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Ticari ve Finansal Açıklık ile Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: GMM Panel Veri Analizi

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 26, 226 - 253, 30.04.2021

Öz

Küreselleşen dünyada ticari ve finansal açıklık özellikle son yarım yüzyılda iktisadi önemini arttırmaktadır. Ticari serbestlik ülkelere uluslararası rekabet güçlerini arttırma ve ihtiyaç duydukları teknolojiye sahip olma imkanı vermektedir. Finansal açıklık ise finans piyasalarının düzenlenmesi, geliştirilmesi ve gerekli döviz ihtiyacının karşılanması yoluyla ülke ekonomilerine iktisadi fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada düşük, orta düşük, orta yüksek ve yüksek gelirli ülkelerde ticari ve finansal açıklığın ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi analiz edilmiştir. Dinamik panel veri yönteminin kullanıldığı ve 1996-2017 yılları arasını kapsayan dönemin analiz edildiği çalışmada ticari açıklık düşük, orta düşük, orta yüksek ve yüksek gelirli ülkelerde ekonomik büyüme üzerinde pozitif bir etki oluşturmaktadır. Finansal açıklı ise düşük ve yüksek gelirli ülkelerde ekonomik büyümeyi pozitif etkilerken orta düşük ve orta yüksek gelirli ülkelerde ise çok küçük olmakla birlikte negatif yönde etkilemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Andabai, Priye W., (2019), “A Causality Investigation Of Financial Liberalization And The Performance of Nigerian Economy (1990-2018)”, Online Journal of Arts, Management and Social Sciences, (OJAMSS); Cilt.4, Sayı:1, s. 162-173.
  • Amaira, Bonzid, (2016), “Financial Liberalization and Economic Growth: Evidence from Tunisia”, Theoretical and Applied Economics, Cilt:23, Sayı:4, s. 243-262.
  • Atamtürk, Burak (2007), “Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde ve Türkiye’de Finansal Serbestleşmenin İç Tasarruflar Üzerindeki Etkisi”, Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, Cilt:23 S.2, s. 75-89
  • Balestra, Pietro., & Nerlove, Marc (1966), “Pooling Cross Section and Time Series Data in the Estimation of a Dynamic Model: The Demand For Natural Gas”, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, s. 585-612.
  • Baltagi, Badi (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, John Wiley & Sons, USA.
  • Bekaert, Geart - Harvey, R. Campbell - Lundblad, Christian, (2005), “Does Financial Liberalization Spur Growth?”, Journal of Financial Economics Sayı:77, s. 3–55
  • Bekaert, Geart - Harvey, R. Campbell - Lundblad, Christian, (2011), “Financial Openness and Productivity”, World Development Sayı:39, No:1, s. 1–19.
  • Ben-David, Dan ve Loewy, Micheal B., (1998), “Free Trade, Growth, and Convergence”, NBER Working Paper,No. 6095.
  • Ben-David, Dan ve Loewy, Micheal B., (2000), “Knowledge Dissemination, Capital Accumulation, Trade, and Endogenous Growth”, Oxford Economic Papers, Cilt: 52 No:4, s. 637–50.
  • Ben-David, Dan ve Loewy, Micheal B., “Trade and the Neoclassical Growth Model”, Journal of Economic Integration, Cilt:18, s.1-16.
  • Brunner Mr Allan. D. (2003), The Long-Run Effects of Trade On İncome and Income Growth. International Monetary Fund, No:3-37.
  • Bumann, Silke - Hermesa, Niels - Lensinka, Robert, (2013), “Financial Liberalization and Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis”, Journal of International Money and Finance, Sayı:33, s. 255-281.
  • Bussiere Matthieu ve Fratzscher Marcel (2004) “Financial Openness and Growth:Short-Run Gain,Long-Run Pain?”, European Central Bank Working Paper Series, No.348
