Tüketicinin davranışlarını, tüketicinin satın almada karar süreçlerini birçok faktör etkilemektedir. Ticari pazarda ‘tüketici’ olarak değerlendirilen son alıcı konumundaki bireyler, siyasal pazarlamada ‘seçmen’ olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Siyasi partiler tarafından oluşturulan politikalarla sunulan hizmetlerin tüketicisi konumunda yer alan seçmen, siyasal arenada başarı hedefleyen tüm partilerin önceliğidir ve seçim başarısının en önemli anahtarıdır. Ticari pazarlarda, işletmeler tarafından hedef seçilen kitleye yönelik etkili ve verimli politikalar üretmek, belirlenen bu hedef kitlenin özelliklerinin önceden belirlenmesine diğer bir ifadeyle pazar araştırmaları ile pazarın özelliklerinin tespit edilmesine bağlıdır. Politik pazarlar da, birçok farklı toplumsal unsuru bir arada barındırdığından heterojen özellik arz eder ve seçime yönelik başarı elde edilmesi ancak seçmenin farklı özelliklerinin derinlemesine analiz edilmesiyle mümkün olabilir. Çünkü tüketicinin davranışlarını, tüketicinin satın almada karar süreçlerini birçok faktör etkilemektedir. Bir tüketici olarak seçmen davranışının, karar alma sürecinin ve siyasi parti sadakatinin oluşumunun da bu faktörlerden etkilendiği söylenebilir. Bu faktörlerin başında seçmenlerin yaş, cinsiyet, eğitim seviyesi, meslek ve gelir düzeyleri gelmektedir. Çalışmada, bu kapsamda bir araştırma modeli kurulmuş ve bu faktörlerin seçmen davranışına ve karar alma sürecine etkileri ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır.
Adaman, Çarkoğlu ve Şenatalar. Hane Halkı Gözünden Türkiye’de Yolsuzluğun Nedenleri ve Önlenmesine İlişki Öneriler, Te- sey Yayınları, İstanbul, 2001.
Alemdar, K. ve İ. Erdoğan. Popüler Kültür ve İletişim, Erk Yayın- ları, Ankara, 2005.
Altheide, David L. “Media Logic and Political Communica- tion”, Political Communication, 21, 2004, 293–296.
Aziz, A. Siyasal İletişim, 1. Baskı, Nobel Yayınları, Ankara, 2003.
Baines, P. R., Lewis, B. R. and Ingham, B. “Exploring the positi- oning process in political campaigning”, Journal of Communication Management, Vol. 3 No. 4, 1999, pp. 325- 336.
Baines, P., Worcester, R., Jarrett, D. and Mortimore, R. “Market segmentation & product differentiation in political campaigns: a technical feature perspective”, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 19, No. 12, 2003, pp. 225- 249.
Balcı, Ş. “Seçmenleri Etkileme Sürecinde siyasal Reklamcılık Olgusu (1999 Genel Seçimleri Örneği)”, Selçuk Üniversi- tesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (16), 2006, 139-157.
Baltacı, C ve Eke, E. “Siyasal Propaganda Araçlarının Seçmen Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkisine Yönelik Seçmen Algısı: Isparta Örnek Olayı”, Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakül- tesi Dergisi, C: 4, 2012, Alanya.
Banerjee, Saikat and Chaudhuri, Bibek Ray. “Factors responsib- le behind political brand preference: an empirical study on Indian voters”, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 34, Issue 4, 2016, pp. 559-582.
Bayat, Murat; Baydaş, Abdulvahap ve Atlı, Cahit; “Hizmet Sektörünün Kavramsal Tanımı Ve Ulusal Ekonomiler- deki Önemi”, Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Yıl: 5/ Cilt: 5/ Sayı: 9 /Bahar 2015.
Bayraktaroğlu, G. “Geleneksel Pazarlamada Politik Pazarlama- nın Yeri”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4 (3), (2002), 58–82.
