This study aims to explore pre-service elementary teachers’ understandings of the environment. A survey method was carried out in this study. A close-ended questionnaire and Draw-An-Environment Test (DAET) are administered to pre-service teachers (N=255) after instruction of an Environmental Education course. A rubric (DAET-R) is used for assessing the mental models or images of the environment held by pre-service teachers. Results of this study suggest that the participants’ mental models of the environment are incomplete. Majority of participants’ drawings reflect biotic and abiotic environment. Few drawings include human beings as a part of the environment. The results shows that mean scores do not differ regarding to gender, environmental education background, high school type, parental education level, parental occupation, and monthly family income.
Adbo, K. & Taber, K. S. (2009). Learners’ mental models of the particle nature of matter: A study of 16‐year‐old Swedish science students. International Journal of Science Education, 31(6), 757-786.
Boeve-de Pauw, J. & Van Petegem, P. (2011). The effect of Flemish eco-schools on student environmental knowledge, attitudes, and affect.International Journal of Science Education, 33(11), 1513-1538.
Borges, A. T. & Gilbert, J. K. (1999). Mental models of electricity.International Journal of Science Education, 21(1), 95-117.
Brown, F. (2000). Characterizing effective environmental education and its impact on preservice students’ environmental attitudes.Journal of Elementary Science Education, 12(1), 33-40.
Burgess, D. J. & Mayer-Smith, J. (2011). Listening to children: Perceptions of nature. Journal of Natural History Education and Experience, 5, 27-43.
Carrier, S. J. (2007). Gender differences in attitudes toward environmental science. School Science and Mathematics, 107(7), 271-278.
Chang, S-N. (2007). Externalizing students’ mental models through concept maps. Journal of Biological Education, 41(3), 107-112.
Chiou, G.-L. & Anderson, O. R. (2010). A study of undergraduate physics students’ understanding of heat conduction based on mental model theory and an ontology–process analysis.Science Education, 94(5), 825–854.
Chittleborough, G. D. (2004).
The role of teaching models and chemical
representations in developing students’ mental models of chemical
phenomena. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Curtin University of
Technology, Bentley, Perth, Australia.
Cin, M. (2013). Undergraduate students’ mental models of hailstone formation. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 8(1), 163-174.
Coll, R. K. & Treagust, D. F. (2003). Learners’ mental models of metallic bonding. Science Education, 87, 685–707.
Coll, R.K. & Treagust, D. F. (2003). Investigation of secondary school, undergraduate, and graduate learners’ mental models of ionic bonding.Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 40(5), 464-486.
Coyle, K. (2004). Understanding environmental literacy in America: And making it a reality. National Environmental Education and Training Foundation, NEETF/Roper Report: Washington, DC. d’Apollonia, S. T., Charles, E. S., & Boyd, G. M. (2004). Acquisition of complex systemic thinking: mental models of evolution.Educational Research and Evaluation, 10(4), 499-521.
Desjean-Perrotta , B., Moseley, C. & Cantu, L. E. (2008). Preservice teachers’ perceptions of the environment: Does ethnicity or dominant residential experience matter?.The Journal of Environmental Education, 39(2), 21-32.
Digby, C. L. B. (2010). An examination of the impact of non-formal and informal learning on adult environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. University of Minnesota, ProQuest, UMI Dissertations Publishing, UMI Number: 3390990
Duit, R. (1991). On the role of analogies and metaphors in learning science.Science Education, 75(6), 649–672.
Evans, G. W., Brauchle, G., Haq, A., Stecker, R., Wong, K., & Shapiro, E. (2007). Young children’s environmental attitudes and behaviors.Environment and Behavior, 39
Gilbert, J. K., Boulter, C. J., & Rutherford, M. (2000). Explanations with models in science education. In J. K. Gilbert & C. J. Boulter (Eds.),Developing Models in Science Education. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Gobert, J. D. (2000). A typology of causal models for plate tectonics: Inferential power and barriers to understanding.International Journal of Science Education, 22(9), 937-977.
Greca, I.M. & Moreira, M.A. (2000). Mental models, conceptual models, and modeling. International Journal of Science Education, 22(1), 1–11.
Haim, O., Strauss, S., & Ravid, D. (2004). Relations between EFL teachers’ formal knowledge of grammar and their in-action mental models of children’s minds and learning.Teaching and Teacher Education, 20, 861–880.
