HEDONİK AÇLIK

Nedime Gündüz; Melis Akhalil; Elif Naz Sevgi

HEDONİK AÇLIK

Öz

İnsanlığın, tarih boyunca ilk hedefi, açlığın önüne geçerek hayatta kalmak olmuştur. Beslenme tüm yönleriyle oldukça kompleks bir davranıştır. Kandaki glukoz seviyesinin düşmesi ve serbest yağ asidi seviyesinin yükselmesi sonucunda ortaya çıkan açlık hissi ve buna bağlı oluşan besin tüketme isteği homeostatik açlık olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bununla birlikte besinlerin tüketilmesi için meydana gelen motivasyonel süreçler, homeostatik olmayan bir biçimde beslenmeyi ortaya koymaktadır. Biyolojik ihtiyaç olmadan, besinlerin tadı, kokusu ve diğer duyusal özellikleri nedeniyle iştahta meydana gelen artma ve besini tüketirken alınan zevk ile ilişkili olan açlık ise hedonik açlık olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Hedonik açlığa bağlı olarak lezzetli besinlerin sık sık ve fazla miktarlarda tüketilmesi; obezite, diabetes mellitus ve birçok hastalığı beraberinde getirmektedir. Uykusuzluğun iştah ve besin alımı üzerine etkileri olduğundan, uykusuz bireylerin ödüllendirici besin uyaranlarına daha hassas oldukları bilinmektedir. Ayrıca hedonik besin alımlarının, obeziteyi tetikleyici unsur olmasından kaynaklı patofizyolojisinde rol oynadığı düşünülmektedir. Anksiyete ve obsesif kompulsif bozukluk semptomlarının da hedonik açlığı artırdığı bildirilmiştir. Hedonik olarak uyarılan besin alımının düzenlenmesinde nöral sistemler ve birçok hormon önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bunun dışında dopamin reseptör polimorfizmleri gibi genetik varyasyonların da hedonik açlığın gelişimde rol oynadığı belirtilmektedir. Farklı değişkenlerin hedonik açlığı etkilediği görülmektedir. Bu derlemede, hedonik açlık ve ilişkili olduğu bileşenler hakkında dünyada ve ülkemizde yapılan literatür çalışmalarının incelenmesi hedeflenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hedonik Açlık,İştah,Beslenme

Kaynakça

Abizaid, A., Liu, Z. W., Andrews, Z. B., Shanabrough, M., Borok, E., Elsworth, J. D., ... & Gao, X. B. (2006). Ghrelin modulates the activity and synaptic input organization of midbrain dopamine neurons while promoting appetite. The Journal of clinical investigation, 116(12), 3229-3239.
Akker K., Schyns G., Jansen A. (2017). Altered appetitive conditioning in overweight and obese women. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 99:78-88.
Aksoy, M. (2014). Beslenme Biyokimyası, Hatipoğlu Yayınevi, Ankara, 4.
Aliasghari, F., Jafarabadi, M. A., Yaghin, N. L., & Mahdavi, R. (2020). Psychometric properties of Power of Food Scale in Iranian adult population: gender-related differences in hedonic hunger. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 25(1), 185-193.
Aliasghari, F., Nazm, S. A., Yasari, S., Mahdavi, R., & Bonyadi, M. (2020). Associations of the ANKK1 and DRD2 gene polymorphisms with overweight, obesity and hedonic hunger among women from the Northwest of Iran. Eating and Weight Disorders-Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 1-8.
Alper, C. M., Myers, E. N., & Eibling, D. E. (2004). Kulak burun boğazda semptomdan tanıya tanıdan tedaviye algoritmik yaklaşım. Nobel Tıp.
Appelhans, B. M., Woolf, K., Pagoto, S. L., Schneider, K. L., Whited, M. C., & Liebman, R. (2011). Inhibiting food reward: delay discounting, food reward sensitivity, and palatable food intake in overweight and obese women. Obesity, 19(11), 2175-2182.
Balt, S. L., Galloway, G. P., Baggott, M. J., Schwartz, Z., & Mendelson, J. (2011). Mechanisms and genetics of antipsychotic‐associated weight gain. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 90(1), 179-183.