Besley, T. Principled Agents? The Political Economy of Good Go- vernment, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006.
Bongrand, M. Politikada Pazarlama, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 1992.
Bostancı, M. Sosyal Medya ve Siyaset, Palet Yayınları, 2015 Tem- muz Konya.
Bulut, A., Erzurum’da Seçmenlerin Politik Pazarlama Uygulamala- rına İlişkin Görüşleri ve Tercihleri üzerine Bir Saha Araştır- ması, A.Ü.İ.İ.B.F.Z.F. Fındıkoğlu Araştırma Merkezi Ya- yın No: 186, Erzurum, 1994.
Burton, S. ve R. G. Netemeyer. “The Effect of Enduring, Situati- onal, and Response Involvement on Preference Stability in the Context of Voter Behavior”, Psychology & Marke- ting, 9(2), 1992, 143-156.
Butler, P. and Collins, N. “Political marketing: structure and process”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 28 No. 1, 1994, pp. 19-34.
Butler, P. and Collins, N. A conceptual framework for political mar- keting, in Newman, B.I. (Ed.), Handbook of Political Marketing, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1999, pp. 55-72.
Choi, Ben C.F.; Kim, Sung S. and Jiang, Zhenhui (Jack). “Influ- ence of Firm’s Recovery Endeavors upon Privacy Bre- ach on Online Customer Behavior”, Journal of Manage- ment Information Systems, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2016, pp. 904– 933
Chou, H.Y. “Effects of endorser types in political endorsement advertising”, International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 33 No. 2, 2014, pp. 391-414.
Cooil B., Keiningham T. L., L. Aksoy ve M. Hsu. “A Longitudi- nal Analysis of Customer Satisfaction and Share of Wal- let: Investigating the Moderating Effect of Customer Characteristics”, Journal of Marketing, 71(1), 2007, 67–83.
Cwalina, W., Falkowski, A. and Newman, B.I. Political Marke- ting: Theoretical and Strategic Foundations, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY. 2011.
Çam, E. Siyaset Bilimi. Der Yayınları. İstanbul, 1984.
Çinko, L., “Seçmen Davranışları ile Ekonomik Performans Ara- sındaki İlişkilerin Teorik Temelleri ve Türkiye Üzerine Genel Bir Değerlendirme”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Der- gisi, 61-1, 2006.
Delgado-Ballester, E. “Applicability of a brand trust scale across product categories: a multi-group invariance analysis”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 38 Nos 5/6, 2004, pp. 573-529.
Elliot, R. and Yannopoulou, N. “The nature of trust in brands: a psychosocial model”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 41 Nos 9/10, 2007, pp. 988-998.
French, A. and Smith, G. “Measuring political brand equity: a consumer oriented approach”, European Journal of Mar- keting, Vol. 44 Nos 3/4, 2010, pp. 460-477.
French, A. and Smith, I.G. “Measuring political brand equity: a consumer approach”, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Political Marketing, Manchester Business School, Manchester, March 2008, 27-29.
Gefen, D. “E-commerce: the role of familiarity & trust”, Omega, Vol. 28 No. 6, 2000, pp. 725-737.
Gerber, A.S.; Huber, G.A. and Biggers, D.R. “A field experiment shows that subtle linguistic cues might not affect voter behavior”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 113, Issue 26, 28 June 2016, pp. 7112-7117.
Gong, Taeshik; Choi, Jin Nam and Murdy, Samantha. “Does Customer Value Creation Behavior Drive Customer Well-Being?”, Social Behavior and Personality, 44 (1), 2016, 59–76.
Görgün, A. “Çamurda Dans”, Bas –Haş, 2002, Eylül, İstanbul 2002.
Gunter Schweiger ve Michaela Adami. “Then onver balimage of liticians and political parties.” Handbook of political marketing, 1999, ss. 347-364.
Hamdi İslamoğlu, A., Fırat, D. Stratejik Marka Yönetimi, Genişle- tilmiş 2. Baskı, Beta Yayıncılık, 2011, İstanbul.