  • Chang, Roberto - Kaltani Linda - Loayza, V. Norman, (2009), “Openness can be Good for Growth: The Role of Policy Complementarities”, Journal of Development Economics, Cilt:90, No:1, s. 33-49.
  • Chinn, Menzie. D ve Ito Hiro (2008) “A New Measure of Financial Openness”, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, Cilt:10, Sayı:3, s. 309-322.
  • Çeliköz, Yıldız S.- Barutçu, Emre - Afsal, Mahmut S., (2017), “Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki; Türkiye Örneği, Route Educational and Social Science Journal, Cilt.4, Sayı.7, s.104-118.
  • Demirgüç-Kunt Aslı ve Detragiache Enrika, (1998) “Financial Liberalization and Financial Fragility”, IMF Working Paper, Cilt:98, Sayı:83, Washington DC, International Monetary Fund.
  • Eren, M. Vahit ve Ünal, A. Ergin, (2019), “Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi: Türkiye Örneği”, Sosyoekonomi, Cilt..27, Sayı:39, s. 81-93
  • Eichengreen Bary ve Leblang David (2003), “Capital Account Liberalisation and Growth: Was Mr. Mahatir Right?”, International Journal of Finance and Economics, Working Paper No:9427.
  • Estrada Gemma Bolotaulo - Park, Donghyun - Ramayandi, Arief, (2015), “Financial Development, Financial Openness and Economic Growth”, ADB Economics Working Paper Series, No:442.
  • Eswar, S. Prasad - Rogoff, Kenneth - Wei, Suhuai - Kose, M.Ayhan, (2003), Effects of Financial Globalization on Developing Countries: Some Empirical Evidence, International Monetary Fund Washington DC.
  • Fetahi Vehapi Merale - Sadiku Luljeta - Petkovski Mihail, (2015), “Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Trade Openness on Economic Growth: An Evidence for South East European Countries”, Procedia Economics and Finance, Cilt:19, s. 17 – 26.
  • Gibson, Heather. D ve Tsakalotos, Euclid (1994) “The Scope and Limits of Financial Liberalisation in Developing Countries: A Critical Survey.” Journal of Development Studies Cil:30 Sayı:3, s. 578–628.
  • Gourinchas Pierre Olivier ve Jeanne, Olivier (2002) “On the Benefits of Capital Account Liberalisation for Emerging Economies”, Unpublished Manuscript at the World Bank Conference, Financial Globalization: A Blessing or a Curse.
  • Grilli, Vittorio ve Milesi-Ferretti, Gian Maria (1995), “Economic Effects and Structural Determinants of Capital Controls”, IMF Staff Papers, Cilt:42, s. 517-551.
  • Grossman, Gene M. ve Helpman, Elhanan (1990), “Comparative Advantage and Long-Run Growth”, American Economic Review, Cilt:80, s. 796-815.
  • Hellmann Thomas F – Murdock Kevin .C. – Stiglitz Joseph E., (2000), “Liberalization, Moral Hazard in Banking, and Prudential Regulation: Are Capital Requirements Enough”, The American Economic Review, Cilt:90, No:1, s. 147-165.
  • Kharroubi Enisse (2007) “Crises, Volatility and Growth.” The World Bank Economic Review, Cilt:21, Sayı:3, s. 439-460.
  • Kocaman, Merve, (2019), “Mena Ülkelerinde Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Bootstrap Panel Granger Nedensellik Analizi”, Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt.4, Sayı:3, s.289-301.
  • Kim Dong-Hiyeon ve Lin Shu-Chin (2009), “Trade and Growth at Different Stages of Economic Growth”. Journal of Development Studies, Cilt:45, s.1211- 1224.
  • Lartey Emanuel. K. K. ve Farka Mira (2011) “Financial Development, Crises and Growth”, Applied Economics Letters, Cilt:18, s. 711–714.
  • Musila, Jacob. W. ve Yiheyis, Zelealem (2015), “The Impact of Trade Openness on Growth: The Case of Kenya”, Journal of Policy Modeling, Cilt:37, Sayı:2, s. 342–354.
  • Naveed, Samina ve Mahmood, Zafar. (2019). “Impact of Domestic Financial Liberalization on Economic Growth in Pakistan”. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, Cilt:22, Sayı:1, s.16-34.
