Bacteriological Assessment of Selected Hand-Pumped Boreholes Water Sources in Malete Environs, Kwara State Nigeria.

Öz

ABSTRACT Ground water is an important source of water for domestic use, especially in developing countries such as Nigeria. Groundwater is generally very clean but can become polluted with nutrients and toxic chemicals when surface water carrying these substances drains into the groundwater environment. This study assessed the microbial quality of water (hand-pumped boreholes) at six areas in Malete environs. Water samples were collected in triplicates and subjected to physicochemical (temperature, pH, conductivity, turbidity, salinity and hardness), microbiological (heterotrophic and coliform counts) and molecular analysis using standard methods. The temperature generally ranged from 26.45±0.20 to 29.3±0.19 ºC, pH ranged between 7.6 ± 0.00 and 8.2 ± 0.012. Turbidity was generally <5 NTU, conductivity was <250µS/cm and hardness was <150 mg/L. The values were within acceptable range stated by World Health Oganization (WHO) and the National Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). Escherichia coli, Stapylococus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca were found in some water samples. Faecal coliform was found in 83.3% of the hand-pumped boreholes, these high prevalence of contaminated water is attributable to the largely contaminated environments around some of the wells which was littered with various forms of refuse. Public awareness on the dangers associated with the construction of hand-pumped boreholes at a distance less than 15 meters away from the septic tank should be increased. Also hand-pumped boreholes water samples that do not meet the standard should be treated before consumption.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hand-pumped boreholes,faecal contamination,portability

Kaynakça

1. REFERENCE Abarshi, M.M., Mohammed, I.U., Wasswa, P., Hillocks, R.J., Holt, J., Legg, J.P., Seal, S.E. and Maruthi, M.N. (2010). Optimization of diagnostic R.T-PCR protocols and sampling procedures for the reliable and cost-effective detection of cassava brown streak virus. Journal of Virological Methods, 163(38): 353-359.
2. Adeyemi, O., Oloyede, O.B. and Oladiji, A.T. (2007): Physicochemical and Microbial characteristics of Leachate contaminated ground water. Asian Journal Biochemistry, 2 (5):343-348.
3. Adogo, L. Y., Ajiji, M. A., Anyanwu, N. C. J.and Ajide, B. (2016). Bacteriological and Physico-chemical Analysis of Borehole Water in AutaBalefi Community, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. British Microbiology Research Journal . 11(4): 1-7.
4. Akpoveta, O.V., Okoh, B.E. and Osakwe, S.A. (2011):Quality Assessment of Borehole Water Used in the Vicinities of Benin, Edo State and Agbor, Delta State of Nigeria.Current Research in Chemistry, 3(1):62-67.
5. American Public Health Association (APHA) (1981). Standard Methods for theExamination of Water and Wastewater. 15th edition APHA; Washington, DC, USA. Pp. 85 – 99 pp. 773 – 779, pp. 786 – 828.
6. Anne, P., Omeire, G.C., Okafor, D.C., Eluchie, C., Odimegwu, N.E., Nze, S.N., Anagwu, F.I. and Okeke, K.C. (2015). Assessment of the Quality of Borehole Water Sample in Federal Housing Estate and Sites and Services Areas of Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. Food Science and Quality Management, 42:5-12
7. Asuquo, J.E. and Etim, E.E (2012). Water quality Index for assessement of borehole water quality in Uyo metropolis Akwa ibom state, Nigeria. International journal of Modern Chemistry. 1 (3): 102-108.
8. Cheesbrough M., (2006). “District laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries.” Part 2. Cambridge University Press. pp. 143-157.

9. Donderski, W. and Wilk, W. (2001): Bacteriological Studies of Water and Bottom Sediments of the Vistula Review between Wyszogrod and Torun. Polish Journal ofEnvironmentalStudies.II (1): pp. 33 – 40.
10. Fawole, M.O. and Oso, B.A. (2004). Laboratory Manuel of Microbiology, published by Spectrum Books Limited, Sunshine House, Ring Road, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp1:48.
11. Gwimbi, P. (2011). The microbial quality of drinking water in Manonyane community: Maseru district (Lesotho). Africa Health Science, 11(3):474-480.
12. HAGUE (2019). Quality Water: Drinking contaminated water sources/ and or dirty water can cause numerous health concerns. Website, https:www.haguewaterofmd.com.Retrieved: 7/2/2020
13. Ivey, J.L., De Loe, R., Kreutzwiser, R. and Ferreyra. C. (2006). An institutional perspective on local capacity for source water protection, Geoforum, 37:944–957.
14. Kolawole, O.M., Alamu, F.B., Olayemi, A.B. and Adetitun, D.O.(2013). Bacteriological analysis and effects of water consumption on the hematological parameters in rats. Int. J. Plant, Animal and Environ. Sci. 3(2):125 – 131
15. NSDWQ (2007). Nigeria Standard for Drinking Water Quality, Nigeria Industrial Standard, Approve by Standard Organization of Nigeria Governing Council. ICS 13. 060. 20: 15-19. Ochie, J.O. and Kolhatkar, A.A. (2004): Medical Laboratory Science: Theory and Practice. Tata Mc – Graw – Hill Publishing Company Lt, New Delhi pp: 530 – 831.
16. Okorafor, K.A., Agbo, B.E., Johnson, A.M. and Chiorlu. M. (2012). Physic-chemical and bacteriological characteristics of selected streams and boreholes in Akamkpa and calabar municipality, Nigeria. Arch. Appl. Sci. Res. 4(5): 2115-2121.
17. Sabo, A. and Eyaife, O.C. (2014). Physicochemical and BacteriologicalQuality of Ground Water at AbubakarTatari Ali Polytechnic Bauchi, Nigeria. European Scientific Journal June, 10:18
18. Siri, G.P., Sithebe, N.P. and Ateba, C.N. (2011). Identification of Klebsiella species isolated from Modimola dam (Mafikeng) North West Province – South Africa. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5(23): 3958-3963
19. Thomas B. (2017). City population: Moro Local Government of Nigeria). https:www.citypopulation.de/php/Nigeriaadmin.php?adm2id=NGA024012.Retrieved: 7/2/2020.
20. Ukpong, E. C. and Okon, B. B (2013). Comparative Analysis of Public and Private Borehole Water Supply Sources in Uruan Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State International Journal of Applied Science and Technology Vol. 3 No. 1; 76-91.
21. UNEPA (2006): Water Quality for Ecosystem and Human Health. United Nations. Environmental Programme. Global Environment Monitoring System / Water programme National Water Research Institution; Ontario, Canade. (http: // www. Gers water.org). Pp. 32 – 53.
22. United Nations (UN), 2015. “International Decade for Action (water for life) 2005 – 2015.” Retrieved 31/7/15 from: http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/background.shtml
23. WHO. (2016). Health through safe drinking water and basic sanitation http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/mdg1/en/Accessed 15/01/2019