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Demokrasi ve Ekonomik Kalkınma İlişkisi: Yükselen Ekonomiler Üzerinde Ekonometrik Bir Analiz

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 23, 541 - 564, 01.07.2020

Öz

Demokratik kültürün olgunlaşması ve ekonomik kalkınmanın gerçekleşmesi insanlığın ortak hedefidir. Tarihsel süreçte demokrasi ve ekonomik kalkınma ilişkisi hem siyaset bilimcilerin hem de iktisatçıların ilgilendikleri konular arasında olmuştur. Çalışmaların çoğunluğu demokrasinin ekonomik kalkınmayı sağladığı yönünde yapılmasına rağmen, uzlaşma ekonomik kalkınmanın demokrasiyi sağladığı yönündedir. Bu anlamda uzlaşmayı destekleyen ve demokrasi ile kalkınma arasındaki ilişkiyi “bir ülke ne kadar zenginse o kadar demokratiktir” şeklinde ifade eden Lipset’ten yola çıkarak ekonomik kalkınmanın demokrasiyi olumlu etkilediği söylenebilir. Uzlaşmayı destekleyen Lipset’in hipotezini esas alan bu çalışmanın amacı, ekonomik kalkınmanın demokrasi üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Çalışmada 24 yükselen piyasa ekonomisi için 2001-2016 dönemine ait veriler ile dinamik panel veri analizi yapılmıştır. Analizde ekonomik kalkınmanın demokrasi üzerinde pozitif ancak zayıf bir etkisinin olduğu ve bu etkinin ancak uzun dönemde ortaya çıkacağı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, Daron, Johnson, Simon, Robinson, James.A. ve Yared, Pier- re. “Income and Democracy”, American Economic Review, 98(3), 2008, s. 808–842.
  • Arat, Zehra. F. “Democracy and Economic Development: Moderniza- tion Theory Revisited”, Comparative Politics, 21(1), 1988, s. 21-36.
  • Arellano, Manuel ve Bond, Stephen “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Emp- loyment Equations”, The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 1991, s. 277-297.
  • Arellano, Manuel ve Olympia, Bover. “Another Look at The Instru- mental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models”, Jour- nal of Econometrics, 68(1), 1995, s. 29-51.
  • Arellano, Manuel. Panel Data Econometrics, England: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Barro, Robert, J. “Determinants of Democracy”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1(1), 1999, s. 1-27.
  • Benhabib, Jess, Corvalan, Alejandro ve Spiegel, Mark M. “Income and Democracy: Evidence from Nonlinear Estimations”, Economics Letters, 118, 2013, s. 489–492.
  • Blundell, Richard ve Bond, Stephen. “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models”, Journal of Economet- rics, 87, 1998, s. 115-143.
  • Comeau, Ludovic. “Democracy and Growth: A Relationship Revisi- ted”, Eastern Economic Journal, 29(1), 2003, s. 1-21.
  • Cutright, Phillips. “National Political Development: Measurement and Analysis”, American Sociological Review, 28(2), 1963, s. 253-264.
  • Doucouligous, Hristos ve Ulubaşoğlu, Mehmet Ali. “Democracy and Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis”, American Journal of Political Science, 52(1), 2008, s. 61-83.
  • Fabro, Gema. ve Aixala, Jose. “Direct and Indirect Effects of Economic and Political Freedom on Economic Growth”, Journal of Economic Issues, 46(4), 2012, s. 1059-1080.
  • Freedom House. (2018). https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom- world/freedom-world-2018
  • Ghosh, Sugata ve Gregoriou, Andros. “Is Democracy Beneficial for Growth in Countries with Low Ethnic Diversity?”, Department of Economics and Finance, 9(8), 2009, s. 1-18.
  • Grier, Kevin, B ve Tullock, Gordon. “An Empirical Analysis of Cross- National Economic Growth, 1951-80”, Journal of Monetary Econo- mics, 24, 1989, s. 259-276.
  • Gujarati, Damodar. N. ve Porter, Dawn. C. Temel Ekonometri, Çev. Ümit Şenesen ve Gülay Günlük Şenesen, İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık, 2014.