Bejarano, C. M., & Cushing, C. C. (2018). Dietary motivation and hedonic hunger predict palatable food consumption: An intensive longitudinal study of adolescents. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 52(9), 773-786.
Benedict, C., Brooks, S. J., O'Daly, O. G., Almen, M. S., Morell, A., Åberg, K., ... & Larsson, E. M. (2012). Acute sleep deprivation enhances the brain's response to hedonic food stimuli: an fMRI study. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 97(3), E443-E447.
Berthoud H. R. (2011). Metabolic and hedonic drives in the neural control of appetite: who is the boss? Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 21:888–896.
Berthoud H. R., Münzberg H., Morrison C. D. (2017). Blaming the brain for obesity: Integration of hedonic and homeostatic mechanisms. Gastroenterology, 152:1728–1738.
Berthoud H. R. (2012). The neurobiology of food intake in an obesogenic environment. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 71:478–487.
Blundell J., De Graaf C., Hulshof T., Jebb S., Livingstone B., Lluch A., et al. (2010). Appetite control: methodological aspects of the evaluation of foods. Obes Rev. 11(3):251-70.
Boggiano M. M., Wenger L. E., Turan B. et al. (2015). Real-time sampling of reasons for hedonic food consumption: further validation of the palatable eating motives scale. Frontiers in Psychology, 6:744.
Burakgazi G., Öztürk T., Akyol M. ve ark. (2013). Obez çocuklarda beynin difüzyon ağırlıklı manyetik rezonans görüntüleme bulguları. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tıp Dergisi, 4(14):1-9.
Burger, K. S., Sanders, A. J., & Gilbert, J. R. (2016). Hedonic hunger is related to increased neural and perceptual responses to cues of palatable food and motivation to consume: evidence from 3 independent investigations. The Journal of nutrition, 146(9), 1807-1812.
Cameron, J. D., Goldfield, G. S., Finlayson, G., Blundell, J. E., & Doucet, É. (2014). Fasting for 24 hours heightens reward from food and food-related cues. PloS one, 9(1).
Cappelleri, J. C., Bushmakin, A. G., Gerber, R. A., Leidy, N. K., Sexton, C. C., Karlsson, J., & Lowe, M. R. (2009). Evaluating the Power of Food Scale in obese subjects and a general sample of individuals: development and measurement properties. International journal of obesity, 33(8), 913-922.
Carola R., Harley J. P, Noback C. R. (1990). Metabolism nutrition and the regulation of body heat in ‘’Human Anatomy and Physiology ‘’Int. ed, McGraw Hill,Inc.USA. 740.
Cheung, L. T. F., Ko, G. T. C., Chow, F. C. C., & Kong, A. P. S. (2018). Association between hedonic hunger and glycemic control in non‐obese and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Journal of diabetes investigation, 9(5), 1135-1143.
Cheuvront, S. N., Ely, B. R., Kenefick, R. W., & Sawka, M. N. (2010). Biological variation and diagnostic accuracy of dehydration assessment markers. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 92(3), 565-573.
Chuang, J. C., Perello, M., Sakata, I., Osborne-Lawrence, S., Savitt, J. M., Lutter, M., & Zigman, J. M. (2011). Ghrelin mediates stress-induced food-reward behavior in mice. The Journal of clinical investigation, 121(7), 2684-2692.
Cleobury L., Tappert K. (2014). Reasons for eating ‘unhealthy’ snacks in overweight and obese males and females. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 27:333-341.
Cordeira, J. W., Frank, L., Sena-Esteves, M., Pothos, E. N., & Rios, M. (2010). Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates hedonic feeding by acting on the mesolimbic dopamine system. Journal of neuroscience, 30(7), 2533-2541.
Cushing, C. C., Benoit, S. C., Peugh, J. L., Reiter-Purtill, J., Inge, T. H., & Zeller, M. H. (2014). Longitudinal trends in hedonic hunger after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in adolescents. Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases, 10(1), 125-130.
Daikoku S., Hisano S., Kawano H. et al. (1989). Immunohistochemical approach to the functional morphology of the hypothalmic-hypophysial system, Brain Dev., 11, 73-79.
