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The impact of the influx of Syrian refugees on rural areas of Türkiye

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 50, 285 - 296, 08.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1307204

Öz

The rapid and significant influx of Syrian refugees to Türkiye, has transformed rural communities in Türkiye significantly in terms of living space, social and economic aspects. This study was conducted through a time-series survey over approximately four years beginning in 2016. The study area selected for this study was Çukurkuyu town, situated within the Niğde province in the Central Anatolia region of Türkiye. We argue that over this time period, conflicts and frictions between locals and Syrian refugees changed in terms of the object and intensity of the conflicts over time. The community members in the study area experienced significant confusion and conflict in the early days following large influxes of Syrian refugees. However, as refugees gradually migrated to urban areas in large numbers, and living spaces became separated from local people, confusion and conflicts were alleviated. On the other hand, competition for employment with seasonal Turkish agricultural workers living in the same temporary residential areas and engaged in the same agricultural activities, and conflicts over wage decreases emerged.

Teşekkür

The paper was written by a single author. I would like to thank Associate Prof. Muhammed Zeynel ÖZTÜRK of Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, who helped me take drone photography while carrying out this study. In addition, I would like to sincerely thank Assistant Prof. Derya AĞBABA of Samsun University and the students of the Department of Geography at Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University in Turkey, who actively participated in the fieldwork with me during approximately four years of this study.