  • Owusua, Erasmus. L. ve Odhiambo, Nicholas M. (2014), “Financial Liberalisation and Economic Growth in Nigeria: An ARDL-Bounds Testing Approach”, Journal of Economic Policy Reform, Cilt:17 Sayı:2, s. 164–177.
  • Özdemir, Durmuş (2014), “Economic Growth and Financial Liberalization in The EU Accession Countries”, Appl. Econ. Lett., Cilt:21, Sayı:15, s. 1036- 1044.
  • Özdemir, Durmuş ve Erbil, Can. (2008). “Does Financial Liberalization Trigger Long-Run Economic Growth? Evidence from Turkey and other Recent EU Members”, EcoMod International Conference on Policy Modeling, Berlin, Germany.
  • Özdemir, Abdullah ve Dalkılıç Remziye, (2016), “Finansal Serbestleşmenin Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, Cilt. 53, Sayı:613, s. 53-64.
  • Perera-Tallo, Fernando, (2003), “Growth due to Globalization”, International Economic Review, Cilt:42, Sayı:2 s. 651-676.
  • Rajan, Raghuram G. ve Zingales, Luigi (2003), “The Great Reversals: The Politics of Financial Development in The Twentieth Century”, Journal of Financial Economics, Cilt:69, s. 5–50.
  • Rodriguez, Francisco ve Rodrik, Dani (2001), “Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic’s Guide to the Cross-National Evidence,” in Ben Bernanke and Kenneth S. Rogoff, eds., NBER Macroeconomics Annual, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press for NBER
  • Rodriguez, Francisco ve Rodrik, Dani, (1999), “Trade Policiy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic’s Guide to the Cross National Evidence”, NBER Working Paper Series, No:7081
  • Sadalia, Isfenti – Irawati, Nisrul – Hamidi, Masyhuri - Zahirdin, Giriati – Yuliana, Saadah, (2019), “How The Financial Openness Accelerates The Econoic Growth of Leading Asean Economies”, Journal Of Security And Sustainability Issues, Cilt.9, Sayı:2, s.473-487.
  • Sakyi Daniel – Villaverde Jose - Maza Adolfo - Chitted Krishna Reddy, (2012), “Trade Openness, Growth and Development: Evidence from Heterogeneous Panel Cointegration Analysis for Middle-Income Countries”, Cuadernos de Economía Cilt:31 Sayı:7, s. 21-40.
  • Samman, Emma, (2005), “Openness and Growth: An Empirical Investigation”, Human Development Report Office (HDRO).
  • Spilimbergo, Antonio, (2000), “Growth and Trade: The North can Lose”, Journal of Economic Growth, Cilt:5, Sayı:2, s. 131-146.
  • Sönmez, E. Filiz ve Sağlam, Yağmur, (2018), “Finansal Gelişme ve Ticari Açıklık ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Avrupa Dönüşüm Ekonomileri Örneği”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt.18, Sayı:4 s. 59-72.
  • Topalllı, Nurgün, (2016), “Doğrudan Sermaye Yatırımları, Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye ve BRICS Ülkeleri Örneği”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, Cilt.17, Sayı:1, s.83-95
  • Uslu, Hüseyin, (2019), “Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye İçin Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Bir Analiz”, Anadolu İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, Cilt.3, Sayı:1, s. 39-64
  • Vamvakidis, Athanasios. (2002), “How Robust is the Growth-Openness Connection? Historical Evidence”, Journal of Economic Growth, Cilt:7, s. 57-80.
  • Wei, Hsinrong, (2015), Does Financial Openness Affect Economic Growth in Asian Economies? A Case Study in Selected Asian Economies: 1980-2010, Cuny Academic, The City University of New York.
  • Tatoğlu, Y. Ferda (2012) İleri Panel Veri Analizi, Beta Basım Dağıtım A.Ş, İstanbul.
  • Young, Alwyn (1991) “Learning By Doing and The Dynamic Effects of International Trade”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Cilt:106 s. 369-405.