Davis C., Loxton N. J. (2014). A psycho-genetic study of hedonic responsiveness in relation to ‘Food Addiction’. Nutrients, 6(10):4338-4353.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of research in personality, 19(2), 109-134.
Disse, E., Bussier, A. L., Deblon, N., Pfluger, P. T., Tschöp, M. H., Laville, M., & Rohner-Jeanrenaud, F. (2011). Systemic ghrelin and reward: effect of cholinergic blockade. Physiology & behavior, 102(5), 481-484.
Disse, E., Bussier, A. L., Veyrat-Durebex, C., Deblon, N., Pfluger, P. T., Tschöp, M. H., ... & Rohner-Jeanrenaud, F. (2010). Peripheral ghrelin enhances sweet taste food consumption and preference, regardless of its caloric content. Physiology & behavior, 101(2), 277-281.
Egecioglu, E., Jerlhag, E., Salomé, N., Skibicka, K. P., Haage, D., Bohlooly‐Y, M., ... & Dickson, S. L. (2010). Preclinical Study: Full Article: Ghrelin increases intake of rewarding food in rodents. Addiction biology, 15(3), 304-311.
Egecioglu, E., Skibicka, K. P., Hansson, C., Alvarez-Crespo, M., Friberg, P. A., Jerlhag, E., ... & Dickson, S. L. (2011). Hedonic and incentive signals for body weight control. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, 12(3), 141-151.
Ernst, B., Thurnheer, M., Wilms, B., & Schultes, B. (2009). Differential changes in dietary habits after gastric bypass versus gastric banding operations. Obesity surgery, 19(3), 274-280.
Finger, B. C., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2012). Diet-induced obesity blunts the behavioural effects of ghrelin: studies in a mouse-progressive ratio task. Psychopharmacology, 220(1), 173-181.
Franken, I. H., & Muris, P. (2005). Individual differences in reward sensitivity are related to food craving and relative body weight in healthy women. Appetite, 45(2), 198-201.
Hagan M. M., Rushing P. A., Pritchard, L. M., et al. (2000). Long-term orexigenic effects of AgRP-(83-132) involve mechanisms other than melanocortin receptor blockade. American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory,Integrative and Comparative Physiology, 279: 47-52.
Handelsman, Y., Bloomgarden, Z. T., Grunberger, G., Umpierrez, G., Zimmerman, R. S., Bailey, T. S., Blonde, L., Bray, G. A., Cohen, A. J., Dagogo-Jack, S., Davidson, J. A., Einhorn, D., Ganda, O. P., Garber, A. J., Garvey, W. T., Henry, R. R., Hirsch, I. B., Horton, E. S., Hurley, D. L., Jellinger, P. S., … Zangeneh, F. (2015). American association of clinical endocrinologists and american college of endocrinology - clinical practice guidelines for developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan - 2015. Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, 21 Suppl 1(Suppl 1), 1–87.
Heisler L. K, Lam D. D. (2017). An appetite for life: Brain regulation of hunger and satiety. Curr Opin Pharmacol, 37:100-106.
Hogenkamp, P. S., Nilsson, E., Nilsson, V. C., Chapman, C. D., Vogel, H., Lundberg, L. S., ... & Dickson, S. L. (2013). Acute sleep deprivation increases portion size and affects food choice in young men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(9), 1668-1674.
Hommel, J. D., Trinko, R., Sears, R. M., Georgescu, D., Liu, Z. W., Gao, X. B., ... & DiLeone, R. J. (2006). Leptin receptor signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons regulates feeding. neuron, 51(6), 801-810.
Kojima, M., Hosoda, H., Date, Y., Nakazato, M., Matsuo, H., & Kangawa, K. (1999). Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature, 402(6762), 656-660.
Köse S., Şanlıer N. (2015). Hedonik açlık ve obezite. Turkiye Klinikleri J Endocrin, 10(1):16–23.
Lau B. K., Cota D., Cristino et al. (2017). Endocannabinoid modulation of homeostatic and non-homeostatic feeding circuits. Neuropharmacology, 124:38-51.
Laurent, J. S. (2015). Psychometric properties for the Children's Power of Food Scale in a diverse sample of pre-adolescent youth. Applied Nursing Research, 28(2), 127-131.
Laurent, J. S., & Sibold, J. (2016). Addictive-like eating, body mass index, and psychological correlates in a community sample of preadolescents. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 30(3), 216-223.
Lee P. C., Dixon J. B. (2017). Food for thought: Reward mechanisms and hedonic overeating on obesity. Curr Obes Rep, 6:353–361.