Harrop, M. “Political marketing”, Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 6 No. 3, 1990, pp. 277-292.
Kotler, P. and Kotler, N. Generating effective candidates, campa- igns, & causes, in Newman, B. (Ed.), Handbook of Politi- cal Marketing, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1999, pp. 3- 18.
Kumar, Ashish; Bezawada, Ram; Rishika,Rishika; Janakiraman, Ramkumar and Kannan, P.K. “From Social to Sale: The Effects of Firm-Generated Content in Social Media on Customer Behavior”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 80 (Janu- ary 2016), 7–25.
Lambert-Pandraud R., G. Laurent ve E. Lapersonne. “Repeat Purchasing of New Automobiles by Older Consumers: Empirical Evidence and Interpretations,” Journal of Marketing, 69 (2), 2005, 97-113.
Lee, Y.K. “Gender stereotypes as a double-edged sword in poli- tical advertising persuasion effects of campaign theme & advertising style”, International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 33 No. 2, 2014, pp. 203-234.
Lees-Marshment, J. Political Marketing: Principles & Applications, 2nd ed., Routledge, New York, NY, 2015.
Leigh, A. “Economic voting and electoral behavior: How do individual, local, and national factors affect the partisan choice?”, Economics & Politics, 17(2), 2005, 265-296.
Limanlılar, M. “Siyasal Pazarlama”, Pazarlama Dünyası, Sayı: 29, 1991.
Lock, A. and Harris, P. “Political marketing – vive la differen- ce ”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 30 Nos 10/11, 1996, pp. 21-31.
Merlo, A. Whither political economy? Theories, facts & issues, wor- king paper, extended version, Department of Econo- mics, University of Pennsylvania, PA. 2006.
Mittal, V. ve W. A. Kamakura. “Satisfaction, Repurchase Intent, and Repurchase Behavior: Investigating the Moderating Effect of Customer Characteristics,” Journal of Marketing Research, 3 (1), 2001, 131-142.
Mucuk, İ. Pazarlama İlkeleri. 14. Basım, İstanbul: Türkmen Kita- bevi, 2004.
Needham, C. “Brands & political loyalty”, Brand Management, Vol. 13 No. 3, 2006, pp. 178-187.
Newman, B.I. and Sheth, J.N. “The gender gap in voter attitu- des and behavior: some advertising implications”, Jour- nal of Advertising, Vol. 13 No. 3, 1984, pp. 4-16.
O’Cass, A ve C. C. Julian “A study of voter psychology”, in RN Shaw, S Adam & H McDonald (eds), Interactive Marke- ting: Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand Marke- ting Academy (ANZMAC) Conference, Melbourne, Vic., 1-5 December, Deakin, 2002, 1361-1367.
O’Cass, A. “Political marketing and the marketing concept”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 30 Nos 10/11, 1996, pp. 45-61.
O’Cass, A. “An exploratory assessment of the political product: proclamations of the faithful”, Journal of Non profit & Public Sector Marketing, Vol. 11 No. 2, 2003, pp. 67-98.
O’Shaughnessy, N.J. and Henneberg, S.C. “The selling of the president 2004: a marketing perspective”, Journal of Pub- lic Affairs, Vol. 7 No. 1, 2007, pp. 249-268.
Oliver, R. L. “A cognitive model of the antecedents and con- sequences of satisfaction decisions”, Journal of Marketing Research, 17, 1980, 460-469.
Özdamar, K. Paket Programları ile İstatistiksel Veri Analizi, Nisan Kitapevi, Eskişehir. 2013.
Padovano, F. “Are we witnessing a paradigm shift in the analy- sis of political competition?”, Public Choice, Vol. 156 No. 3, 2013, pp. 631-651.
Page, B. J. ve C. C. Jones. “Reciprocal Effects of Policy Preferen- ces,Party Loyalties and the Vote”, The American Political Science Review, 73(4), 1996, 1071-1089.