Kaynakça

  • 3RP. (2021). Turkey Country Chapter, 2021-2022. 3RPSYRIA. Retrieved from https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/85061
  • Ağbaba, D. (2020). Yer bağlılığının sosyo-mekânsal farklar bakımından incelenmesi: Niğde örneği. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 133–147. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.800486
  • Ager, A., & Strang, A. (2008). Understanding integration: A conceptual framework. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(2), 166–191. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen016
  • Azizi, S., Bozkir, C. D. C., Trapp, A. C., Kundakcioglu, O. E., & Kurbanzade, A. K. (2021). Aid allocation for camp- based and urban refugees with uncertain demand and replenishments. Production and Operations Management, 0, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13531
  • Barcus, H. R., & Halfacree, K. (2018). Introduction to population geography. Routledge.
  • Çelik, K., Şimşek, Z., Yüce, Y., Aylin, T., & Duman, K. (2015). Gezici mevsimlik tarım işinde çalışan kadınların çalışma ve yaşam koşullarının irdelenmesi. Retrieved from http://kasaum.ankara.edu.tr/wp- content/uploads/sites/34/2013/02/GECICI-MEVSIMLIK-TARIM-ISINDE-CALISAN-KADINLARIN-CALISMA-VE- YASAM-KOSULLARININ-IRDELENMESI.pdf
  • Cherri, Z., González, P. A., & Delgado, R. C. (2016). The Lebanese–Syrian crisis: Impact of influx of Syrian refugees to an already weak state. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 9, 165–172. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S106068
  • Christophersen, M., Liu, J., Thorleifsson, C., & Tiltnes, A. A. (2013). Lebanese attitudes towards Syrian refugees and the Syrian crisis. Results from a national opinion poll implemented 15-21 May, 2013. Retrieved from https://www.fafo.no/zoo-publikasjoner/fafo-notater/item/lebanese-attitudes-towards-syrian-refugees- and-the-syrian-crisis
  • Dedeoğlu, S., & Bayraktar, S. S. (2019). Refuged into precarious jobs: Syrians’ agricultural work and labor in Turkey. In T. Gaye, Yılmaz İsmail Doğa, Karatepe Tolga & (Eds.) (Eds.), Integration through Exploitation: Syrians in Turkey (pp. 13–27). Rainer Hampp Verlag,.
  • Deveci, E. Ü., & Gönen, Ç. (2017). Application potential of gasification technologies in rural settlement areas. Eurasian Journal of Environmental Research, 1(2), 1–7.
  • Erdoğan, M. M. (2019). Türkiye’deki suriyeli mülteciler. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. Retrieved from https://www.kas.de/documents/283907/7339115/Türkiye%27deki+Suriyeliler.pdf/acaf9d37-7035-f37c-4982- c4b18f9b9c8e?version=1.0&t=1571303334464
  • European Commission. (2021). European civil protection and humanitarian aid operation: Turkey. Retrieved 15 April 2023 from: https://ec.europa.eu/echo/where/europe/turkey_en
  • Göç Politika ve Projeler Dairesi Başkanlığı. (2017). 2016 Türkiye göç raporu. In T. C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü. Retrieved from https://www.goc.gov.tr/kurumlar/goc.gov.tr/YillikGocRaporlari/2016_yiik_goc_raporu_haziran
  • Gönen, Ç. (2019). Kırsal bölgelerde tarımsal atıkların kontrolü ve yenilenebilir biyokütle enerji teknolojileri ile sera gazı emisyonlarının azaltım potansiyelinin incelenmesi. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 7(1), 142. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i1.142-147.2330
  • Görü, A., Doğan, S., Çalışkan, M. E., Ünal, E., & Türkmen, H. H. (2016). Niğde il gelişme planı. Ahiler Kalkınma Ajansı. Retrieved from http://www.nigde.gov.tr/kurumlar/nigde.gov.tr/HaberResimler/OCAK 2017/nigep1.pdf
  • Government of Lebanon and United Nations. (2014). Lebanon crisis response plan 2015-16. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/lebanon-crisis-response-plan-2015-2016
  • Grand National Assembly of Turkey. (2013). Law no. 6458 date of adoption: 04/04/2013 law on foreigners and international protection (no. 6458). Grand national assembly of Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/tr/wp- content/uploads/sites/14/2017/02/law_on_foreigners_and_international_protection.pdf
  • Holmes, D. (2015). Chronic disease care crisis for Lebanon’s Syrian refugees. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 3(2), 102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70196-2
  • İçduygu, A. (2015). Syrian refugees in Turkey: the long road ahead. Transatlantic Council on Migration. A project of the Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/TCM-Protection-Syria.pdf
  • İçduygu, A., & Şimşek, D. (2016). Syrian refugees in Turkey: Towards integration policies. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 15(3), 59–69.
  • Kang, S. (2018). Socio-spatial transformation of rural areas with the influx of Syrian refugees into Turkey: A look at Cukurkuyu town (Nigde prefecture). In V. P. i Carril, R. C. L. González, J. M. T. Santamaría, & F. H. McKenzie (Eds.), Infinite rural systems in a finite planet: bridging gaps towards sustainability (pp. 302–307). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela.
  • Kang, S. (2022). A change in the role of women in the rural area of Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey. In H. R. Barcus, R. Jones, & S. Schmitz (Eds.), Rural transformations : globalization and its implications for rural people, land, and economies (1st ed.). Routledge.
  • Kavak, S. (2016). Syrian refugees in seasonal agricultural work: A case ofadverse incorporation in Turkey. New Perspectives on Turkey, 54, 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2016.7
  • Memisoglu, F., & Ilgit, A. (2016). Syrian refugees in Turkey: Multifaceted challenges, diverse players and ambiguous policies. Mediterranean Politics, 22(3), 317–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2016.1189479
  • OECD. (2019). Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2019. OECD Publishing. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1787/39bfe6f3-en
  • Orhan, O., & Gündoğar, S. S. (2015). Effects of the Syrian refugees on Turkey. Ankara: Turkey ORSAM, TESEV. Retrieved from https://orsam.org.tr/en/effects-of-the-syrian-refugees-on-turkey/
  • Öz, C. selek, & Bulut, E. (2013). Mevsimlik tarım işçilerinin türk hukuk sistemi içerisindeki yeri (the status of seasonal agricultural workers in turkish legislation). Çalışma Dünyası Dergisi, 1(1), 94–111.
  • RASAS. (2021). Türkiyedeki Suriyeli sayısı. Ekim 2021. Mülteciler ve sığınmacılar yardımlaşma ve dayanışma derneği. Retrieved 3 March 2022 from: https://multeciler.org.tr/turkiyedeki-suriyeli-sayisi/? gclid=Cj0KCQiAsqOMBhDFARIsAFBTN3c7AypsTYAM7qXy87gBTiCe5HvOsBlMaayg8hcMk2NaVKQF0d4vM5oaAi1 tEALw_wcB
  • Republic of Turkey. (2016). Regulation on work permits of foreigners under temporary protection. Retrieved 20 March 2022 from: https://www.refworld.org/docid/582c71464.html
  • Şahin, M. (2005). Çukurkuyu: Türkmenlerin yurdu. Tekten Ofset Matbaacılık.
  • TÜİK. (2019, January). Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. (Turkish Statistical Institute). Retrieved 22 March 2022 from: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr
  • UNHCR. (2020). Document - Turkey: 3RP country chapter - 2020/2021 - EN. 3RP. Retrieved from https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/85061
  • UNHCR. (2021). Refugees and asylum seekers in Turkey. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/tr/en/refugees-and-asylum-seekers-in-turkey
  • UNICEF. (2021). Helping refugee children in Turkey go to school: Conditional cash transfer for education (CCTE). Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/echo/news-stories/stories/helping-refugee-children-turkey- go-school-conditional-cash-transfer-education-ccte_en
  • Wood, W. B. (1994). Forced migration: local conflicts and international dilemmas. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 84(4), 607–634.

