Araştırma Makalesi
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Kentsel dirençlilikte kırılganlık analizine bir yaklaşım önerisi

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 48, 145 - 164, 08.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1177863

Öz

Bu çalışma, tüm kentlerde mikrobölgeleme tekniği kullanarak uygulanabilecek, fiziksel çevrede kırılganlığın değerlendirilmesi için bir mekansal çoklu kriter analizi önermektedir. Çalışma alanı olan Niğde, yakın zamanda yaşanan orta büyüklükteki depremden sonra maddi zarar almıştır. Deprem bölgesinde yer almamasına rağmen zarar görmesi, nüfus yoğunluğunun en fazla olduğu kent merkezinin kırılganlığının analiz edilmesini gerekli kılmıştır. Önerilen bu yaklaşım, kentsel dirençliliği artırmak için gerekli müdahalelerin pratik bir şekilde kentsel planlamadan sorumlu kurumlar tarafından yapılmasını ve olası bir depremde hasarın azaltılmasını amaçlamaktadır. Analiz sonucu elde edilen bulgulara göre kırılganlığı yüksek, acil müdahale gerektiren ve dirençli hale getirilmesi gereken alanlar saptanmıştır. Acil müdahale gerektiren alanlarda yaşayan nüfusun, ilin toplam nüfusunun yaklaşık beşte birini oluşturduğu belirlenmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • AFAD. (2018). Disaster resilient communities best practices. AFAD.
  • AFAD. (2020). T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı. https://www.afad.gov.tr/
  • Agarwal, J. (2015). Improving resilience through vulnerability assessment and management. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 32(1–2), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286608.2015.1025065
  • Allan, P., & Bryant, M. (2011). Resilience as a framework for urbanism and recovery. Journal of Landscape Architecture, 6(2), 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2011.9723453
  • Anadolu Ajansı. (2020). Niğde’deki depremin merkezi Obruk köyünde vatandaşlar geceyi dışarıda geçirdi. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/nigdedeki-depremin-merkezi-obruk-koyunde-vatandaslar-geceyi-disarida- gecirdi/1979965
  • Aydemir, Ş., Aydemir, S., Beyazlı, D., Ökten, N., Öksüz, A. M., Sancar, C., Özyaba, M., & Aydin Turk, Y. (2004). Kentsel Alanların Planlanması ve Tasarımı / Planning and Design of Urban Areas.
  • Balyemez, S., & Berköz, L. (2015). Hasar görebilirlik ve kentsel deprem davranışı. 4(1), 3–14.
  • Biswanath, D., & Sharma, V. K. (2004). Indicators for disaster preparedness: India. 83–94.
  • Blewitt, J., & Tilbury, D. (2013). Searching for Resilience in Sustainable Development: Learning Journeys in Conservation. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203109519
  • Boğaziçi Üniversitesi - Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü. (2020). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi— Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü.
  • Brand, F., & Jax, K. (2007). Focusing the meaning(s) of resilience: resilience as a descriptive concept and a boundary object. Ecology and Society, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02029-120123
  • Bristow, G., & Healy, A. (2020). Handbook on Regional Economic Resilience. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
  • Bulkeley, H., & Tuts, R. (2013). Understanding urban vulnerability, adaptation and resilience in the context of climate change. Local Environment, 18(6), 646–662. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2013.788479
  • Chelleri, L. (2012). From the «Resilient City» to Urban Resilience. A review essay on understanding and integrating the resilience perspective for urban systems. Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 58(2), Article 2.
  • Chuang, M.-T., Chen, T.-L., & Lin, Z.-H. (2020). A review of resilient practice based upon flood vulnerability in New Taipei City, Taiwan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 46, 101494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101494
  • Cosens, B., & Gunderson, L. (2018). An Introduction to Practical Panarchy: Linking Law, Resilience, and Adaptive Water Governance of Regional Scale Social-Ecological Systems. In B. Cosens & L. Gunderson (Eds.), Practical Panarchy for Adaptive Water Governance: Linking Law to Social-Ecological Resilience (pp. 1–16). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72472-0_1
  • Cumming, G. S., Barnes, G., Perz, S., Schmink, M., Sieving, K. E., Southworth, J., Binford, M., Holt, R. D., Stickler, C., & Van Holt, T. (2005). An exploratory framework for the empirical measurement of resilience. Ecosystems, 8(8), 975–987. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0129-z
  • Davoudi, S., Brooks, E., & Mehmood, A. (2013). Evolutionary resilience and strategies for climate adaptation. Planning Practice and Research, 28(3), 307–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2013.787695
  • Davoudi, S., Shaw, K., Haider, L. J., Quinlan, A. E., Peterson, G. D., Wilkinson, C., Fünfgeld, H., McEvoy, D., Porter, L., & Davoudi, S. (2012). Resilience: a bridging concept or a dead end? “reframing” resilience: challenges for planning theory and practice interacting traps: resilience assessment of a pasture management system in northern afghanistan urban resilience: what does it mean in planning practice? resilience as a useful concept for climate change adaptation? the politics of resilience for planning: a cautionary note: edited by simin davoudi and libby porter. Planning Theory & Practice, 13(2), 299–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2012.677124
  • Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002
  • Folke, C. (2010). How resilient are ecosystems to global environmental change? Sustainability Science, 5(2), 151– 154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-010-0109-x
  • Frazier, T. G., Thompson, C. M., & Dezzani, R. J. (2014). A framework for the development of the SERV model: A Spatially Explicit Resilience-Vulnerability model. Applied Geography, 51, 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.04.004
  • Godschalk, D. R. (2003). Urban Hazard Mitigation: Creating Resilient Cities. Natural Hazards Review, 4(3), 136– 143. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2003)4:3(136)
  • Govindarajulu, D. (2020). Strengthening institutional and financial mechanisms for building urban resilience in India. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 47, 101549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101549
  • Gunderson, L., Allen, C. R., & Holling, C. S. (2010). Why resilience? Why now? In Foundations of Ecological Resilience (2nd Edition, pp. 12–25). Island Press.
  • Gunderson, L. H. (2000). Ecological resilience—in theory and application. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31(1), 425–439. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.425
  • Hays, W. (1980). Procedures for Estimating Earthquake Ground Motions (Geological Survey Professional Paper 1114).
  • Hegger, D., Driessen, P., Wiering, M., van Rijswick, H., Kundzewicz, Z., Matczak, P., Crabbé, A., Raadgever, G., Bakker, M., Priest, S., Larrue, C., & Ek, K. (2016). Toward more flood resilience: Is a diversification of flood risk management strategies the way forward? Ecology and Society, 21(4). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08854-210452
  • Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245
  • İmren Güzel, B. (2021). Kentsel tasarım: Kuram örnek ve uygulamalar (1. Baskı). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Inter-American Development Bank. (2010). Indicators for Disaster Risk and Risk Management: Program for Latin America and The Caribbean: Trinidad and Tobago. Inter-American Development Bank.
  • İSMEP. (2014). Afete Dirençli Şehir Planlama ve Yapılaşma. Beyaz Gemi Sosyal Proje Ajansı.
  • Kim, D., & Lim, U. (2016). Urban resilience in climate change adaptation: a conceptual framework. Sustainability, 8(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040405
  • Masnavi, M. R., Gharai, F., & Hajibandeh, M. (2019). Exploring urban resilience thinking for its application in urban planning: A review of literature. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(1), 567–582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1860-2
  • Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011
  • Mehmood, A. (2016). Of resilient places: Planning for urban resilience. European Planning Studies, 24(2), 407– 419. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1082980
  • Mitchell, J. K. (2004). Re-conceiving recovery. 47-68.
  • Niğde Valiliği. (2009). Introductory statement of 3 th international earthquake microzonation proceedindgs. Niğde Tarihi.
  • OECD. (2016). Resilient Cities-Policy Highlights of the OECD Report. OECD.
  • Olcar, C. (2020). Küreselleşme çağında kentsel afetler. Resilience, 187–204. https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.684523
  • Özceylan, D., & Coşkun, E. (2012). Türkiye’deki illerin sosyo-ekonomik gelişmişlik düzeyleri ve afetlerden sosyal ve ekonomik zarar görebilirlikleri arasındaki ilişki. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(1), 31–46.
  • Paton, D., Millar, M., & Johnston, D. (2001). Community resilience to volcanic hazard consequences. Natural Hazards, 24(2), 157–169. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011882106373
  • Quarantelli, E. L. (1976). Social Aspects of Disasters and Their Relevance to Pre-Disaster Planning.
  • Ribeiro, P. J. G., & Pena Jardim Gonçalves, L. A. (2019). Urban resilience: A conceptual framework. Sustainable Cities and Society, 50, 101625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101625
  • Sellberg, M., Wilkinson, C., & Peterson, G. (2015). Resilience assessment: A useful approach to navigate urban sustainability challenges. Ecology and Society, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07258-200143
  • Sharifi, A., Roosta, M., & Javadpoor, M. (2021). Urban form resilience: a comparative analysis of traditional, semi- planned, and planned neighborhoods in Shiraz, Iran. Urban Science, 5(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5010018
  • Sharma, S., & Kovacs, W. D. (1982). Preliminary microzonation of the Memphis, Tennessee, area. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 72(3), 1011–1024. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0720031011
  • Sharma, V. R. (2015). Contemporary Environmental Issues: Vulnerability and Resilience. Research India Press.
  • Sharma, V. R. & Chandrakanta (Eds.). (2019). Making Cities Resilient. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94932-1
  • Sherif, M. A. (1982). Introductory statement. In Third International Earthquake Microzonation Conference Proceedings. University of Washington.
  • Suárez, M., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Benayas, J., & Tilbury, D. (2016). Towards an Urban resilience index: a case study in 50 Spanish Cities. Sustainability, 8(8), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080774
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An approach proposal to vulnerability analysis in urban resilience