Palda, K.S. “The effect of expenditure on political success”, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 18 No. 3, 1975, pp. 745-771.
Polat ve Külter, “Genç Seçmenler Gözüyle Siyasal Ürün Özelik- leri Ankara’daki Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Ça- lışma”. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 2008.
Polat, C. Siyasal Pazarlama ve İletişim, Nobel Yayıncılık, İstanbul,
Primo, David M. and Snyder, James M. “Party Strength, the Personal Vote, and Government Spending”, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 54, No. 2, April 2010, Pp. 354–370.
Rachmat, M. “The impact of political brand trust on voting intention: evidence from 2013 north maluku governor election”, The IUP Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 11 No. 2, 2014, pp. 56-70.
Reeves, P., de Chernatony, L. and Carrigan, M. “Building a political brand: ideology or voter-driven strategy”, Jo- urnal of Brand Management, Vol. 13 No. 6, 2006, pp. 418- 428.
Rim, K.-C. and Lee, K.-B. “An analysis of voter behavior in campaign scenes utilizing an inverse-order tree and a smartphone application”, International Journal of App- lied Engineering Research, Volume 11, Issue 2, 1 March 2016, pp. 815-819.
Schneider, H. “Branding in politics – manifestations, relevance & identity-oriented management”, Journal of Political Marketing, Vol. 3 No. 3, 2004, pp. 41-67.
Shachar R. “Party loyalty as habit formation”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 18, 2003, 251-269.
Smith, G. “The 2001 general election: factors influencing the brand image of political parties & their leaders”, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 17 No. 9, 2001, pp. 989- 1006.
Smith, G. and French, A. “The political brand: a consumer perspective”, Marketing Theory, Vol. 9 No. 2, 2009, pp. 209-226.
Smith, I.G. “Politically significant events & their effect on the image of political parties: a conceptual approach”, Jour- nal of Political Marketing, Vol. 4 Nos 2/3, 2005, pp. 103- 126.
Song, Hongfang; Ran, Lun and Shang, Jennifer. “Multi-period optimization with loss-averse customer behavior: Joint pricing and inventory decisions with stochastic de- mand”, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol, 72, 15 Ap- ril 2017, pp 421-429.
Steyn, T.F.J.; Billiot, T.; Wohlers, T.; Steyn, E. and Hasnat, I. “Influencing voter behavior? A balance theory perspec- tive on framing happiness in the 2012 US presidential election”, International Journal of Interdisciplinary Civic and Political Studies, Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2016, pp 1-20.
Swinyard, W. and Coney, K. “Promotional effects on a high versus low involvement electorate”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 5 No. 1, 1978, pp. 41-48.
Tan, A. Politik Pazarlama; Milletvekilleri ve Kahramanmaraş Örneği, Sivas C.Ü.Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Üretim Yönetimi ve Pazarlama ABD. Doktora Tezi. Sivas. 1998.
Tan, A. “Politik Pazarlamaya Farklı Bir Bakış- Öğretim Eleman- ları Örneği“, Pazarlama Dünyası Dergisi. Sayı: 72. 1998.
Tunkis, Peter J. “The Ties that Bind: Do Group Associations among Legislators Matter for Political Parties?”, Prob- lems of Post-Communism, Vol. 64, no. 2, 2017, 79–93.
Uslu, A. “Tüketicilerin Gıda Ürünlerinin Kalitesini Algılamada Dikkate Aldıkları İçsel ve Dışsal Faktörlerin Belirlen- mesine Yönelik Bir Pilot Çalışma”, Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt XVII, Sayı: 1, 2002, s. 196-197.
Uztuğ, F. Siyasal iletişim yönetimi. İstanbul: Mediacat Yayınları,
Ünnü Ayyıldız, N. A. “Politik Pazarlamada Pazar Yönlülük ve Otantik Liderliğin Önemi”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 9 (4): 2009, 1243- 1273.