Hatch, J. A. (1999). What preservice teachers can learn from studies of teachers’ work. Teaching and Teacher Education, 15, 229-242.
Heywood, D., Parker, J., & Rowlands, M. (2013). Exploring the visuospatial challenge of learning about day and night and the sun’s path.Science Education, 97(5), 772–796.
Hubber, P. (2006). Year 12 students’ mental models of the nature of light.Research in Science Education, 36(4), 419-439.
Jabot, M. & Henry, D. (2007). Mental models of elementary and middle school students in analyzing simple battery and bulb circuits.School Science and Mathematics, 107,371–381.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983).Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kollmuss, A. & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Education Research, 8,239-260. Environmental
Köşker, N. (2013). İlkokul öğrencileri ve sınıf öğretmeni adaylarının doğaya ilişkin algıları ve sorumluluklarına yönelik düşünceleri.International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 8/3, 341-355.
Krauskopf, K., Zahn, C., & Hesse, F. W. (2012). Leveraging the affordances of YouTube: The role of pedagogical knowledge and mental models of technology functions for lesson planning with technology.Computers & Education, 58(4), 1194-1206.
Lin, J-W. & Chiu, M-H. (2010). The mismatch between students’ mental models of acids/bases and their sources and their teacher’s anticipations there of. International Journal of Science Education, 32(12), 1617–1646.
Loughland, T., Reid, A., & Petocz, P. (2002). Young people’s conceptions of environment: A phenomenographic analysis. Research, 8(2), 187-197.
Environmental Education
Matteson, S. M., Ganesh, B. S., Coward, F. L., & Patrick, P. (2012). Middle-Level preservice mathematics teachers’ mental representations of classroom floor plans.Teaching Education, 23(4), 429-450.
McClary, L. & Talanquer, V. (2011). College chemistry students’ mental models of acids and acid strength.Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 48, 396–413.
McKeown, R., and C. Hopkins. (2002). Weaving sustainability into pre-service teacher education programs. In Teaching sustainability – towards curriculum greening, ed. W. Leal Filho. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Verlag.
Mensah, F. M. (2011). The DESTIN: Preservice teachers’ drawings of the ideal elementary science teacher.School Science and Mathematics, 111(8), 379- 388.
Minogue, J. (2010). What is the teacher doing? What are the students doing? An application of the Draw-a-Science-Teacher-Test.Journal of Science Teacher Education, 21
Moseley, C., Desjean-Perrotta, B., & Utley, J. (2010). The Draw-an-Environment Test Rubric (DAET-R): Exploring pre-service teachers’ mental models of the environment. Environmental Education Research, 16(2), 189-208.
Nersessian, N. J. 1992. In the Theoretician’s Laboratory: Thought Experimenting as Mental Modeling.PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 2, 291-301.
North American Association for Environmental Education (NAAEE). (2004a). Excellence in environmental education: Guidelines for learning (PreK–12). Washington, DC: Author.
North American Association for Environmental Education (NAAEE). (2004b). Guidelines for the initial preparation and professional development of environmental educators. Washington, DC: Author.
Panagiotaki, G., Nobes, G., & Potton, A. (2009). Mental models and other misconceptions in children’s understanding of the earth. Experimental Child Psychology, 104(1), 52-67. Journal of
Patrick, P.G. (2006).Mental models students hold of zoos. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
Payne, P. (1998). Children’s conceptions of nature.
Australian Journal of
Environmental Education 14, 19–26.
Prabawa-Sear, K., & Baudains, C. (2011). Asking the participants: Students’ views on their environmental attitudes, behaviours, motivators and barriers.Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 27(2), 219-228.
Reinfried, S. (2006). Conceptual change in physical geography and environmental sciences through mental model building: The example of groundwater. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 15(1), 41-61.
Robelia, B. & Murphy, T. (2012). What do people know about key environmental issues? A review of environmental knowledge surveys. Education Research, 18(3), 299-321. Environmental
Saban, A. (2003). A Turkish profile of prospective elementary school teachers and their views of teaching.Teaching and Teacher Education, 19, 829-846.
Samarapungavan, A., Vosniadou, S., & Brewer, W.F. (1996). Mental models of the earth, sun, and moon: Indian children’s cosmologies.Cognitive Development, 11(4), 491–521.