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 48, 145 - 164, 08.02.2023
https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1177863

Öz

This study proposes a spatial multicriteria analysis that can be implemented by the micro zonation technique for any city for the assessment of the vulnerability to the physical environment. Niğde, as the case study, recently had pecuniary damages after a medium-sized earthquake. Although it is not located in the earthquake zone, its damage made it necessary to analyze the vulnerability of the city center, where the population density is the highest. This proposed approach aims that the interventions needed to increase urban resilience in a practical way conducted by the institutions responsible for urban planning so that the damage is reduced in a probable earthquake. According to the results obtained, areas with high vulnerability and areas that need urgent intervention to be made resilient were identified. The population living in the areas that need urgent intervention was determined to constitute approximately one-fifth of the total population of the province.

Kaynakça

  • AFAD. (2018). Disaster resilient communities best practices. AFAD.
  • AFAD. (2020). T.C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Afet ve Acil Durum Yönetimi Başkanlığı. https://www.afad.gov.tr/
  • Agarwal, J. (2015). Improving resilience through vulnerability assessment and management. Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems, 32(1–2), 5–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286608.2015.1025065
  • Allan, P., & Bryant, M. (2011). Resilience as a framework for urbanism and recovery. Journal of Landscape Architecture, 6(2), 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2011.9723453
  • Anadolu Ajansı. (2020). Niğde’deki depremin merkezi Obruk köyünde vatandaşlar geceyi dışarıda geçirdi. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/turkiye/nigdedeki-depremin-merkezi-obruk-koyunde-vatandaslar-geceyi-disarida- gecirdi/1979965
  • Aydemir, Ş., Aydemir, S., Beyazlı, D., Ökten, N., Öksüz, A. M., Sancar, C., Özyaba, M., & Aydin Turk, Y. (2004). Kentsel Alanların Planlanması ve Tasarımı / Planning and Design of Urban Areas.
  • Balyemez, S., & Berköz, L. (2015). Hasar görebilirlik ve kentsel deprem davranışı. 4(1), 3–14.
  • Biswanath, D., & Sharma, V. K. (2004). Indicators for disaster preparedness: India. 83–94.
  • Blewitt, J., & Tilbury, D. (2013). Searching for Resilience in Sustainable Development: Learning Journeys in Conservation. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203109519
  • Boğaziçi Üniversitesi - Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü. (2020). Boğaziçi Üniversitesi— Kandilli Rasathanesi ve Deprem Araştırma Enstitüsü.
  • Brand, F., & Jax, K. (2007). Focusing the meaning(s) of resilience: resilience as a descriptive concept and a boundary object. Ecology and Society, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-02029-120123
  • Bristow, G., & Healy, A. (2020). Handbook on Regional Economic Resilience. Edward Elgar Publishing Limited.
  • Bulkeley, H., & Tuts, R. (2013). Understanding urban vulnerability, adaptation and resilience in the context of climate change. Local Environment, 18(6), 646–662. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2013.788479
  • Chelleri, L. (2012). From the «Resilient City» to Urban Resilience. A review essay on understanding and integrating the resilience perspective for urban systems. Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 58(2), Article 2.
  • Chuang, M.-T., Chen, T.-L., & Lin, Z.-H. (2020). A review of resilient practice based upon flood vulnerability in New Taipei City, Taiwan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 46, 101494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101494
  • Cosens, B., & Gunderson, L. (2018). An Introduction to Practical Panarchy: Linking Law, Resilience, and Adaptive Water Governance of Regional Scale Social-Ecological Systems. In B. Cosens & L. Gunderson (Eds.), Practical Panarchy for Adaptive Water Governance: Linking Law to Social-Ecological Resilience (pp. 1–16). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72472-0_1
  • Cumming, G. S., Barnes, G., Perz, S., Schmink, M., Sieving, K. E., Southworth, J., Binford, M., Holt, R. D., Stickler, C., & Van Holt, T. (2005). An exploratory framework for the empirical measurement of resilience. Ecosystems, 8(8), 975–987. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-005-0129-z
