Çin'in Büyüyen Enerji Talebinin Karşılanmasında Afrika’nın Önemi

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 12, 189 - 222, 01.07.2017

Meriç Subaşı Ertekin

Öz

Çin’in 1978 yılı sonrası hızlı bir büyüme ve sanayileşme sürecine girmesinin meydana getirdiği enerji ihtiyacı, enerji ve enerji güvenliği konularını ön plana çıkarmıştır. Düşük işgücü maliyetleri ve hükümet desteklerinin teşvik ettiği yerli ve yabancı yatırımların artmasıyla enerji talebi önemli ölçüde artan Çin’in kendi enerji kaynakları ise ihtiyacını karşılayamamaktadır. Bu yüzden, Çin, artan petrol ihtiyacını daha rahat karşılayabilmek için diğer bölge ve ülkeler ile yakın ilişkiler kurma politikası izlemiştir. Bu çerçevede petrol üretimi alanında yeni rezervler sunan Afrika Kıtası ile olan ilişkileri dikkat çekicidir. Bu çalışmada, Çin’in artan enerji talebi ve Afrika ile enerji alanındaki ilişkileri ele alınarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu amaçla, Çin’in enerji tüketimi ve talebindeki gelişmeler ele alındıktan sonra Afrika ile enerji ithalatı, yatırımları ve politikaları değerlendirilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Sonuçta, Çin’in Enerji tüketiminin ve talebinin hızla arttığı ve enerji gereksinimini karşılamada ithalat seçeneğinin yanı sıra bu bölgelerdeki enerji kaynakları ve bu kaynakların iletim yolları üzerinde etkili olmak için bölgeye yönelik çok sayıda projenin ve yatırımların geliştirildiği görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çin ekonomisi, Afrika, petrol, enerji kaynakları.

The Importance of Africa to Meet China’s Growing Energy Demand

Öz

The energy need of China, which grew in a fast manner together with an industrialization process after 1978, brought to the agenda the issues like energy demand and energy safety. The energy demand of China increased with the increases in foreign investments encouraged by low labor force costs and incentives by the Government, and its own resources cannot cover such a big demand. For this reason, China started new policies in which she established close relations with the other countries of the region in order to cover its increasing oil demands. In this context, the relations between China and the African Continent, which presents new reserves in oil production, are interesting. In this study, the increasing energy demand of China and the relations between China and Africa in the field of energy was studied. For this purpose, after the developments in the energy consumption and demand of China are dealt with, the energy import, investments and policies of China in Africa have been assessed. In conclusion, it is observed that the energy consumption and demand of China are increasing with a great speed, and there are several options for China to cover these energy needs, like importing energy and like many other projects and investments in the region to become influential on the transportation routes of the energy resources.

Anahtar Kelimeler

The Economy of China, Africa, oil, energy sources.