Shepardson, D. P. (2005). Student ideas: What is an environment?.The Journal of Environmental Education, 36(4), 49–58.
Shepardson, D. P., Choi, S., Niyogi, D., & Charusombat, U. (2011). Seventh grade students’ mental models of the greenhouse effect.Environmental Education Research, 17(1), 1-17.
Shepardson, D., Wee, B., Priddy, M., & Harbor, J. (2007). Students’ mental models of the environment, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 44(2), 327–348.
Strauss, S. (2001). Folk psychology, folk pedagogy, and their relations to subject- matter knowledge. In Torff, B. & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.)Understanding and teaching the intuitive mind: Student and teacher learning. Lawrence Erlbaum. Mahwah, NJ:
Subramaniam, K. (2013). Minority preservice teachers’ conceptions of teaching science: Sources of science teaching strategies. Education, 43(2), 687-709. Research in Science
Tal, T. (2010). Pre-Service teachers’ reflections on awareness and knowledge following active learning in environmental education.International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 19(4), 263-276.
Tatar, N., Yıldız Feyzioglu, E., Buldur, S., & Akpınar, E. (2012). Pre-service science teachers’ mental models about science teaching.Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 12(4), 2934-2940.
Taylor, N., Doff, T., Jenkins, K., & Kennelly, J. (2007). Environmental knowledge and attitudes among a cohort of pre-service primary school teachers in Fiji. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education. 16(4), 367-379.
Teksoz, G., Sahin, E., & Tekkaya-Oztekin, C. (2012). Modeling environmental literacy of university students.Journal of Science Education and Technology, 21(1), 157-166.
Tikka, P., Kuitunen, M., & Tynys, S. (2000). Effects of educational background on students’ attitudes, activity levels, and knowledge concerning the environment. Journal of Environmental Education, 31(3), 12-19.
Ucar, S. (2012). How do pre-service science teachers’ views on science, scientists, and science teaching change over time in a science teacher training program?. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 21(2), 255-266.
Vosniadou, S. (1994). Capturing and modeling the process of conceptual change. Learning and Instruction, 4(1), 45-69.
Vosniadou, S. & Brewer, W. F. (1992). Mental models of the earth: A study of conceptual change in childhood.Cognitive Psychology, 24(4), 535 – 585.
Vosniadou, S. & Brewer, W. F. (1994). Mental models of the day/night cycle.Cognitive Science, 18(1), 123-183.
Wilhelm, S. & Schneider, I.E. (2005). The meaning of nature to diverse urban youth. Applied Environmental Education, 4,103-113.
Wilke, R. A. & Losh, S. C. (2012). Exploring mental models of learning and instruction in teacher education.Action in Teacher Education, 34(3), 221-238.
Wilke, R.J. (1985). Mandating preservice environmental education teacher training: The Wisconsin experience. Journal of Environmental Education, 17(1),1–8.
Williams, M. D., Hollan, J. D., & Stevens, A. L. (1983). Human reasoning about a simple physical system. In Gentner, D. & Stevens, A. L. (Eds.),Mental models. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Zhang, W. & Xu, P. (2011). Do I have to learn something new? Mental models and the acceptance of replacement technologies.Behaviour & Information Technology, 30(2), 201-211. APPENDIX 1.
Draw an Environment Test (DAET)
Date: ______________ ID#_______________
In the space below draw a picture of what you think the environment is. Below that, please
provide your definition of the environment (in words). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
My drawing of the environment is: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Adbo, K. & Taber, K. S. (2009). Learners’ mental models of the particle nature of matter: A study of 16‐year‐old Swedish science students. International Journal of Science Education, 31(6), 757-786.
Boeve-de Pauw, J. & Van Petegem, P. (2011). The effect of Flemish eco-schools on student environmental knowledge, attitudes, and affect.International Journal of Science Education, 33(11), 1513-1538.
Borges, A. T. & Gilbert, J. K. (1999). Mental models of electricity.International Journal of Science Education, 21(1), 95-117.
Brown, F. (2000). Characterizing effective environmental education and its impact on preservice students’ environmental attitudes.Journal of Elementary Science Education, 12(1), 33-40.
Burgess, D. J. & Mayer-Smith, J. (2011). Listening to children: Perceptions of nature. Journal of Natural History Education and Experience, 5, 27-43.
Carrier, S. J. (2007). Gender differences in attitudes toward environmental science. School Science and Mathematics, 107(7), 271-278.