The impact of the influx of Syrian refugees on rural areas of TÜRKİYE

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 50, 285 - 296, 08.10.2023
https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1307204

Öz

Suriyeli mültecilerin Türkiye'ye hızlı ve kitlesel bir şekilde akın etmesi, özellikle kırsal alanda yaşayanların hayatını sosyal ve ekonomik açıdan dönüşüme uğratmıştır. Çalışma alanı olarak İç Anadolu Bölgesi, Niğde İlinde yer alan Çukurkuyu Kasabası seçilmiştir. Bu çalışma, 2016 yılında başlayan ve yaklaşık dört yıl süren bir zaman serisi araştırması olarak yürütülmüştür. Bu süre zarfında, yerel halk ile Suriyeli mülteciler arasında tartışma ve sürtüşmelerin olduğu, ancak bu uyuşmazlıkların nedenlerinin ve yoğunluğunun zaman içinde değiştiğini iddia etmekteyiz. Çalışma alanındaki Türk ve Suriyeli topluluk üyeleri, mültecilerin büyük göç dalgasının ilk günlerinde önemli ölçüde karışıklık ve çatışma yaşamıştır. Ancak çok sayıda mültecinin zamanla kentsel alanlara göç etmesi ve yaşam alanlarının yerel halktan ayrışmasıyla birlikte karışıklıklar ve çatışmalar hafiflemiştir. Diğer taraftan, Suriyeli mültecilerle aynı geçici yerleşim alanlarında yaşayan ve aynı tarımsal faaliyetlerle uğraşan mevsimlik Türk tarım işçileri arasında iş gücü rekabeti ve ücret düşüşü nedeniyle anlaşmazlıklar ortaya çıkmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • 3RP. (2021). Turkey Country Chapter, 2021-2022. 3RPSYRIA. Retrieved from https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/85061
  • Ağbaba, D. (2020). Yer bağlılığının sosyo-mekânsal farklar bakımından incelenmesi: Niğde örneği. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 133–147. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.800486
  • Ager, A., & Strang, A. (2008). Understanding integration: A conceptual framework. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(2), 166–191. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fen016
  • Azizi, S., Bozkir, C. D. C., Trapp, A. C., Kundakcioglu, O. E., & Kurbanzade, A. K. (2021). Aid allocation for camp- based and urban refugees with uncertain demand and replenishments. Production and Operations Management, 0, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13531
  • Barcus, H. R., & Halfacree, K. (2018). Introduction to population geography. Routledge.
  • Çelik, K., Şimşek, Z., Yüce, Y., Aylin, T., & Duman, K. (2015). Gezici mevsimlik tarım işinde çalışan kadınların çalışma ve yaşam koşullarının irdelenmesi. Retrieved from http://kasaum.ankara.edu.tr/wp- content/uploads/sites/34/2013/02/GECICI-MEVSIMLIK-TARIM-ISINDE-CALISAN-KADINLARIN-CALISMA-VE- YASAM-KOSULLARININ-IRDELENMESI.pdf
  • Cherri, Z., González, P. A., & Delgado, R. C. (2016). The Lebanese–Syrian crisis: Impact of influx of Syrian refugees to an already weak state. Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, 9, 165–172. https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S106068
  • Christophersen, M., Liu, J., Thorleifsson, C., & Tiltnes, A. A. (2013). Lebanese attitudes towards Syrian refugees and the Syrian crisis. Results from a national opinion poll implemented 15-21 May, 2013. Retrieved from https://www.fafo.no/zoo-publikasjoner/fafo-notater/item/lebanese-attitudes-towards-syrian-refugees- and-the-syrian-crisis
  • Dedeoğlu, S., & Bayraktar, S. S. (2019). Refuged into precarious jobs: Syrians’ agricultural work and labor in Turkey. In T. Gaye, Yılmaz İsmail Doğa, Karatepe Tolga & (Eds.) (Eds.), Integration through Exploitation: Syrians in Turkey (pp. 13–27). Rainer Hampp Verlag,.
  • Deveci, E. Ü., & Gönen, Ç. (2017). Application potential of gasification technologies in rural settlement areas. Eurasian Journal of Environmental Research, 1(2), 1–7.
  • Erdoğan, M. M. (2019). Türkiye’deki suriyeli mülteciler. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung. Retrieved from https://www.kas.de/documents/283907/7339115/Türkiye%27deki+Suriyeliler.pdf/acaf9d37-7035-f37c-4982- c4b18f9b9c8e?version=1.0&t=1571303334464
  • European Commission. (2021). European civil protection and humanitarian aid operation: Turkey. Retrieved 15 April 2023 from: https://ec.europa.eu/echo/where/europe/turkey_en
  • Göç Politika ve Projeler Dairesi Başkanlığı. (2017). 2016 Türkiye göç raporu. In T. C. İçişleri Bakanlığı Göç İdaresi Genel Müdürlüğü. Retrieved from https://www.goc.gov.tr/kurumlar/goc.gov.tr/YillikGocRaporlari/2016_yiik_goc_raporu_haziran
  • Gönen, Ç. (2019). Kırsal bölgelerde tarımsal atıkların kontrolü ve yenilenebilir biyokütle enerji teknolojileri ile sera gazı emisyonlarının azaltım potansiyelinin incelenmesi. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 7(1), 142. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i1.142-147.2330