  • Hayaloğlu, Pınar. “MINT Ülkelerinde Demokrasi Ekonomik Büyüme- yi Nasıl Etkilemektedir?”, Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 1(1), 2015, s. 17-29.
  • Heid, Benedikt, Langer, Julian ve Larch, Mario. “Income and Democ- racy: Evidence from System GMM Estimates”, Ifo Working Paper, 118, 2012, s. 1-9.
  • Jaimovich, Esteban. “Import Diversification along the Growth Path”, Carlo Alberto Notebooks, 242, 2012, s. 1-14.
  • Kim, Chong, Lim. “Socio-Economic Development and Political Democ- racy in Japanese Prefectures”, The American Political Science Re- view, 65(1), 1971, s. 184-186.
  • Kirmanoğlu, Hasan. “Political Freedom and Economic Well-Being: A Causality Analysis”, ECOMOD Annual Meeting, 2003, s. 1-10.
  • Kormendi, Roger, C. ve Meguire, Philip. G. “Macroeconomic Determi- nants of Growth Cross-Country Evidence”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 16, 1985, s. 141-163.
  • Krieckhaus, Jonathan. “Democracy and Economic Growth: How Regi- onal Context Influences Regime Effects”, British Journal of Political Science, 36 (2), 2006, s. 317-340.
  • Lipset, Seymour Martin. “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Eco- nomic Development and Political Legitimacy”, The American Poli- tical Science Review, 53(1), 1959, s. 69-105.
  • Marsh, Robert, M. “Sociological Explanations of Economic Growth”, Studies in Comparative International Development, 1988, s. 41-76.
  • Mejia, Juan Felipe Mejia, Velasquez, Hermilson ve Garcia, Victor Zapa- ta. “Understanding Import Diversification: An Empirical Analy- sis”. 2016, https://repository.eafit.edu.co/
  • Moral- Benito, Enrique. “Determinants of Economic Growth: A Baye- sian Panel Data Approach”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 94(2), 2012, s. 566-579.
  • Narayan, Paresh Kumar ve Smyth, Russell. “Democracy and Economic Growth in China: Evidence from Cointegration and Casuality Test”, Review of Applied Economics, 2(1), (2006). s. 81-98.
  • Öniş, Ziya ve Özçelik, Ezgi. “Küreselleşme, Servet Eşitsizliği ve De- mokrasi https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331065211_Kureselle sme_Servet_Esitsizligi_ve_Demokrasi_Ucgeni_Uzerine_Kureselle sme_Servet_Esitsizligi_ve_Demokrasi_Ucgeni_Uzerine. 2019,
  • Robinson, J.A. (2006). “Economic Development and Democracy”, An- nual Review Political Science, 9, 503-527.
  • Roodman, David. “How to Do xtabond2: An Introduction to “Diffe- rence” and “System” GMM in Stata”, Center for Global Develop- ment, 103, 2006. s. 1-44.
  • Saatçioğlu, Cem ve Karaca, Orhan. “İktisadi Kalkınmanın Demokrasi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Panel Veri Analizi”, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 29(4), 2015, s. 775-796.
  • Scheve, Kenneth. ve Stasavage, David. “Wealth Inequality and Democ- racy”, Annual Review of Political Science, 20, 2017, s. 451-468.
  • SWIID, The Standardized World Income Inequality Database, 2018, https://fsolt.org/swiid/
  • Tatoğlu, Yerdelen, Ferda. İleri Panel Veri Analizi Stata Uygulamalı, İs- tanbul: Beta Yayımcılık, 2018.
  • Topal, Mehmet Hanefi ve Hayaloğlu, Pınar. “Farklı Gelişmişlik Düzey- lerinde Kurumsal Kalitenin Çevre Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Analiz”, Sosyoekonomi, 25(32), 2017, s. 189-212.
  • Uysal, Doğan, Özşahin, M.C. ve Özşahin, Ş. “Co-Integration Analysis of Economic Development and Democracy: The Case of Turkey”. Current Research Journal of Economic Theory, 2(3), 2010, s. 102-111.
  • UNCTADSTAT, United Nations Conference on Trade and Develop- ment, 2018, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/
  • Worldbank, 2018, https://www.worldbank.org/
  • Yay, Gürkan, Gülsüm. “İktisadi Gelişme ve Demokrasi İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Sınama”, İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 52(1), 2002, s. 27-54.