Whitten G. D. ve H. D. Palmer “Heightening omparativists’ Concern for Model Choice: Voting Behavior in Great Britain and the Netherlands”, American Journal of Politi- cal Science, 40 (1), 1996, 231-260.
Effects On Voting Behavior Of Elective Characteristics
Many factors influence the behavior of the consumer and the decision-making process of the consumer. Individuals who are the last buyers considered "consumers" in the commercial market are called "voters" in political marketing. The voter who is the consumer of the services offered by the policies created with the political parties is the priority of all parties targeting success in the political area and is the most important key of the electoral success. In commercial markets, to produce effective and productive policies for the target audience by the business depends on determining the characteristics of the target, in other words, identifying market research and market characteristics. Political markets are also heterogeneous for having many different social elements together, and success in election can only be achieved by in-depth analysis of the different characteristics of the electorate. Many factors influence the behavior of the consumer and the decision-making process of the consumer. It can be said that the behavior of voters as a consumer, the decision-making period and the formation of political party allegiance are also influenced by these factors. At the beginning of these factors are age, gender, education level, profession and income levels of voters. In this study, a research model was established and the effects of these factors on voter behavior and decision making process were tried to be revealed.
Adaman, Çarkoğlu ve Şenatalar. Hane Halkı Gözünden Türkiye’de Yolsuzluğun Nedenleri ve Önlenmesine İlişki Öneriler, Te- sey Yayınları, İstanbul, 2001.
Alemdar, K. ve İ. Erdoğan. Popüler Kültür ve İletişim, Erk Yayın- ları, Ankara, 2005.
Altheide, David L. “Media Logic and Political Communica- tion”, Political Communication, 21, 2004, 293–296.
Aziz, A. Siyasal İletişim, 1. Baskı, Nobel Yayınları, Ankara, 2003.
Baines, P. R., Lewis, B. R. and Ingham, B. “Exploring the positi- oning process in political campaigning”, Journal of Communication Management, Vol. 3 No. 4, 1999, pp. 325- 336.
Baines, P., Worcester, R., Jarrett, D. and Mortimore, R. “Market segmentation & product differentiation in political campaigns: a technical feature perspective”, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 19, No. 12, 2003, pp. 225- 249.
Balcı, Ş. “Seçmenleri Etkileme Sürecinde siyasal Reklamcılık Olgusu (1999 Genel Seçimleri Örneği)”, Selçuk Üniversi- tesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (16), 2006, 139-157.
Baltacı, C ve Eke, E. “Siyasal Propaganda Araçlarının Seçmen Davranışı Üzerindeki Etkisine Yönelik Seçmen Algısı: Isparta Örnek Olayı”, Uluslararası Alanya İşletme Fakül- tesi Dergisi, C: 4, 2012, Alanya.
Banerjee, Saikat and Chaudhuri, Bibek Ray. “Factors responsib- le behind political brand preference: an empirical study on Indian voters”, Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 34, Issue 4, 2016, pp. 559-582.
Bayat, Murat; Baydaş, Abdulvahap ve Atlı, Cahit; “Hizmet Sektörünün Kavramsal Tanımı Ve Ulusal Ekonomiler- deki Önemi”, Bingöl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Yıl: 5/ Cilt: 5/ Sayı: 9 /Bahar 2015.
Bayraktaroğlu, G. “Geleneksel Pazarlamada Politik Pazarlama- nın Yeri”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4 (3), (2002), 58–82.
Besley, T. Principled Agents? The Political Economy of Good Go- vernment, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006.
Bongrand, M. Politikada Pazarlama, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 1992.
Bostancı, M. Sosyal Medya ve Siyaset, Palet Yayınları, 2015 Tem- muz Konya.
Bulut, A., Erzurum’da Seçmenlerin Politik Pazarlama Uygulamala- rına İlişkin Görüşleri ve Tercihleri üzerine Bir Saha Araştır- ması, A.Ü.İ.İ.B.F.Z.F. Fındıkoğlu Araştırma Merkezi Ya- yın No: 186, Erzurum, 1994.
