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Animal Subjectivity and Ethics of Care: Human-Nonhuman Relations in Doris Lessing’s On Cats

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 29 - 44, 27.04.2022

Öz

This study aims to analyse Doris Lessing’s On Cats through the lenses of animal subjectivity and ethics of care theory in the context of animal behaviours and human-nonhuman relations. Ethics of care in animal studies, which emphasises observing and communicating with non-human animals and caring for them, provides a theoretical foundation for understanding On Cats. In this respect, this study attempts to interpret the narrative from the perspective of ethics of care in order to dig out Lessing’s views on animals. The study mainly focuses on the subjectivity of nonhuman animals, which is indicated by their sentience and behaviours. According to Lessing, non-human animals have sensations that distinguish themselves from human beings. There is no doubt that they should be considered independent living beings though they seem to be relying on human beings for a living in this human-dominated society. Animals have feelings and emotions, and human beings should try to understand them by linking their behaviours with a human’s own experiences.

Kaynakça

  • Arıkan, Seda. “Care to Survive! Care Ethics in Doris Lessing’s The Memoirs of a Survivor.” International Journal of the Asian Philosophical Association, vol. 9, no. 2, 2016, pp. 265-286.
  • Bokkers, Eddie A. M. “Effects of Interactions Between Humans and Domesticated Animals.” Farming for Health: Green-Care Farming Across Europe and the United States of America, edited by Jan Hassink and Majken van Dijk, Springer, 2006, pp. 31-41.
  • Chur-Hansen, Anna, et al. “Companion Animals for Elderly Women: The Importance of Attachment.” Qualitative Research in Psychology, vol. 6, no. 4, 2009, pp. 281-293. Taylor and Francis Online, doi: 10.1080/14780880802314288.
  • Curtin, Diane. “Toward an Ecological Ethic of Care.” Hypatia, vol. 6. no. 1, 1991, pp. 60-74.
  • Donovan, Josephine. “Feminism and Treatment of Animals: From Care to Dialogue.” Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 31, no. 2, 2006, pp. 305-329. JSTOR, doi: 10.1086/491750.
  • ---. “Attention to Suffering: A Feminist Caring Ethic for the Treatment of Animals.” Journal of Social Philosophy, vol. 27, no. 1, 1996, pp. 81-102.
  • ---. “Attention to Suffering: Sympathy as a Basis for Ethical Treatment of Animals.” The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics: A Reader, edited by Donovan and Carol J. Adams. Colombia UP, 2007, pp. 174-197.
  • Donovan, Josephine, and Carol J. Adams. Introduction. The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics: A Reader, edited by Donovan and Adams, Columbia UP, 2007, pp. 1-20.
  • Engster, Daniel. “Care Ethics and Animal Welfare.” Journal of Social Philosophy, vol. 37, no. 4, 2006, pp. 521-536.
  • Gilligan, Carol. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Harvard UP, 2003.
  • Held, Virginia. The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global. Oxford UP, 2006.
  • Lessing, Dorris. On Cats. HarperCollins, 2008.
  • Luke, Brian. “Justice, Caring, and Animal Liberation.” The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics: A Reader, edited by Josephine Donovan and Carol J. Adams, Columbia UP, 2007, pp. 125-152.
  • Manning, Rita C. Speaking from the Heart: A Feminist Perspective on Ethics. Rowman and Littlefield, 1992.
  • Mathews, Karol, et al. “Guideliness for Recognition, Assessment and Treatment of Pain.” Journal of Small Animal Practice, vol. 55, no. 6, 2014, pp. 10-68. NIH: National Library of Medicine, doi: 10.1111/jsap.12200.
  • Mercer, Philip. Sympathy and Ethics. Clarendon, 1972.
  • Millner, Jacqueline. “Care, Interrelatedness and Creative Practises: The Care Project (2018-2022).” Care Ethics and Art, edited by Millner and Gretchen Coombs, Routledge, 2022, pp. 11-24.
  • Nimmo, Richie. “Animal Cultures, Subjectivity, and Knowledge: Symmetrical Reflections beyond the Great Divide.” Society and Animals, vol. 20, no. 2, 2012, pp. 173-192. Brill, doi: 10.1163/156853012X631379.
  • Noddings, Nel. Caring: A Relational Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. U of California P, 2013.
  • Peplau, Letitia Anne, and Daniel Perlman. Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research and Therapy. Wiley, 1982.
  • Scott, Graham. Essential Animal Behavior. Blackwell, 2005.
  • Trope, Yaacov, and Nira Liberman. “Construal-Level Theory of Psychological Distance.” Psychological Review, vol. 117, no. 2, 2010, pp. 440- 463. NIH: National Library of Medicine, doi: 10.1037/a0018963.
  • West, Krista. Animal Behavior: Animal Courtship. Chelsea House, 2009.
Yıl 2022, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 29 - 44, 27.04.2022