Li G., Mobbs C. V., Scarpace P. J. (2003). Central pro-opiomelanocortin gene delivery results in hypophagia, reduced visceral adiposity, and improved insulin sensitivity in genetically obese zucker rats. Diabetes, 52:1951-1957.
Lipsky, L. M., Nansel, T. R., Haynie, D. L., Liu, D., Eisenberg, M. H., & Simons-Morton, B. (2016). Power of Food Scale in association with weight outcomes and dieting in a nationally representative cohort of US young adults. Appetite, 105, 385-391.
Lowe M. R., Butryn M. L. (2007). Hedonic hunger: A new dimension of appetite? Physiology & Behavior, 91:432–439.
Lowe, M. R., Arigo, D., Butryn, M. L., Gilbert, J. R., Sarwer, D., & Stice, E. (2016). Hedonic hunger prospectively predicts onset and maintenance of loss of control eating among college women. Health Psychology, 35(3), 238.
Lowe, M. R., Butryn, M. L., Didie, E. R., Annunziato, R. A., Thomas, J. G., Crerand, C. E., ... & Halford, J. (2009). The Power of Food Scale. A new measure of the psychological influence of the food environment. Appetite, 53(1), 114-118.
Lutter M., Nestler E. J. (2009). Homeostatic and hedonic signals interact in the regulation of food intake. Journal of Nutrition, 139:629–632.
Malik, S., McGlone, F., Bedrossian, D., & Dagher, A. (2008). Ghrelin modulates brain activity in areas that control appetitive behavior. Cell metabolism, 7(5), 400-409.
Manasse, S. M., Espel, H. M., Forman, E. M., Ruocco, A. C., Juarascio, A. S., Butryn, M. L., ... & Lowe, M. R. (2015). The independent and interacting effects of hedonic hunger and executive function on binge eating. Appetite, 89, 16-21.
Mason, T. B., Dunton, G. F., Gearhardt, A. N., & Leventhal, A. M. (2020). Emotional disorder symptoms, anhedonia, and negative urgency as predictors of hedonic hunger in adolescents. Eating behaviors, 36, 101343.
McFarlane, S. I. (2009). Antidiabetic medications and weight gain: implications for the practicing physician. Current diabetes reports, 9(3), 249-254.
Monrroy, H., Borghi, G., Pribic, T., Galan, C., Nieto, A., Amigo, N., ... & Azpiroz, F. (2019). Biological Response to Meal Ingestion: Gender Differences. Nutrients, 11(3), 702.
Monteleone P., Piscitelli F., Scognamiglio P., Monteleone A. M., Canestrelli B., Marzo V. D., Maj M. (2012). Hedonic eating is associated with increased peripheral levels of ghrelin and the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoly-clycerol in healthy humans: A pilot study, 97(6):917-924.
Monteleone, P., Scognamiglio, P., Monteleone, A. M., Perillo, D., Canestrelli, B., & Maj, M. (2013). Gastroenteric hormone responses to hedonic eating in healthy humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38(8), 1435-1441.
Neary, M. T., & Batterham, R. L. (2010). Gaining new insights into food reward with functional neuroimaging. In Frontiers in eating and weight regulation (Vol. 63, pp. 152-163). Karger Publishers.
Noel, C. A., Sugrue, M., & Dando, R. (2017). Participants with pharmacologically impaired taste function seek out more intense, higher calorie stimuli. Appetite, 117, 74-81.
Novelle M. G., Dieguez C. (2018). Food addiction and binge eating: Lessons learned from animal models. Nutrients, 10(1):71.
O'Neil, P. M., Theim, K. R., Boeka, A., Johnson, G., & Miller-Kovach, K. (2012). Changes in weight control behaviors and hedonic hunger during a 12-week commercial weight loss program. Eating behaviors, 13(4), 354-360.
Opland, D. M., Leinninger, G. M., & Myers Jr, M. G. (2010). Modulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system by leptin. Brain research, 1350, 65-70.
Özkan, İ. (1994). Benlik saygısını etkileyen etkenler. Düşünen Adam, 7(3), 4-9.
Perello, M., Sakata, I., Birnbaum, S., Chuang, J. C., Osborne-Lawrence, S., Rovinsky, S. A., ... & Zigman, J. M. (2010). Ghrelin increases the rewarding value of high-fat diet in an orexin-dependent manner. Biological psychiatry, 67(9), 880-886.
Rios, M. (2011). New insights into the mechanisms underlying the effects of BDNF on eating behavior. Neuropsychopharmacology, 36(1), 368.
Santry, H. P., Gillen, D. L., & Lauderdale, D. S. (2005). Trends in bariatric surgical procedures. Jama, 294(15), 1909-1917.
Sato W., Sawada R., Kubota Y., Toichi M., Fushiki T. (2017). Homeostatic modulation on unconscious hedonic responses to food. BMC Res Notes, 10:511.