Relationship between Commercial and Financial Openness and Economic Growth: GMM Panel Data Analysis

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 26, 226 - 253, 30.04.2021

Öz

In a globalizing world, commercial and financial openness has increased its economic importance especially in the last half century. Commercial freedom allows countries to increase their international competitiveness and to have the technology they need. Financial openness provides economic opportunities to the economies of the country by regulating and developing financial markets and meeting the required foreign exchange needs. In this study, the effect of trade and financial deficit on economic growth in low, loer middle, upper middle and high income countries is analyzed. In the study, which used dynamic panel data method and analyzed the period between 1996-2017, trade openness has a positive effect on economic growth in low, loer middle, upper middle and high income countries. Financial deficit positively affects economic growth in low and high income countries, while it affects negatively in lower middle and upper middle income countries.

Kaynakça

  • Andabai, Priye W., (2019), “A Causality Investigation Of Financial Liberalization And The Performance of Nigerian Economy (1990-2018)”, Online Journal of Arts, Management and Social Sciences, (OJAMSS); Cilt.4, Sayı:1, s. 162-173.
  • Amaira, Bonzid, (2016), “Financial Liberalization and Economic Growth: Evidence from Tunisia”, Theoretical and Applied Economics, Cilt:23, Sayı:4, s. 243-262.
  • Atamtürk, Burak (2007), “Gelişmekte Olan Ülkelerde ve Türkiye’de Finansal Serbestleşmenin İç Tasarruflar Üzerindeki Etkisi”, Marmara Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, Cilt:23 S.2, s. 75-89
  • Balestra, Pietro., & Nerlove, Marc (1966), “Pooling Cross Section and Time Series Data in the Estimation of a Dynamic Model: The Demand For Natural Gas”, Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, s. 585-612.
  • Baltagi, Badi (2005), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, John Wiley & Sons, USA.
  • Bekaert, Geart - Harvey, R. Campbell - Lundblad, Christian, (2005), “Does Financial Liberalization Spur Growth?”, Journal of Financial Economics Sayı:77, s. 3–55
  • Bekaert, Geart - Harvey, R. Campbell - Lundblad, Christian, (2011), “Financial Openness and Productivity”, World Development Sayı:39, No:1, s. 1–19.
  • Ben-David, Dan ve Loewy, Micheal B., (1998), “Free Trade, Growth, and Convergence”, NBER Working Paper,No. 6095.
  • Ben-David, Dan ve Loewy, Micheal B., (2000), “Knowledge Dissemination, Capital Accumulation, Trade, and Endogenous Growth”, Oxford Economic Papers, Cilt: 52 No:4, s. 637–50.
  • Ben-David, Dan ve Loewy, Micheal B., “Trade and the Neoclassical Growth Model”, Journal of Economic Integration, Cilt:18, s.1-16.
  • Brunner Mr Allan. D. (2003), The Long-Run Effects of Trade On İncome and Income Growth. International Monetary Fund, No:3-37.
  • Bumann, Silke - Hermesa, Niels - Lensinka, Robert, (2013), “Financial Liberalization and Economic Growth: A Meta-Analysis”, Journal of International Money and Finance, Sayı:33, s. 255-281.
  • Bussiere Matthieu ve Fratzscher Marcel (2004) “Financial Openness and Growth:Short-Run Gain,Long-Run Pain?”, European Central Bank Working Paper Series, No.348
  • Chang, Roberto - Kaltani Linda - Loayza, V. Norman, (2009), “Openness can be Good for Growth: The Role of Policy Complementarities”, Journal of Development Economics, Cilt:90, No:1, s. 33-49.
  • Chinn, Menzie. D ve Ito Hiro (2008) “A New Measure of Financial Openness”, Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis, Cilt:10, Sayı:3, s. 309-322.