  • Davoudi, S., Brooks, E., & Mehmood, A. (2013). Evolutionary resilience and strategies for climate adaptation. Planning Practice and Research, 28(3), 307–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/02697459.2013.787695
  • Davoudi, S., Shaw, K., Haider, L. J., Quinlan, A. E., Peterson, G. D., Wilkinson, C., Fünfgeld, H., McEvoy, D., Porter, L., & Davoudi, S. (2012). Resilience: a bridging concept or a dead end? “reframing” resilience: challenges for planning theory and practice interacting traps: resilience assessment of a pasture management system in northern afghanistan urban resilience: what does it mean in planning practice? resilience as a useful concept for climate change adaptation? the politics of resilience for planning: a cautionary note: edited by simin davoudi and libby porter. Planning Theory & Practice, 13(2), 299–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649357.2012.677124
  • Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The emergence of a perspective for social–ecological systems analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2006.04.002
  • Folke, C. (2010). How resilient are ecosystems to global environmental change? Sustainability Science, 5(2), 151– 154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-010-0109-x
  • Frazier, T. G., Thompson, C. M., & Dezzani, R. J. (2014). A framework for the development of the SERV model: A Spatially Explicit Resilience-Vulnerability model. Applied Geography, 51, 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.04.004
  • Godschalk, D. R. (2003). Urban Hazard Mitigation: Creating Resilient Cities. Natural Hazards Review, 4(3), 136– 143. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1527-6988(2003)4:3(136)
  • Govindarajulu, D. (2020). Strengthening institutional and financial mechanisms for building urban resilience in India. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 47, 101549. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101549
  • Gunderson, L., Allen, C. R., & Holling, C. S. (2010). Why resilience? Why now? In Foundations of Ecological Resilience (2nd Edition, pp. 12–25). Island Press.
  • Gunderson, L. H. (2000). Ecological resilience—in theory and application. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 31(1), 425–439. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.31.1.425
  • Hays, W. (1980). Procedures for Estimating Earthquake Ground Motions (Geological Survey Professional Paper 1114).
  • Hegger, D., Driessen, P., Wiering, M., van Rijswick, H., Kundzewicz, Z., Matczak, P., Crabbé, A., Raadgever, G., Bakker, M., Priest, S., Larrue, C., & Ek, K. (2016). Toward more flood resilience: Is a diversification of flood risk management strategies the way forward? Ecology and Society, 21(4). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08854-210452
  • Holling, C. S. (1973). Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 4(1), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245
  • İmren Güzel, B. (2021). Kentsel tasarım: Kuram örnek ve uygulamalar (1. Baskı). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Inter-American Development Bank. (2010). Indicators for Disaster Risk and Risk Management: Program for Latin America and The Caribbean: Trinidad and Tobago. Inter-American Development Bank.
  • İSMEP. (2014). Afete Dirençli Şehir Planlama ve Yapılaşma. Beyaz Gemi Sosyal Proje Ajansı.
  • Kim, D., & Lim, U. (2016). Urban resilience in climate change adaptation: a conceptual framework. Sustainability, 8(4), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040405
  • Masnavi, M. R., Gharai, F., & Hajibandeh, M. (2019). Exploring urban resilience thinking for its application in urban planning: A review of literature. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 16(1), 567–582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-018-1860-2
  • Meerow, S., Newell, J. P., & Stults, M. (2016). Defining urban resilience: A review. Landscape and Urban Planning, 147, 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2015.11.011
  • Mehmood, A. (2016). Of resilient places: Planning for urban resilience. European Planning Studies, 24(2), 407– 419. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2015.1082980
  • Mitchell, J. K. (2004). Re-conceiving recovery. 47-68.
  • Niğde Valiliği. (2009). Introductory statement of 3 th international earthquake microzonation proceedindgs. Niğde Tarihi.
  • OECD. (2016). Resilient Cities-Policy Highlights of the OECD Report. OECD.