Schultes, B., Ernst, B., Wilms, B., Thurnheer, M., & Hallschmid, M. (2010). Hedonic hunger is increased in severely obese patients and is reduced after gastric bypass surgery. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 92(2), 277-283.
Schüz B., Schüz N., Ferguson S. G. (2015). It’s the power of food: individual differences in food cue responsiveness and snacking in everyday life. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12:149. DOI 10.1186/s12966-015-0312-3.
Shimbara, T., Mondal, M. S., Kawagoe, T., Toshinai, K., Koda, S., Yamaguchi, H., ... & Nakazato, M. (2004). Central administration of ghrelin preferentially enhances fat ingestion. Neuroscience letters, 369(1), 75-79.
Stroebe W., Papies E. K., Aarts H. (2008). From Homeostatic to Hedonic Theories of Eating: Self-Regulatory Failure in Food-Rich Environments. Applied Psychology, 57: 172-193.
Sweeney P., Yang Y. (2017). Neural circuit mechanisms underlying emotional regulation of homeostatic feeding. Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 28(6): 437-448.
Şarahman, C., Ok, M. A. (2019). Erişkin bireylerin hedonik açlık durumları ile aşırı besin isteği, dürtüsellik ve benlik saygısı durumları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Journal of Traditional Medical Complementary Therapies, 2(2), 71-82.
Takeuchi S. (2016). Agouti-Related Protein. In: Takei Y, Ando H, Tsutsui K (eds), Handbook of Hormones Comparative Endocrinology for Basic and Clinical Research. Academic Press, USA :70-71.
Tschop, M., Smiley, D., Heiman, M. L. (2001). Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents. Experimental and clinical endocrinology and diabetes, 109, S28-S28.
Tunay, M. (2018). Kadınlarda Obezite ve Dürtüsellik İlişkisinin Değerlendirilmesi. Türkiye Diyabet ve Obezite Dergisi, 2(2), 59-64.
Ullrich, J., Ernst, B., Wilms, B., Thurnheer, M., & Schultes, B. (2013). Roux-en Y gastric bypass surgery reduces hedonic hunger and improves dietary habits in severely obese subjects. Obesity surgery, 23(1), 50-55.
Ullrich, J., Ernst, B., Wilms, B., Thurnheer, M., & Schultes, B. (2013). Roux-en Y gastric bypass surgery reduces hedonic hunger and improves dietary habits in severely obese subjects. Obesity surgery, 23(1), 50-55.
Vainik, U., Neseliler, S., Konstabel, K., Fellows, L. K., & Dagher, A. (2015). Eating traits questionnaires as a continuum of a single concept. Uncontrolled eating. Appetite, 90, 229-239.
Weir, G. C., King, G. L., Jacobson, A. M., Moses, A. C., Smith, J. R.eds, editors, (2008). Joslin’s Diabetes Mellitus. Fourteenth edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Ltd, 1035-1049.
Witt, A. A., Raggio, G. A., Butryn, M. L., & Lowe, M. R. (2014). Do hunger and exposure to food affect scores on a measure of hedonic hunger? An experimental study. Appetite, 74, 1-5.
Woods S. C., Schwartz M. W., Baskin D. G., Seeley R. J. (2000). Food intake and the regulation of body weight. Annu Rev Psycholl, 51:255-277.
Yang D., Liu T., Williams K. W. (2015). Motivation to Eat-AgRP neurons and homeostatic need. cell metabolism, 22: 62-63. Yılmaz C. S. Yetişkin profesyonel erkek futbolcuların hedonik açlık ve beslenme durumlarının belirlenmesi. Başkent Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Beslenme ve Diyetetik Anabilim Dalı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi Ankara. 2019.
Yoshikawa, T., Orita, K., Watanabe, Y., & Tanaka, M. (2012). Validation of the Japanese version of the power of food scale in a young adult population. Psychological reports, 111(1), 253-265.
Yu Y. H. (2017). Making sense of metabolic obesity and hedonic obesity. Journal of Diabetes, 9:656–666.
Yui Y. H., Vasselli J. R., Zhang Y., Mechanick J. I., Korner J., Peterli R. (2015). Metabolic vs. hedonic obesity: a conceptual distinction and its clinical implications. Obes. Rev., 16(3):234-247.
Zigman, J. M., Jones, J. E., Lee, C. E., Saper, C. B., & Elmquist, J. K. (2006). Expression of ghrelin receptor mRNA in the rat and the mouse brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 494(3), 528-548.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

