Security Advisor Ambassador John R. Bolton on the The Trump Administration’s New Africa Strategy’’ https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/remarks-national-security-advisor-ambassador-john-r-bolton-trump-administrations-new-africa-strategy/, Erişim Tarihi: 31/07/2019.
  • WILLIAMS, M. E. (2012), Understanding U.S.–Latin American Relations: Theory and History, Routledge, New York.
  • XIE T. ve PAGE, B. I. (2010), ‘’Americans and the Rise of China as a World Power’’, Journal of Contemporary China, 19(65), s. 479-501.
  • YALING, P. (2015), ‘’China’s Foreign Assistance and Its Implications for the International Aid Architecture’’, China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, Cilt 1, Sayı 2, s. 283-304.
  • YORK, G. (2019, 16 Temmuz), ‘’Djibouti’s debt-defying stunt: Taking China’s money without accepting China’s control”, The Globe and Mail, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-djiboutis-debt-defying-stunt-taking-chinas-money-without-accepting/, Erişim Tarihi: 31/07/2019.
  • ZAINI, K. (2019, Nisan), ‘’China as a Selective Revisionist Power in the International Order”, ISEAS, https://www.iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/ISEAS_Perspective_2019_21.pdf, Sayı 21, Erişim Tarihi: 29/07/2019.
  • ZAKARIA, F. (2008), The Post-American World, W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York.
Toplam 76 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Çağla Vural 0000-0001-8474-2316

Hasan Aydın 0000-0002-2351-1693

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Vural, Ç., & Aydın, H. (2019). DOLAR DİPLOMASİSİ VE BORÇ TUZAĞI DİPLOMASİSİ: ABD VE ÇİN ÖRNEKLERİNİN KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI. Uluslararası Politik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 5(3), 174-194. https://doi.org/10.25272/j.2149-8539.2019.5.3.2

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