Chang, S-N. (2007). Externalizing students’ mental models through concept maps. Journal of Biological Education, 41(3), 107-112.
Chiou, G.-L. & Anderson, O. R. (2010). A study of undergraduate physics students’ understanding of heat conduction based on mental model theory and an ontology–process analysis.Science Education, 94(5), 825–854.
Chittleborough, G. D. (2004).
The role of teaching models and chemical
representations in developing students’ mental models of chemical
phenomena. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Curtin University of
Technology, Bentley, Perth, Australia.
Cin, M. (2013). Undergraduate students’ mental models of hailstone formation. International Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 8(1), 163-174.
Coll, R. K. & Treagust, D. F. (2003). Learners’ mental models of metallic bonding. Science Education, 87, 685–707.
Coll, R.K. & Treagust, D. F. (2003). Investigation of secondary school, undergraduate, and graduate learners’ mental models of ionic bonding.Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 40(5), 464-486.
Coyle, K. (2004). Understanding environmental literacy in America: And making it a reality. National Environmental Education and Training Foundation, NEETF/Roper Report: Washington, DC. d’Apollonia, S. T., Charles, E. S., & Boyd, G. M. (2004). Acquisition of complex systemic thinking: mental models of evolution.Educational Research and Evaluation, 10(4), 499-521.
Desjean-Perrotta , B., Moseley, C. & Cantu, L. E. (2008). Preservice teachers’ perceptions of the environment: Does ethnicity or dominant residential experience matter?.The Journal of Environmental Education, 39(2), 21-32.
Digby, C. L. B. (2010). An examination of the impact of non-formal and informal learning on adult environmental knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. University of Minnesota, ProQuest, UMI Dissertations Publishing, UMI Number: 3390990
Duit, R. (1991). On the role of analogies and metaphors in learning science.Science Education, 75(6), 649–672.
Evans, G. W., Brauchle, G., Haq, A., Stecker, R., Wong, K., & Shapiro, E. (2007). Young children’s environmental attitudes and behaviors.Environment and Behavior, 39
Gilbert, J. K., Boulter, C. J., & Rutherford, M. (2000). Explanations with models in science education. In J. K. Gilbert & C. J. Boulter (Eds.),Developing Models in Science Education. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Gobert, J. D. (2000). A typology of causal models for plate tectonics: Inferential power and barriers to understanding.International Journal of Science Education, 22(9), 937-977.
Greca, I.M. & Moreira, M.A. (2000). Mental models, conceptual models, and modeling. International Journal of Science Education, 22(1), 1–11.
Haim, O., Strauss, S., & Ravid, D. (2004). Relations between EFL teachers’ formal knowledge of grammar and their in-action mental models of children’s minds and learning.Teaching and Teacher Education, 20, 861–880.
Hatch, J. A. (1999). What preservice teachers can learn from studies of teachers’ work. Teaching and Teacher Education, 15, 229-242.
Heywood, D., Parker, J., & Rowlands, M. (2013). Exploring the visuospatial challenge of learning about day and night and the sun’s path.Science Education, 97(5), 772–796.
Hubber, P. (2006). Year 12 students’ mental models of the nature of light.Research in Science Education, 36(4), 419-439.
Jabot, M. & Henry, D. (2007). Mental models of elementary and middle school students in analyzing simple battery and bulb circuits.School Science and Mathematics, 107,371–381.
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983).Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kollmuss, A. & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Education Research, 8,239-260. Environmental
Köşker, N. (2013). İlkokul öğrencileri ve sınıf öğretmeni adaylarının doğaya ilişkin algıları ve sorumluluklarına yönelik düşünceleri.International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, 8/3, 341-355.
Krauskopf, K., Zahn, C., & Hesse, F. W. (2012). Leveraging the affordances of YouTube: The role of pedagogical knowledge and mental models of technology functions for lesson planning with technology.Computers & Education, 58(4), 1194-1206.
Lin, J-W. & Chiu, M-H. (2010). The mismatch between students’ mental models of acids/bases and their sources and their teacher’s anticipations there of. International Journal of Science Education, 32(12), 1617–1646.
Loughland, T., Reid, A., & Petocz, P. (2002). Young people’s conceptions of environment: A phenomenographic analysis. Research, 8(2), 187-197.