The Relation between Democracy and Economic Development: An Econometric Analysis on the Emerging Economics

Yıl 2020, Sayı: 23, 541 - 564, 01.07.2020

Öz

In the historical process, the relationship between democracy and economic development has been of interest to both political scientists and economists. Although most of the studies were conducted in the direction of democracy providing economic development, the consensus is that economic development provides democracy. In this sense, it can be said that economic development has a positive effect on democracy by supporting Lipset, which supports reconciliation and expresses the relationship between democracy and development as “the richer a country is, the more democratic it is”. The aim of this study, which is based on Lipset's hypothesis that supports reconciliation, is to investigate the impact of economic development on democracy. In the study, dynamic panel data analysis was made with data from the 2001-2016 period for 24 emerging market economies. In the analysis, it is concluded that economic development has a positive but weak effect on democracy and this effect will only occur in the long term.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, Daron, Johnson, Simon, Robinson, James.A. ve Yared, Pier- re. “Income and Democracy”, American Economic Review, 98(3), 2008, s. 808–842.
  • Arat, Zehra. F. “Democracy and Economic Development: Moderniza- tion Theory Revisited”, Comparative Politics, 21(1), 1988, s. 21-36.
  • Arellano, Manuel ve Bond, Stephen “Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence and an Application to Emp- loyment Equations”, The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 1991, s. 277-297.
  • Arellano, Manuel ve Olympia, Bover. “Another Look at The Instru- mental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models”, Jour- nal of Econometrics, 68(1), 1995, s. 29-51.
  • Arellano, Manuel. Panel Data Econometrics, England: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Barro, Robert, J. “Determinants of Democracy”, Journal of Economic Growth, 1(1), 1999, s. 1-27.
  • Benhabib, Jess, Corvalan, Alejandro ve Spiegel, Mark M. “Income and Democracy: Evidence from Nonlinear Estimations”, Economics Letters, 118, 2013, s. 489–492.
  • Blundell, Richard ve Bond, Stephen. “Initial Conditions and Moment Restrictions in Dynamic Panel Data Models”, Journal of Economet- rics, 87, 1998, s. 115-143.
  • Comeau, Ludovic. “Democracy and Growth: A Relationship Revisi- ted”, Eastern Economic Journal, 29(1), 2003, s. 1-21.
  • Cutright, Phillips. “National Political Development: Measurement and Analysis”, American Sociological Review, 28(2), 1963, s. 253-264.
  • Doucouligous, Hristos ve Ulubaşoğlu, Mehmet Ali. “Democracy and Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis”, American Journal of Political Science, 52(1), 2008, s. 61-83.
  • Fabro, Gema. ve Aixala, Jose. “Direct and Indirect Effects of Economic and Political Freedom on Economic Growth”, Journal of Economic Issues, 46(4), 2012, s. 1059-1080.
  • Freedom House. (2018). https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom- world/freedom-world-2018
  • Ghosh, Sugata ve Gregoriou, Andros. “Is Democracy Beneficial for Growth in Countries with Low Ethnic Diversity?”, Department of Economics and Finance, 9(8), 2009, s. 1-18.
  • Grier, Kevin, B ve Tullock, Gordon. “An Empirical Analysis of Cross- National Economic Growth, 1951-80”, Journal of Monetary Econo- mics, 24, 1989, s. 259-276.
  • Gujarati, Damodar. N. ve Porter, Dawn. C. Temel Ekonometri, Çev. Ümit Şenesen ve Gülay Günlük Şenesen, İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık, 2014.
  • Hayaloğlu, Pınar. “MINT Ülkelerinde Demokrasi Ekonomik Büyüme- yi Nasıl Etkilemektedir?”, Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi, 1(1), 2015, s. 17-29.