  • Görü, A., Doğan, S., Çalışkan, M. E., Ünal, E., & Türkmen, H. H. (2016). Niğde il gelişme planı. Ahiler Kalkınma Ajansı. Retrieved from http://www.nigde.gov.tr/kurumlar/nigde.gov.tr/HaberResimler/OCAK 2017/nigep1.pdf
  • Government of Lebanon and United Nations. (2014). Lebanon crisis response plan 2015-16. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/report/lebanon/lebanon-crisis-response-plan-2015-2016
  • Grand National Assembly of Turkey. (2013). Law no. 6458 date of adoption: 04/04/2013 law on foreigners and international protection (no. 6458). Grand national assembly of Turkey. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/tr/wp- content/uploads/sites/14/2017/02/law_on_foreigners_and_international_protection.pdf
  • Holmes, D. (2015). Chronic disease care crisis for Lebanon’s Syrian refugees. The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, 3(2), 102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70196-2
  • İçduygu, A. (2015). Syrian refugees in Turkey: the long road ahead. Transatlantic Council on Migration. A project of the Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved from https://www.migrationpolicy.org/sites/default/files/publications/TCM-Protection-Syria.pdf
  • İçduygu, A., & Şimşek, D. (2016). Syrian refugees in Turkey: Towards integration policies. Turkish Policy Quarterly, 15(3), 59–69.
  • Kang, S. (2018). Socio-spatial transformation of rural areas with the influx of Syrian refugees into Turkey: A look at Cukurkuyu town (Nigde prefecture). In V. P. i Carril, R. C. L. González, J. M. T. Santamaría, & F. H. McKenzie (Eds.), Infinite rural systems in a finite planet: bridging gaps towards sustainability (pp. 302–307). Universidade de Santiago de Compostela.
  • Kang, S. (2022). A change in the role of women in the rural area of Southeastern Anatolia, Turkey. In H. R. Barcus, R. Jones, & S. Schmitz (Eds.), Rural transformations : globalization and its implications for rural people, land, and economies (1st ed.). Routledge.
  • Kavak, S. (2016). Syrian refugees in seasonal agricultural work: A case ofadverse incorporation in Turkey. New Perspectives on Turkey, 54, 33–53. https://doi.org/10.1017/npt.2016.7
  • Memisoglu, F., & Ilgit, A. (2016). Syrian refugees in Turkey: Multifaceted challenges, diverse players and ambiguous policies. Mediterranean Politics, 22(3), 317–338. https://doi.org/10.1080/13629395.2016.1189479
  • OECD. (2019). Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation 2019. OECD Publishing. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1787/39bfe6f3-en
  • Orhan, O., & Gündoğar, S. S. (2015). Effects of the Syrian refugees on Turkey. Ankara: Turkey ORSAM, TESEV. Retrieved from https://orsam.org.tr/en/effects-of-the-syrian-refugees-on-turkey/
  • Öz, C. selek, & Bulut, E. (2013). Mevsimlik tarım işçilerinin türk hukuk sistemi içerisindeki yeri (the status of seasonal agricultural workers in turkish legislation). Çalışma Dünyası Dergisi, 1(1), 94–111.
  • RASAS. (2021). Türkiyedeki Suriyeli sayısı. Ekim 2021. Mülteciler ve sığınmacılar yardımlaşma ve dayanışma derneği. Retrieved 3 March 2022 from: https://multeciler.org.tr/turkiyedeki-suriyeli-sayisi/? gclid=Cj0KCQiAsqOMBhDFARIsAFBTN3c7AypsTYAM7qXy87gBTiCe5HvOsBlMaayg8hcMk2NaVKQF0d4vM5oaAi1 tEALw_wcB
  • Republic of Turkey. (2016). Regulation on work permits of foreigners under temporary protection. Retrieved 20 March 2022 from: https://www.refworld.org/docid/582c71464.html
  • Şahin, M. (2005). Çukurkuyu: Türkmenlerin yurdu. Tekten Ofset Matbaacılık.
  • TÜİK. (2019, January). Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. (Turkish Statistical Institute). Retrieved 22 March 2022 from: https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr
  • UNHCR. (2020). Document - Turkey: 3RP country chapter - 2020/2021 - EN. 3RP. Retrieved from https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/85061
  • UNHCR. (2021). Refugees and asylum seekers in Turkey. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved from https://www.unhcr.org/tr/en/refugees-and-asylum-seekers-in-turkey
  • UNICEF. (2021). Helping refugee children in Turkey go to school: Conditional cash transfer for education (CCTE). Retrieved from https://ec.europa.eu/echo/news-stories/stories/helping-refugee-children-turkey- go-school-conditional-cash-transfer-education-ccte_en
  • Wood, W. B. (1994). Forced migration: local conflicts and international dilemmas. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 84(4), 607–634.
Toplam 35 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Beşeri Coğrafya, Nüfus Coğrafyası
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Yazarlar