Environmental Education
Matteson, S. M., Ganesh, B. S., Coward, F. L., & Patrick, P. (2012). Middle-Level preservice mathematics teachers’ mental representations of classroom floor plans.Teaching Education, 23(4), 429-450.
McClary, L. & Talanquer, V. (2011). College chemistry students’ mental models of acids and acid strength.Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 48, 396–413.
McKeown, R., and C. Hopkins. (2002). Weaving sustainability into pre-service teacher education programs. In Teaching sustainability – towards curriculum greening, ed. W. Leal Filho. Frankfurt: Peter Lang Verlag.
Mensah, F. M. (2011). The DESTIN: Preservice teachers’ drawings of the ideal elementary science teacher.School Science and Mathematics, 111(8), 379- 388.
Minogue, J. (2010). What is the teacher doing? What are the students doing? An application of the Draw-a-Science-Teacher-Test.Journal of Science Teacher Education, 21
Moseley, C., Desjean-Perrotta, B., & Utley, J. (2010). The Draw-an-Environment Test Rubric (DAET-R): Exploring pre-service teachers’ mental models of the environment. Environmental Education Research, 16(2), 189-208.
Nersessian, N. J. 1992. In the Theoretician’s Laboratory: Thought Experimenting as Mental Modeling.PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 2, 291-301.
North American Association for Environmental Education (NAAEE). (2004a). Excellence in environmental education: Guidelines for learning (PreK–12). Washington, DC: Author.
North American Association for Environmental Education (NAAEE). (2004b). Guidelines for the initial preparation and professional development of environmental educators. Washington, DC: Author.
Panagiotaki, G., Nobes, G., & Potton, A. (2009). Mental models and other misconceptions in children’s understanding of the earth. Experimental Child Psychology, 104(1), 52-67. Journal of
Patrick, P.G. (2006).Mental models students hold of zoos. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,The University of North Carolina at Greensboro.
Payne, P. (1998). Children’s conceptions of nature.
Australian Journal of
Environmental Education 14, 19–26.
Prabawa-Sear, K., & Baudains, C. (2011). Asking the participants: Students’ views on their environmental attitudes, behaviours, motivators and barriers.Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 27(2), 219-228.
Reinfried, S. (2006). Conceptual change in physical geography and environmental sciences through mental model building: The example of groundwater. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 15(1), 41-61.
Robelia, B. & Murphy, T. (2012). What do people know about key environmental issues? A review of environmental knowledge surveys. Education Research, 18(3), 299-321. Environmental
Saban, A. (2003). A Turkish profile of prospective elementary school teachers and their views of teaching.Teaching and Teacher Education, 19, 829-846.
Samarapungavan, A., Vosniadou, S., & Brewer, W.F. (1996). Mental models of the earth, sun, and moon: Indian children’s cosmologies.Cognitive Development, 11(4), 491–521.
Shepardson, D. P. (2005). Student ideas: What is an environment?.The Journal of Environmental Education, 36(4), 49–58.
Shepardson, D. P., Choi, S., Niyogi, D., & Charusombat, U. (2011). Seventh grade students’ mental models of the greenhouse effect.Environmental Education Research, 17(1), 1-17.
Shepardson, D., Wee, B., Priddy, M., & Harbor, J. (2007). Students’ mental models of the environment, Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 44(2), 327–348.
Strauss, S. (2001). Folk psychology, folk pedagogy, and their relations to subject- matter knowledge. In Torff, B. & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.)Understanding and teaching the intuitive mind: Student and teacher learning. Lawrence Erlbaum. Mahwah, NJ:
Subramaniam, K. (2013). Minority preservice teachers’ conceptions of teaching science: Sources of science teaching strategies. Education, 43(2), 687-709. Research in Science
Tal, T. (2010). Pre-Service teachers’ reflections on awareness and knowledge following active learning in environmental education.International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 19(4), 263-276.
Tatar, N., Yıldız Feyzioglu, E., Buldur, S., & Akpınar, E. (2012). Pre-service science teachers’ mental models about science teaching.Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 12(4), 2934-2940.
Taylor, N., Doff, T., Jenkins, K., & Kennelly, J. (2007). Environmental knowledge and attitudes among a cohort of pre-service primary school teachers in Fiji. International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education. 16(4), 367-379.
Teksoz, G., Sahin, E., & Tekkaya-Oztekin, C. (2012). Modeling environmental literacy of university students.Journal of Science Education and Technology, 21(1), 157-166.