Burton, S. ve R. G. Netemeyer. “The Effect of Enduring, Situati- onal, and Response Involvement on Preference Stability in the Context of Voter Behavior”, Psychology & Marke- ting, 9(2), 1992, 143-156.
Butler, P. and Collins, N. “Political marketing: structure and process”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 28 No. 1, 1994, pp. 19-34.
Butler, P. and Collins, N. A conceptual framework for political mar- keting, in Newman, B.I. (Ed.), Handbook of Political Marketing, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1999, pp. 55-72.
Choi, Ben C.F.; Kim, Sung S. and Jiang, Zhenhui (Jack). “Influ- ence of Firm’s Recovery Endeavors upon Privacy Bre- ach on Online Customer Behavior”, Journal of Manage- ment Information Systems, Vol. 33, No. 3, 2016, pp. 904– 933
Chou, H.Y. “Effects of endorser types in political endorsement advertising”, International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 33 No. 2, 2014, pp. 391-414.
Cooil B., Keiningham T. L., L. Aksoy ve M. Hsu. “A Longitudi- nal Analysis of Customer Satisfaction and Share of Wal- let: Investigating the Moderating Effect of Customer Characteristics”, Journal of Marketing, 71(1), 2007, 67–83.
Cwalina, W., Falkowski, A. and Newman, B.I. Political Marke- ting: Theoretical and Strategic Foundations, M.E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY. 2011.
Çam, E. Siyaset Bilimi. Der Yayınları. İstanbul, 1984.
Çinko, L., “Seçmen Davranışları ile Ekonomik Performans Ara- sındaki İlişkilerin Teorik Temelleri ve Türkiye Üzerine Genel Bir Değerlendirme”. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Der- gisi, 61-1, 2006.
Delgado-Ballester, E. “Applicability of a brand trust scale across product categories: a multi-group invariance analysis”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 38 Nos 5/6, 2004, pp. 573-529.
Elliot, R. and Yannopoulou, N. “The nature of trust in brands: a psychosocial model”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 41 Nos 9/10, 2007, pp. 988-998.
French, A. and Smith, G. “Measuring political brand equity: a consumer oriented approach”, European Journal of Mar- keting, Vol. 44 Nos 3/4, 2010, pp. 460-477.
French, A. and Smith, I.G. “Measuring political brand equity: a consumer approach”, Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Political Marketing, Manchester Business School, Manchester, March 2008, 27-29.
Gefen, D. “E-commerce: the role of familiarity & trust”, Omega, Vol. 28 No. 6, 2000, pp. 725-737.
Gerber, A.S.; Huber, G.A. and Biggers, D.R. “A field experiment shows that subtle linguistic cues might not affect voter behavior”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Volume 113, Issue 26, 28 June 2016, pp. 7112-7117.
Gong, Taeshik; Choi, Jin Nam and Murdy, Samantha. “Does Customer Value Creation Behavior Drive Customer Well-Being?”, Social Behavior and Personality, 44 (1), 2016, 59–76.
Görgün, A. “Çamurda Dans”, Bas –Haş, 2002, Eylül, İstanbul 2002.
Gunter Schweiger ve Michaela Adami. “Then onver balimage of liticians and political parties.” Handbook of political marketing, 1999, ss. 347-364.
Hamdi İslamoğlu, A., Fırat, D. Stratejik Marka Yönetimi, Genişle- tilmiş 2. Baskı, Beta Yayıncılık, 2011, İstanbul.
Harrop, M. “Political marketing”, Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 6 No. 3, 1990, pp. 277-292.
Kotler, P. and Kotler, N. Generating effective candidates, campa- igns, & causes, in Newman, B. (Ed.), Handbook of Politi- cal Marketing, Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, 1999, pp. 3- 18.
Kumar, Ashish; Bezawada, Ram; Rishika,Rishika; Janakiraman, Ramkumar and Kannan, P.K. “From Social to Sale: The Effects of Firm-Generated Content in Social Media on Customer Behavior”, Journal of Marketing, Vol. 80 (Janu- ary 2016), 7–25.