  • Olcar, C. (2020). Küreselleşme çağında kentsel afetler. Resilience, 187–204. https://doi.org/10.32569/resilience.684523
  • Özceylan, D., & Coşkun, E. (2012). Türkiye’deki illerin sosyo-ekonomik gelişmişlik düzeyleri ve afetlerden sosyal ve ekonomik zarar görebilirlikleri arasındaki ilişki. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 41(1), 31–46.
  • Paton, D., Millar, M., & Johnston, D. (2001). Community resilience to volcanic hazard consequences. Natural Hazards, 24(2), 157–169. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011882106373
  • Quarantelli, E. L. (1976). Social Aspects of Disasters and Their Relevance to Pre-Disaster Planning.
  • Ribeiro, P. J. G., & Pena Jardim Gonçalves, L. A. (2019). Urban resilience: A conceptual framework. Sustainable Cities and Society, 50, 101625. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101625
  • Sellberg, M., Wilkinson, C., & Peterson, G. (2015). Resilience assessment: A useful approach to navigate urban sustainability challenges. Ecology and Society, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-07258-200143
  • Sharifi, A., Roosta, M., & Javadpoor, M. (2021). Urban form resilience: a comparative analysis of traditional, semi- planned, and planned neighborhoods in Shiraz, Iran. Urban Science, 5(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5010018
  • Sharma, S., & Kovacs, W. D. (1982). Preliminary microzonation of the Memphis, Tennessee, area. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 72(3), 1011–1024. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0720031011
  • Sharma, V. R. (2015). Contemporary Environmental Issues: Vulnerability and Resilience. Research India Press.
  • Sharma, V. R. & Chandrakanta (Eds.). (2019). Making Cities Resilient. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-94932-1
  • Sherif, M. A. (1982). Introductory statement. In Third International Earthquake Microzonation Conference Proceedings. University of Washington.
  • Suárez, M., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Benayas, J., & Tilbury, D. (2016). Towards an Urban resilience index: a case study in 50 Spanish Cities. Sustainability, 8(8), Article 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080774
  • Sundstrom, S. M., Angeler, D. G., Barichievy, C., Eason, T., Garmestani, A., Gunderson, L., Knutson, M., Nash, K. L., Spanbauer, T., Stow, C., & Allen, C. R. (2018). The distribution and role of functional abundance in cross-scale resilience. Ecology, 99(11), 2421–2432. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.2508
  • Tilio, L., Murgante, B., Di Trani, F., Vona, M., & Masi, A. (2011). Resilient City and Seismic Risk: A Spatial Multicriteria Approach. In B. Murgante, O. Gervasi, A. Iglesias, D. Taniar, & B. O. Apduhan (Eds.), Computational Science and Its Applications—ICCSA 2011 (pp. 410–422). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21928-3_29
  • Tuğaç, Ç. (2019). Kentsel dirençlilik perspektifinden yerel yönetimlerin görevleri ve sorumlulukları. İdealkent, 984–1019. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.634144
  • TUİK. (2019). Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). https://www.tuik.gov.tr/
  • UNISDR. (2009). Building a local government alliance for disaster risk reduction “the incheon declaration.” United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.
  • United Nations. (2015). TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. United Nations.
  • Usman, R. A., Olorunfemi, F. B., Awotayo, G. P., Usman, A. M. T. and B. A., Usman, R. A., Olorunfemi, F. B., Awotayo, G. P., & Usman, A. M. T., & B. A. (2013). Disaster risk management and social impact assessment: understanding preparedness, response and recovery in community projects. In Environmental Change and Sustainability. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/55736
  • Wardekker, A., Wilk, B., Brown, V., Uittenbroek, C., Mees, H., Driessen, P., Wassen, M., Molenaar, A., Walda, J., & Runhaar, H. (2020). A diagnostic tool for supporting policymaking on urban resilience. Cities, 101, 102691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102691
  • Wardekker, J. A., de Jong, A., Knoop, J. M., & van der Sluijs, J. P. (2010). Operationalising a resilience approach to adapting an urban delta to uncertain climate changes. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 77(6), 987–998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2009.11.005
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Beşeri Coğrafya
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Yazarlar