  • Çeliköz, Yıldız S.- Barutçu, Emre - Afsal, Mahmut S., (2017), “Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki; Türkiye Örneği, Route Educational and Social Science Journal, Cilt.4, Sayı.7, s.104-118.
  • Demirgüç-Kunt Aslı ve Detragiache Enrika, (1998) “Financial Liberalization and Financial Fragility”, IMF Working Paper, Cilt:98, Sayı:83, Washington DC, International Monetary Fund.
  • Eren, M. Vahit ve Ünal, A. Ergin, (2019), “Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi: Türkiye Örneği”, Sosyoekonomi, Cilt..27, Sayı:39, s. 81-93
  • Eichengreen Bary ve Leblang David (2003), “Capital Account Liberalisation and Growth: Was Mr. Mahatir Right?”, International Journal of Finance and Economics, Working Paper No:9427.
  • Estrada Gemma Bolotaulo - Park, Donghyun - Ramayandi, Arief, (2015), “Financial Development, Financial Openness and Economic Growth”, ADB Economics Working Paper Series, No:442.
  • Eswar, S. Prasad - Rogoff, Kenneth - Wei, Suhuai - Kose, M.Ayhan, (2003), Effects of Financial Globalization on Developing Countries: Some Empirical Evidence, International Monetary Fund Washington DC.
  • Fetahi Vehapi Merale - Sadiku Luljeta - Petkovski Mihail, (2015), “Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Trade Openness on Economic Growth: An Evidence for South East European Countries”, Procedia Economics and Finance, Cilt:19, s. 17 – 26.
  • Gibson, Heather. D ve Tsakalotos, Euclid (1994) “The Scope and Limits of Financial Liberalisation in Developing Countries: A Critical Survey.” Journal of Development Studies Cil:30 Sayı:3, s. 578–628.
  • Gourinchas Pierre Olivier ve Jeanne, Olivier (2002) “On the Benefits of Capital Account Liberalisation for Emerging Economies”, Unpublished Manuscript at the World Bank Conference, Financial Globalization: A Blessing or a Curse.
  • Grilli, Vittorio ve Milesi-Ferretti, Gian Maria (1995), “Economic Effects and Structural Determinants of Capital Controls”, IMF Staff Papers, Cilt:42, s. 517-551.
  • Grossman, Gene M. ve Helpman, Elhanan (1990), “Comparative Advantage and Long-Run Growth”, American Economic Review, Cilt:80, s. 796-815.
  • Hellmann Thomas F – Murdock Kevin .C. – Stiglitz Joseph E., (2000), “Liberalization, Moral Hazard in Banking, and Prudential Regulation: Are Capital Requirements Enough”, The American Economic Review, Cilt:90, No:1, s. 147-165.
  • Kharroubi Enisse (2007) “Crises, Volatility and Growth.” The World Bank Economic Review, Cilt:21, Sayı:3, s. 439-460.
  • Kocaman, Merve, (2019), “Mena Ülkelerinde Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Bootstrap Panel Granger Nedensellik Analizi”, Ekonomi, Politika & Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, Cilt.4, Sayı:3, s.289-301.
  • Kim Dong-Hiyeon ve Lin Shu-Chin (2009), “Trade and Growth at Different Stages of Economic Growth”. Journal of Development Studies, Cilt:45, s.1211- 1224.
  • Lartey Emanuel. K. K. ve Farka Mira (2011) “Financial Development, Crises and Growth”, Applied Economics Letters, Cilt:18, s. 711–714.
  • Musila, Jacob. W. ve Yiheyis, Zelealem (2015), “The Impact of Trade Openness on Growth: The Case of Kenya”, Journal of Policy Modeling, Cilt:37, Sayı:2, s. 342–354.
  • Naveed, Samina ve Mahmood, Zafar. (2019). “Impact of Domestic Financial Liberalization on Economic Growth in Pakistan”. Journal of Economic Policy Reform, Cilt:22, Sayı:1, s.16-34.
  • Owusua, Erasmus. L. ve Odhiambo, Nicholas M. (2014), “Financial Liberalisation and Economic Growth in Nigeria: An ARDL-Bounds Testing Approach”, Journal of Economic Policy Reform, Cilt:17 Sayı:2, s. 164–177.
  • Özdemir, Durmuş (2014), “Economic Growth and Financial Liberalization in The EU Accession Countries”, Appl. Econ. Lett., Cilt:21, Sayı:15, s. 1036- 1044.