Suk-kyeong Kang 0000-0002-4936-0344

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 50

Kaynak Göster

APA Kang, S.-k. (2023). The impact of the influx of Syrian refugees on rural areas of Türkiye. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education(50), 285-296. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1307204
AMA Kang Sk. The impact of the influx of Syrian refugees on rural areas of Türkiye. IGGE. Ekim 2023;(50):285-296. doi:10.32003/igge.1307204
Chicago Kang, Suk-kyeong. “The Impact of the Influx of Syrian Refugees on Rural Areas of Türkiye”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, sy. 50 (Ekim 2023): 285-96. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1307204.
EndNote Kang S-k (01 Ekim 2023) The impact of the influx of Syrian refugees on rural areas of Türkiye. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 50 285–296.
IEEE S.-k. Kang, “The impact of the influx of Syrian refugees on rural areas of Türkiye”, IGGE, sy. 50, ss. 285–296, Ekim 2023, doi: 10.32003/igge.1307204.
ISNAD Kang, Suk-kyeong. “The Impact of the Influx of Syrian Refugees on Rural Areas of Türkiye”. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 50 (Ekim 2023), 285-296. https://doi.org/10.32003/igge.1307204.
JAMA Kang S-k. The impact of the influx of Syrian refugees on rural areas of Türkiye. IGGE. 2023;:285–296.
MLA Kang, Suk-kyeong. “The Impact of the Influx of Syrian Refugees on Rural Areas of Türkiye”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, sy. 50, 2023, ss. 285-96, doi:10.32003/igge.1307204.
Vancouver Kang S-k. The impact of the influx of Syrian refugees on rural areas of Türkiye. IGGE. 2023(50):285-96.