Lambert-Pandraud R., G. Laurent ve E. Lapersonne. “Repeat Purchasing of New Automobiles by Older Consumers: Empirical Evidence and Interpretations,” Journal of Marketing, 69 (2), 2005, 97-113.
Lee, Y.K. “Gender stereotypes as a double-edged sword in poli- tical advertising persuasion effects of campaign theme & advertising style”, International Journal of Advertising, Vol. 33 No. 2, 2014, pp. 203-234.
Lees-Marshment, J. Political Marketing: Principles & Applications, 2nd ed., Routledge, New York, NY, 2015.
Leigh, A. “Economic voting and electoral behavior: How do individual, local, and national factors affect the partisan choice?”, Economics & Politics, 17(2), 2005, 265-296.
Limanlılar, M. “Siyasal Pazarlama”, Pazarlama Dünyası, Sayı: 29, 1991.
Lock, A. and Harris, P. “Political marketing – vive la differen- ce ”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 30 Nos 10/11, 1996, pp. 21-31.
Merlo, A. Whither political economy? Theories, facts & issues, wor- king paper, extended version, Department of Econo- mics, University of Pennsylvania, PA. 2006.
Mittal, V. ve W. A. Kamakura. “Satisfaction, Repurchase Intent, and Repurchase Behavior: Investigating the Moderating Effect of Customer Characteristics,” Journal of Marketing Research, 3 (1), 2001, 131-142.
Mucuk, İ. Pazarlama İlkeleri. 14. Basım, İstanbul: Türkmen Kita- bevi, 2004.
Needham, C. “Brands & political loyalty”, Brand Management, Vol. 13 No. 3, 2006, pp. 178-187.
Newman, B.I. and Sheth, J.N. “The gender gap in voter attitu- des and behavior: some advertising implications”, Jour- nal of Advertising, Vol. 13 No. 3, 1984, pp. 4-16.
O’Cass, A ve C. C. Julian “A study of voter psychology”, in RN Shaw, S Adam & H McDonald (eds), Interactive Marke- ting: Proceedings of the Australian and New Zealand Marke- ting Academy (ANZMAC) Conference, Melbourne, Vic., 1-5 December, Deakin, 2002, 1361-1367.
O’Cass, A. “Political marketing and the marketing concept”, European Journal of Marketing, Vol. 30 Nos 10/11, 1996, pp. 45-61.
O’Cass, A. “An exploratory assessment of the political product: proclamations of the faithful”, Journal of Non profit & Public Sector Marketing, Vol. 11 No. 2, 2003, pp. 67-98.
O’Shaughnessy, N.J. and Henneberg, S.C. “The selling of the president 2004: a marketing perspective”, Journal of Pub- lic Affairs, Vol. 7 No. 1, 2007, pp. 249-268.
Oliver, R. L. “A cognitive model of the antecedents and con- sequences of satisfaction decisions”, Journal of Marketing Research, 17, 1980, 460-469.
Özdamar, K. Paket Programları ile İstatistiksel Veri Analizi, Nisan Kitapevi, Eskişehir. 2013.
Padovano, F. “Are we witnessing a paradigm shift in the analy- sis of political competition?”, Public Choice, Vol. 156 No. 3, 2013, pp. 631-651.
Page, B. J. ve C. C. Jones. “Reciprocal Effects of Policy Preferen- ces,Party Loyalties and the Vote”, The American Political Science Review, 73(4), 1996, 1071-1089.
Palda, K.S. “The effect of expenditure on political success”, Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 18 No. 3, 1975, pp. 745-771.
Polat ve Külter, “Genç Seçmenler Gözüyle Siyasal Ürün Özelik- leri Ankara’daki Üniversite Öğrencileri Üzerine Bir Ça- lışma”. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 2008.
