Kartezyen Düalizm ve Ruhun Kavramsal Değişimi

Öz

Kartezyen felsefe, geleneksel ruh anlayışını terk ederek modern psikolojiye de kaynaklık eden bir bilinç görüşünü felsefeye eklemler. Descartes, ruhu yalnızca canlılık veren bir organizmaya, can ruhlarına indirgerken, düşünceyi ise Tanrının bir armağanı olarak yücelttiği zihin yetisine, rasyonel ruha bağlar. Böylece insan, düşünmesi yönüyle zihinsel şey, eylemesi yönüyle de bir makine olarak adlandırılır. Düşüncenin yüceltilmesi, insanı yücelten biricik şeyin zihin olduğu anlamına gelir. Düşünen şey olarak insan, eylemlerinde artık uzamsal olan tözden yararlanacak, düşünceyi yalnızca kendi benliğinin ve sonra da Tanrının bilgisini elde etmede kullanacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kartezyen düalizm, zihin, beden, düşünen şey, rasyonel ruh, can ruhları.

Cartesian Dualism and Conceptual Change of the Soul

Öz

Cartesian philosophy inserts into philosophy the conception of consciousness which is a source for modern psychology, by leaving traditional understanding on the soul. Whereas Descartes reduces the soul to an organism which animates only or animal spirits, he connects thought to faculty of mind or rational soul that which he exalts as a gift of God. Thus, human being is named a mental thing in that he thinks, and a machine in that he acts. The exaltation of thought means that the only thing which does exalt human being is mind. Human as thinking thing will benefit from the extended substance in his actions no longer, and he will use thought only to get knowledge of his self and after then God knowledge.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Cartesian dualism, mind, body, thinking thing, rational soul, animal spirits.

Kaynakça

1. Aristotle, De Anima (On the Soul), trans. Hugh Lawson-Tancred, London: Penguin Books, 1986.
2. Augustine, The Immortality of the Soul, trans. John J. McMahon, Washing- ton: The Catholic University of America Press, 1977.
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8. Descartes, René, Optics, trans. John Cottingham & Robert Stoothoff & Dugold Murdoch, The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol. I, Camb- ridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

9. Descartes, René, Principles of Philosophy, trans. John Cottingham & Robert Stoothoff & Dugold Murdoch, The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, vol. I, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
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18. Plato, The Republic, trans. Desmond Lee, London: Penguin Books, 1987.
19. Rorty, Richard, Felsefe ve Doğanın Aynası, çev. Funda Günsoy Kaya, İstan- bul: Paradigma Yayıncılık, 2006.
20. Ryle, Gilbert, The Concept of Mind, London: Penguin Books, 1976.