  • Özdemir, Durmuş ve Erbil, Can. (2008). “Does Financial Liberalization Trigger Long-Run Economic Growth? Evidence from Turkey and other Recent EU Members”, EcoMod International Conference on Policy Modeling, Berlin, Germany.
  • Özdemir, Abdullah ve Dalkılıç Remziye, (2016), “Finansal Serbestleşmenin Türkiye Ekonomisi Üzerindeki Etkileri”, Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, Cilt. 53, Sayı:613, s. 53-64.
  • Perera-Tallo, Fernando, (2003), “Growth due to Globalization”, International Economic Review, Cilt:42, Sayı:2 s. 651-676.
  • Rajan, Raghuram G. ve Zingales, Luigi (2003), “The Great Reversals: The Politics of Financial Development in The Twentieth Century”, Journal of Financial Economics, Cilt:69, s. 5–50.
  • Rodriguez, Francisco ve Rodrik, Dani (2001), “Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic’s Guide to the Cross-National Evidence,” in Ben Bernanke and Kenneth S. Rogoff, eds., NBER Macroeconomics Annual, Cambridge, MA, MIT Press for NBER
  • Rodriguez, Francisco ve Rodrik, Dani, (1999), “Trade Policiy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic’s Guide to the Cross National Evidence”, NBER Working Paper Series, No:7081
  • Sadalia, Isfenti – Irawati, Nisrul – Hamidi, Masyhuri - Zahirdin, Giriati – Yuliana, Saadah, (2019), “How The Financial Openness Accelerates The Econoic Growth of Leading Asean Economies”, Journal Of Security And Sustainability Issues, Cilt.9, Sayı:2, s.473-487.
  • Sakyi Daniel – Villaverde Jose - Maza Adolfo - Chitted Krishna Reddy, (2012), “Trade Openness, Growth and Development: Evidence from Heterogeneous Panel Cointegration Analysis for Middle-Income Countries”, Cuadernos de Economía Cilt:31 Sayı:7, s. 21-40.
  • Samman, Emma, (2005), “Openness and Growth: An Empirical Investigation”, Human Development Report Office (HDRO).
  • Spilimbergo, Antonio, (2000), “Growth and Trade: The North can Lose”, Journal of Economic Growth, Cilt:5, Sayı:2, s. 131-146.
  • Sönmez, E. Filiz ve Sağlam, Yağmur, (2018), “Finansal Gelişme ve Ticari Açıklık ile Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Avrupa Dönüşüm Ekonomileri Örneği”, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt.18, Sayı:4 s. 59-72.
  • Topalllı, Nurgün, (2016), “Doğrudan Sermaye Yatırımları, Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye ve BRICS Ülkeleri Örneği”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, Cilt.17, Sayı:1, s.83-95
  • Uslu, Hüseyin, (2019), “Ticari Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Türkiye İçin Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Bir Analiz”, Anadolu İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, Cilt.3, Sayı:1, s. 39-64
  • Vamvakidis, Athanasios. (2002), “How Robust is the Growth-Openness Connection? Historical Evidence”, Journal of Economic Growth, Cilt:7, s. 57-80.
  • Wei, Hsinrong, (2015), Does Financial Openness Affect Economic Growth in Asian Economies? A Case Study in Selected Asian Economies: 1980-2010, Cuny Academic, The City University of New York.
  • Tatoğlu, Y. Ferda (2012) İleri Panel Veri Analizi, Beta Basım Dağıtım A.Ş, İstanbul.
  • Young, Alwyn (1991) “Learning By Doing and The Dynamic Effects of International Trade”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Cilt:106 s. 369-405.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Selim Demez Bu kişi benim

Mehmet Akyol Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 26

Kaynak Göster

APA Demez, S., & Akyol, M. (2021). Ticari ve Finansal Açıklık ile Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: GMM Panel Veri Analizi. Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi(26), 226-253.