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Arıkan, Seda. “Care to Survive! Care Ethics in Doris Lessing’s The Memoirs of a Survivor.” International Journal of the Asian Philosophical Association, vol. 9, no. 2, 2016, pp. 265-286.
  • Bokkers, Eddie A. M. “Effects of Interactions Between Humans and Domesticated Animals.” Farming for Health: Green-Care Farming Across Europe and the United States of America, edited by Jan Hassink and Majken van Dijk, Springer, 2006, pp. 31-41.
  • Chur-Hansen, Anna, et al. “Companion Animals for Elderly Women: The Importance of Attachment.” Qualitative Research in Psychology, vol. 6, no. 4, 2009, pp. 281-293. Taylor and Francis Online, doi: 10.1080/14780880802314288.
  • Curtin, Diane. “Toward an Ecological Ethic of Care.” Hypatia, vol. 6. no. 1, 1991, pp. 60-74.
  • Donovan, Josephine. “Feminism and Treatment of Animals: From Care to Dialogue.” Journal of Women in Culture and Society, vol. 31, no. 2, 2006, pp. 305-329. JSTOR, doi: 10.1086/491750.
  • ---. “Attention to Suffering: A Feminist Caring Ethic for the Treatment of Animals.” Journal of Social Philosophy, vol. 27, no. 1, 1996, pp. 81-102.
  • ---. “Attention to Suffering: Sympathy as a Basis for Ethical Treatment of Animals.” The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics: A Reader, edited by Donovan and Carol J. Adams. Colombia UP, 2007, pp. 174-197.
  • Donovan, Josephine, and Carol J. Adams. Introduction. The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics: A Reader, edited by Donovan and Adams, Columbia UP, 2007, pp. 1-20.
  • Engster, Daniel. “Care Ethics and Animal Welfare.” Journal of Social Philosophy, vol. 37, no. 4, 2006, pp. 521-536.
  • Gilligan, Carol. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Harvard UP, 2003.
  • Held, Virginia. The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global. Oxford UP, 2006.
  • Lessing, Dorris. On Cats. HarperCollins, 2008.
  • Luke, Brian. “Justice, Caring, and Animal Liberation.” The Feminist Care Tradition in Animal Ethics: A Reader, edited by Josephine Donovan and Carol J. Adams, Columbia UP, 2007, pp. 125-152.
  • Manning, Rita C. Speaking from the Heart: A Feminist Perspective on Ethics. Rowman and Littlefield, 1992.
  • Mathews, Karol, et al. “Guideliness for Recognition, Assessment and Treatment of Pain.” Journal of Small Animal Practice, vol. 55, no. 6, 2014, pp. 10-68. NIH: National Library of Medicine, doi: 10.1111/jsap.12200.
  • Mercer, Philip. Sympathy and Ethics. Clarendon, 1972.
  • Millner, Jacqueline. “Care, Interrelatedness and Creative Practises: The Care Project (2018-2022).” Care Ethics and Art, edited by Millner and Gretchen Coombs, Routledge, 2022, pp. 11-24.
  • Nimmo, Richie. “Animal Cultures, Subjectivity, and Knowledge: Symmetrical Reflections beyond the Great Divide.” Society and Animals, vol. 20, no. 2, 2012, pp. 173-192. Brill, doi: 10.1163/156853012X631379.
  • Noddings, Nel. Caring: A Relational Approach to Ethics and Moral Education. U of California P, 2013.
  • Peplau, Letitia Anne, and Daniel Perlman. Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research and Therapy. Wiley, 1982.
  • Scott, Graham. Essential Animal Behavior. Blackwell, 2005.
  • Trope, Yaacov, and Nira Liberman. “Construal-Level Theory of Psychological Distance.” Psychological Review, vol. 117, no. 2, 2010, pp. 440- 463. NIH: National Library of Medicine, doi: 10.1037/a0018963.
  • West, Krista. Animal Behavior: Animal Courtship. Chelsea House, 2009.
Toplam 23 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular İngiliz ve İrlanda Dili, Edebiyatı ve Kültürü, Edebi Çalışmalar, Edebi Teori
Bölüm Research Articles
Yazarlar

Barış Ağır Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-7132-5844

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Nisan 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

MLA Ağır, Barış. “Animal Subjectivity and Ethics of Care: Human-Nonhuman Relations in Doris Lessing’s On Cats”. IDEAS: Journal of English Literary Studies, c. 2, sy. 1, 2022, ss. 29-44.

IDEAS: Journal of English Literary Studies is published by The English Language and Literature Research Association of Türkiye (IDEA).