  • Heid, Benedikt, Langer, Julian ve Larch, Mario. “Income and Democ- racy: Evidence from System GMM Estimates”, Ifo Working Paper, 118, 2012, s. 1-9.
  • Jaimovich, Esteban. “Import Diversification along the Growth Path”, Carlo Alberto Notebooks, 242, 2012, s. 1-14.
  • Kim, Chong, Lim. “Socio-Economic Development and Political Democ- racy in Japanese Prefectures”, The American Political Science Re- view, 65(1), 1971, s. 184-186.
  • Kirmanoğlu, Hasan. “Political Freedom and Economic Well-Being: A Causality Analysis”, ECOMOD Annual Meeting, 2003, s. 1-10.
  • Kormendi, Roger, C. ve Meguire, Philip. G. “Macroeconomic Determi- nants of Growth Cross-Country Evidence”, Journal of Monetary Economics, 16, 1985, s. 141-163.
  • Krieckhaus, Jonathan. “Democracy and Economic Growth: How Regi- onal Context Influences Regime Effects”, British Journal of Political Science, 36 (2), 2006, s. 317-340.
  • Lipset, Seymour Martin. “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Eco- nomic Development and Political Legitimacy”, The American Poli- tical Science Review, 53(1), 1959, s. 69-105.
  • Marsh, Robert, M. “Sociological Explanations of Economic Growth”, Studies in Comparative International Development, 1988, s. 41-76.
  • Mejia, Juan Felipe Mejia, Velasquez, Hermilson ve Garcia, Victor Zapa- ta. “Understanding Import Diversification: An Empirical Analy- sis”. 2016, https://repository.eafit.edu.co/
  • Moral- Benito, Enrique. “Determinants of Economic Growth: A Baye- sian Panel Data Approach”, The Review of Economics and Statistics, 94(2), 2012, s. 566-579.
  • Narayan, Paresh Kumar ve Smyth, Russell. “Democracy and Economic Growth in China: Evidence from Cointegration and Casuality Test”, Review of Applied Economics, 2(1), (2006). s. 81-98.
  • Öniş, Ziya ve Özçelik, Ezgi. “Küreselleşme, Servet Eşitsizliği ve De- mokrasi https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331065211_Kureselle sme_Servet_Esitsizligi_ve_Demokrasi_Ucgeni_Uzerine_Kureselle sme_Servet_Esitsizligi_ve_Demokrasi_Ucgeni_Uzerine. 2019,
  • Robinson, J.A. (2006). “Economic Development and Democracy”, An- nual Review Political Science, 9, 503-527.
  • Roodman, David. “How to Do xtabond2: An Introduction to “Diffe- rence” and “System” GMM in Stata”, Center for Global Develop- ment, 103, 2006. s. 1-44.
  • Saatçioğlu, Cem ve Karaca, Orhan. “İktisadi Kalkınmanın Demokrasi Üzerindeki Etkisi: Panel Veri Analizi”, İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 29(4), 2015, s. 775-796.
  • Scheve, Kenneth. ve Stasavage, David. “Wealth Inequality and Democ- racy”, Annual Review of Political Science, 20, 2017, s. 451-468.
  • SWIID, The Standardized World Income Inequality Database, 2018, https://fsolt.org/swiid/
  • Tatoğlu, Yerdelen, Ferda. İleri Panel Veri Analizi Stata Uygulamalı, İs- tanbul: Beta Yayımcılık, 2018.
  • Topal, Mehmet Hanefi ve Hayaloğlu, Pınar. “Farklı Gelişmişlik Düzey- lerinde Kurumsal Kalitenin Çevre Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Analiz”, Sosyoekonomi, 25(32), 2017, s. 189-212.
  • Uysal, Doğan, Özşahin, M.C. ve Özşahin, Ş. “Co-Integration Analysis of Economic Development and Democracy: The Case of Turkey”. Current Research Journal of Economic Theory, 2(3), 2010, s. 102-111.
  • UNCTADSTAT, United Nations Conference on Trade and Develop- ment, 2018, https://unctadstat.unctad.org/EN/
  • Worldbank, 2018, https://www.worldbank.org/
  • Yay, Gürkan, Gülsüm. “İktisadi Gelişme ve Demokrasi İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Sınama”, İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 52(1), 2002, s. 27-54.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Rabia Efeoğlu Bu kişi benim

Sabri Azgün Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Sayı: 23

Kaynak Göster

APA Efeoğlu, R., & Azgün, S. (2020). Demokrasi ve Ekonomik Kalkınma İlişkisi: Yükselen Ekonomiler Üzerinde Ekonometrik Bir Analiz. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(23), 541-564.