Ayşe Akbulut Başar 0000-0002-6101-310X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Şubat 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 48

Kaynak Göster

APA Akbulut Başar, A. (2023). An approach proposal to vulnerability analysis in urban resilience. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education(48), 145-164. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1177863
AMA Akbulut Başar A. An approach proposal to vulnerability analysis in urban resilience. IGGE. Şubat 2023;(48):145-164. doi:10.32003/igge.1177863
Chicago Akbulut Başar, Ayşe. “An Approach Proposal to Vulnerability Analysis in Urban Resilience”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, sy. 48 (Şubat 2023): 145-64. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1177863.
EndNote Akbulut Başar A (01 Şubat 2023) An approach proposal to vulnerability analysis in urban resilience. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 48 145–164.
IEEE A. Akbulut Başar, “An approach proposal to vulnerability analysis in urban resilience”, IGGE, sy. 48, ss. 145–164, Şubat 2023, doi: 10.32003/igge.1177863.
ISNAD Akbulut Başar, Ayşe. “An Approach Proposal to Vulnerability Analysis in Urban Resilience”. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 48 (Şubat 2023), 145-164. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1177863.
JAMA Akbulut Başar A. An approach proposal to vulnerability analysis in urban resilience. IGGE. 2023;:145–164.
MLA Akbulut Başar, Ayşe. “An Approach Proposal to Vulnerability Analysis in Urban Resilience”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, sy. 48, 2023, ss. 145-64, doi:10.32003/igge.1177863.
Vancouver Akbulut Başar A. An approach proposal to vulnerability analysis in urban resilience. IGGE. 2023(48):145-64.