Tikka, P., Kuitunen, M., & Tynys, S. (2000). Effects of educational background on students’ attitudes, activity levels, and knowledge concerning the environment. Journal of Environmental Education, 31(3), 12-19.
Ucar, S. (2012). How do pre-service science teachers’ views on science, scientists, and science teaching change over time in a science teacher training program?. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 21(2), 255-266.
Vosniadou, S. (1994). Capturing and modeling the process of conceptual change. Learning and Instruction, 4(1), 45-69.
Vosniadou, S. & Brewer, W. F. (1992). Mental models of the earth: A study of conceptual change in childhood.Cognitive Psychology, 24(4), 535 – 585.
Vosniadou, S. & Brewer, W. F. (1994). Mental models of the day/night cycle.Cognitive Science, 18(1), 123-183.
Wilhelm, S. & Schneider, I.E. (2005). The meaning of nature to diverse urban youth. Applied Environmental Education, 4,103-113.
Wilke, R. A. & Losh, S. C. (2012). Exploring mental models of learning and instruction in teacher education.Action in Teacher Education, 34(3), 221-238.
Wilke, R.J. (1985). Mandating preservice environmental education teacher training: The Wisconsin experience. Journal of Environmental Education, 17(1),1–8.
Williams, M. D., Hollan, J. D., & Stevens, A. L. (1983). Human reasoning about a simple physical system. In Gentner, D. & Stevens, A. L. (Eds.),Mental models. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Zhang, W. & Xu, P. (2011). Do I have to learn something new? Mental models and the acceptance of replacement technologies.Behaviour & Information Technology, 30(2), 201-211. APPENDIX 1.
Draw an Environment Test (DAET)
Date: ______________ ID#_______________
In the space below draw a picture of what you think the environment is. Below that, please
provide your definition of the environment (in words). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
My drawing of the environment is: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Taskın-ekıcı, F., Ekıcı, E., & Cokadar, H. (2015). Exploring Pre-Service Elementary Teachers’ Mental Models of the Environment. International Electronic Journal of Environmental Education, 5(1), 21-39. https://doi.org/10.18497/iejee-green.35212
AMA
Taskın-ekıcı F, Ekıcı E, Cokadar H. Exploring Pre-Service Elementary Teachers’ Mental Models of the Environment. IEJEE-Green. Kasım 2015;5(1):21-39. doi:10.18497/iejee-green.35212
Chicago
Taskın-ekıcı, Fatma, Erhan Ekıcı, ve Hulusi Cokadar. “Exploring Pre-Service Elementary Teachers’ Mental Models of the Environment”. International Electronic Journal of Environmental Education 5, sy. 1 (Kasım 2015): 21-39. https://doi.org/10.18497/iejee-green.35212.
EndNote
Taskın-ekıcı F, Ekıcı E, Cokadar H (01 Kasım 2015) Exploring Pre-Service Elementary Teachers’ Mental Models of the Environment. International Electronic Journal of Environmental Education 5 1 21–39.
IEEE
F. Taskın-ekıcı, E. Ekıcı, ve H. Cokadar, “Exploring Pre-Service Elementary Teachers’ Mental Models of the Environment”, IEJEE-Green, c. 5, sy. 1, ss. 21–39, 2015, doi: 10.18497/iejee-green.35212.
ISNAD
Taskın-ekıcı, Fatma vd. “Exploring Pre-Service Elementary Teachers’ Mental Models of the Environment”. International Electronic Journal of Environmental Education 5/1 (Kasım 2015), 21-39. https://doi.org/10.18497/iejee-green.35212.
JAMA
Taskın-ekıcı F, Ekıcı E, Cokadar H. Exploring Pre-Service Elementary Teachers’ Mental Models of the Environment. IEJEE-Green. 2015;5:21–39.
MLA
Taskın-ekıcı, Fatma vd. “Exploring Pre-Service Elementary Teachers’ Mental Models of the Environment”. International Electronic Journal of Environmental Education, c. 5, sy. 1, 2015, ss. 21-39, doi:10.18497/iejee-green.35212.
Vancouver
Taskın-ekıcı F, Ekıcı E, Cokadar H. Exploring Pre-Service Elementary Teachers’ Mental Models of the Environment. IEJEE-Green. 2015;5(1):21-39.