Kaynakça

• Alessi, Christopher ve Beina Xu, “China in Africa”, CFR Backgrounders, April 27, 2015, http://www.cfr.org/china/china-africa/p9557.
• Austin, Angelica, Danila Bochkarev ve Willem van der Geest, “Energy Interests and Alliances: China, America and Africa”, Policy Paper 7/2008, EastWest Institute, August 2008.
• Besada, Hany, “Assessing China’s Relations with Africa”, Africa Deve- lopment, Vol. 38, No.1 ve 2, 2013, ss. 81-105.
• Brookes, Peter and Ji Hye Shin, “China’s Influence in Africa: Implicati- ons for the United States”, Backgrounder, No. 1916, February 22 2006.
• Cui, Huanying, “China’s Economic Growth and energy Consump- tion”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Vol. 6, No. 2, 2016, ss. 349-355. Downs, Erica Strecker, “China’s Energy Rise”, ites.utexas.edu/chinaecon/files/2015/06/Chinas- Rise_Energy.pdf.
• Downs, Erica Strecker, “China’s Quest for Energy Security”, Rand Corporation, 2000
• EIA, International Energy Statistics, https://www.eia.gov. Enerdata, Global Energy Statistical Yearbook 2016, https://yearbook.enerdata.net/register.html#energy- consumption-data.html. Enerdata, https://www.enerdata.net/system/files/publications/energy- trends-enerdata-2016-publication.pdf.
• Ermcht, “Çin’in Afrika Politikaları”, Politics, 4 August 2014, Erişim Tarihi: https://accueiler.wordpress.com/2014/08/04/cin-in-afrika- politikalari/ 02.02.2017,
• Fernandez, Alex E. ve Barbara Hogenboom, “China’s Growing Eco- nomic and Political Power: Effects on the Global South” The Asia- Pasific Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 12, December 2007.
• Gil, Manuel Manrique,” Something New Out of Africa? Chinese”, US and EU Strategies fort the Continent, Policy Department, Directora- te-general for External Policies, European Union, April 2015.
• Hanauer, Larry ve Lyle J. Morris Chinese Engagement in Africa: Drivers, Reactions, and Implications for U.S. Policy, Rand Corporation, 2014.
• Holslag, Jonathan ve Benjamin Van Camp Chinese Resources and Energy Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa, Brussels: European Parliament, Au- gust 2007. http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=15531. http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=15531.
• Hu, Angang, “Five Major Scale Effects of China’s Rise on the World”, Discussion Paper. 19. Nottingham: China Policy Institute, The Uni- versity of Nottingham. April 2007.
• IEA, “Boosting the Power Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa: China’s Invol- vement”, OECD/IEA, Paris, 2016.
• IEA, “Key World Energy Trends, Excerpt from: World Energy Balan- ces”. 2016.
• IEA, Key World Energy Trends, Excerpt from: World Energy Balances, 2016, http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/ KeyWorldEnergyTrends.pdf.
• IEA, Update on Overseas Investments by China’s National Oil Com- panies: Achievements and Challenges Since 2011, OECD/IEA, Paris, 2014.
• Kurt, Begüm Hazal, “Çin ve Enerji Politikaları”, Akademik Perspektif, 15 Şubat http://akademikperspektif.com/2015/02/15/cin-ve-enerji- politikasi/ Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2017,
• Lin, Justin Yifu, “China and the Global Economy”, Asia’s Role in the Post-Crisis Global Economy, Asia Economic Policy Conference, San Francisco Federal Reserve Bank, November 29, 2011.
• Mitha, Gulam Asgar, “The New Global Economy: rise of China and decline of USA”, Oriental Review, 25 January 2015.
• Morgan, Tom, “Chinese Crude Oil Imports-Prospects For Increased Growth”, Forbes, March 14, 2016, Erişim Tarihi: 12.02.2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/drillinginfo/2016/03/14/chinese -crude-oil-imports-prospects-for-increased- growth/#6af3fc907df3.
• Morrison, Wayne M., “China’s Economic Rise: History, Trends, Chal- lenges, and Implications for the United States”, CRS Report, Octo- ber 9, 2014.
• Shepard, Wade, “China’s Growth in Energy Demand Drops to 17 Year Low”, Forbes, July 9, 2016, Erişim Tarihi: 16.02.2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/wadeshepard/2016/07/09/amid -massive-transition-demand-for-energy-in-china-drops-to-17- year-low/#1c7fa0455dbf
• Singh, Harsha V., “WTO Membership: Impact on China and Global Trade”, A Decade in the WTO: Implications for China and Global Tra- de Governance (Ed. Ricardo Melendez-Ortiz, Christohe Bellmann and Shuaihua Cheng), ICTSD, Switzerland, December 2011. Statista, The Statistical Portal, http://www.statista.com/statistics/268173/countries-with-the- largest-gross-domestic-product-gdp/
• Stocking, Andrew and Terry Dinan, “China’s Growing Energy De- mand: Implications for the United States”, Working Paper 2015-5, Washington, DC: Working Paper Series, Congressional Budget Office, June 2015.
• The Economist, Energy for China, July 12, 2007, Erişim Tarihi: 22.02.2017, http://www.economist.com/node/9488954 The World Bank, World Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=worl d-development-indicators#
• Thrall, Lloyd, “China’s Expanding African Relations: Implications for U.S. National Security”, Rand Corporation, www.rand.org.
• U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), “China is now the world’s largest net importer of petroleum and other liquid fuels”, EIA, March 24, 2014,
• U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), China is now the world’s largest net importer of petroleum and other liquid fuels, March 24, 2014,
• U.S. Energy Information Administration, International Energy Statistics, http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/iedindex3.cfm?tid=5& pid=57&aid=3&cid=CH,&syid=1986&eyid=2013&unit=TBPD,
• Vunderink, Lauren, “The Power of China: An Analysis of China’s Energy Sources and the Case for Clean Energy”, Independent Study Project http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/1789. Collection, Paper 1789, 2014,
• Yergin,Daniel, “Ensuring Energy Security”, Foreign Affairs, Vol.85, No.2, 2006, ss.69-82.
• Ying, M., W. Bin, X. Long, “An empirical analysis for the dynamic relationship between China’s energy consumption and economic growth--based on cointegration analysis and state-space model”, Energy Procedia, 5, 2252-2256, 2011.
• Zweig, David and Bi Jianhai, “China’s Global Hunt for Energy”, Fore- ign Affairs, Vol. 84, No: 5, September 2005, pp.25-38.