Türkçe

Konular

Beslenme ve Diyetetik

Bölüm

Derleme

Yazarlar

Nedime Gündüz
0000-0001-6412-9944
Türkiye

Melis Akhalil
0000-0002-0146-6609
Türkiye

Elif Naz Sevgi
0000-0002-3416-4682
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

31 Mayıs 2020

Gönderilme Tarihi

1 Mayıs 2020

Kabul Tarihi

-

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2020 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA22XC29MD

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Gündüz, N., Akhalil, M., & Sevgi, E. N. (2020). HEDONİK AÇLIK. Izmir Democracy University Health Sciences Journal, 3(1), 80-96. https://izlik.org/JA22XC29MD

AMA

1.Gündüz N, Akhalil M, Sevgi EN. HEDONİK AÇLIK. IDUHeS. 2020;3(1):80-96. https://izlik.org/JA22XC29MD

Chicago

Gündüz, Nedime, Melis Akhalil, ve Elif Naz Sevgi. 2020. “HEDONİK AÇLIK”. Izmir Democracy University Health Sciences Journal 3 (1): 80-96. https://izlik.org/JA22XC29MD.

EndNote

Gündüz N, Akhalil M, Sevgi EN (01 Mayıs 2020) HEDONİK AÇLIK. Izmir Democracy University Health Sciences Journal 3 1 80–96.

IEEE

[1]N. Gündüz, M. Akhalil, ve E. N. Sevgi, “HEDONİK AÇLIK”, IDUHeS, c. 3, sy 1, ss. 80–96, May. 2020, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA22XC29MD

ISNAD

Gündüz, Nedime - Akhalil, Melis - Sevgi, Elif Naz. “HEDONİK AÇLIK”. Izmir Democracy University Health Sciences Journal 3/1 (01 Mayıs 2020): 80-96. https://izlik.org/JA22XC29MD.

JAMA

1.Gündüz N, Akhalil M, Sevgi EN. HEDONİK AÇLIK. IDUHeS. 2020;3:80–96.

MLA

Gündüz, Nedime, vd. “HEDONİK AÇLIK”. Izmir Democracy University Health Sciences Journal, c. 3, sy 1, Mayıs 2020, ss. 80-96, https://izlik.org/JA22XC29MD.

Vancouver

1.Nedime Gündüz, Melis Akhalil, Elif Naz Sevgi. HEDONİK AÇLIK. IDUHeS [Internet]. 01 Mayıs 2020;3(1):80-96. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA22XC29MD