Polat, C. Siyasal Pazarlama ve İletişim, Nobel Yayıncılık, İstanbul,
Primo, David M. and Snyder, James M. “Party Strength, the Personal Vote, and Government Spending”, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 54, No. 2, April 2010, Pp. 354–370.
Rachmat, M. “The impact of political brand trust on voting intention: evidence from 2013 north maluku governor election”, The IUP Journal of Brand Management, Vol. 11 No. 2, 2014, pp. 56-70.
Reeves, P., de Chernatony, L. and Carrigan, M. “Building a political brand: ideology or voter-driven strategy”, Jo- urnal of Brand Management, Vol. 13 No. 6, 2006, pp. 418- 428.
Rim, K.-C. and Lee, K.-B. “An analysis of voter behavior in campaign scenes utilizing an inverse-order tree and a smartphone application”, International Journal of App- lied Engineering Research, Volume 11, Issue 2, 1 March 2016, pp. 815-819.
Schneider, H. “Branding in politics – manifestations, relevance & identity-oriented management”, Journal of Political Marketing, Vol. 3 No. 3, 2004, pp. 41-67.
Shachar R. “Party loyalty as habit formation”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 18, 2003, 251-269.
Smith, G. “The 2001 general election: factors influencing the brand image of political parties & their leaders”, Journal of Marketing Management, Vol. 17 No. 9, 2001, pp. 989- 1006.
Smith, G. and French, A. “The political brand: a consumer perspective”, Marketing Theory, Vol. 9 No. 2, 2009, pp. 209-226.
Smith, I.G. “Politically significant events & their effect on the image of political parties: a conceptual approach”, Jour- nal of Political Marketing, Vol. 4 Nos 2/3, 2005, pp. 103- 126.
Song, Hongfang; Ran, Lun and Shang, Jennifer. “Multi-period optimization with loss-averse customer behavior: Joint pricing and inventory decisions with stochastic de- mand”, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol, 72, 15 Ap- ril 2017, pp 421-429.
Steyn, T.F.J.; Billiot, T.; Wohlers, T.; Steyn, E. and Hasnat, I. “Influencing voter behavior? A balance theory perspec- tive on framing happiness in the 2012 US presidential election”, International Journal of Interdisciplinary Civic and Political Studies, Volume 11, Issue 1, March 2016, pp 1-20.
Swinyard, W. and Coney, K. “Promotional effects on a high versus low involvement electorate”, Journal of Consumer Research, Vol. 5 No. 1, 1978, pp. 41-48.
Tan, A. Politik Pazarlama; Milletvekilleri ve Kahramanmaraş Örneği, Sivas C.Ü.Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Üretim Yönetimi ve Pazarlama ABD. Doktora Tezi. Sivas. 1998.
Tan, A. “Politik Pazarlamaya Farklı Bir Bakış- Öğretim Eleman- ları Örneği“, Pazarlama Dünyası Dergisi. Sayı: 72. 1998.
Tunkis, Peter J. “The Ties that Bind: Do Group Associations among Legislators Matter for Political Parties?”, Prob- lems of Post-Communism, Vol. 64, no. 2, 2017, 79–93.
Uslu, A. “Tüketicilerin Gıda Ürünlerinin Kalitesini Algılamada Dikkate Aldıkları İçsel ve Dışsal Faktörlerin Belirlen- mesine Yönelik Bir Pilot Çalışma”, Marmara Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt XVII, Sayı: 1, 2002, s. 196-197.
Uztuğ, F. Siyasal iletişim yönetimi. İstanbul: Mediacat Yayınları,
Ünnü Ayyıldız, N. A. “Politik Pazarlamada Pazar Yönlülük ve Otantik Liderliğin Önemi”, Ege Akademik Bakış, 9 (4): 2009, 1243- 1273.
Whitten G. D. ve H. D. Palmer “Heightening omparativists’ Concern for Model Choice: Voting Behavior in Great Britain and the Netherlands”, American Journal of Politi- cal Science, 40 (1), 1996, 231-260.