Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

An Evaluation of El Real Decreto Ley 9/2021 The Spanish Royal Decree Accepting Delivery Platform Couriers as Employees

Year 2022, , 785 - 817, 05.10.2022

Burcu Ezer

https://doi.org/10.26650/mecmua.2022.80.3.0003

Abstract

Discussions on working via digital platforms and the legal status of those working on digital platforms have become two significant issues in recent years. The fact that these emerging new work relations differ from traditional dependent labor relations has led to the emergence of different views on the legal status of platform workers. For various sociocultural and economic reasons, platform work has gained widespread popularity in Spain in a short time compared to most European countries, with Spain ranking as the European country with the highest ratio of workers working on digital platforms out of the overall working age population in recent years. Of these digital platforms, delivery platforms are some of the most common. Through the effects of their prevalence, the legal status of delivery platform workers has become a significant issue in Spanish Law. In particular, resolving the issue of rulings that go in different directions regarding the legal status of delivery platform couriers has become necessary with the decision on the unification of conflicting judgments. In 2020, the Spanish Supreme Court ruled that delivery platform couriers have the status of employees under Spanish Law. Following this ruling, a disputable presumption was added to Workers Law No. 2/2015 by Spanish Royal Decree No. 9/2021. Furthermore, employers and platforms that use algorithms to regulate working conditions are obliged to inform workers’ representatives about which algorithms are used. With this change in law, Spain became the first European country to accept delivery platform couriers as employees through a legal regulation. This study will first cover the Spanish Supreme Court’s ruling to unify jurisprudence and then examine the regulations enacted by Spanish Royal Decree No. 9/2021.

Keywords

Digital Platform Gig Economy Delivery Platform Platform Worker Courier Employee

References

  • Baylos Grau, A, “Una breve nota sobre la ley espanola de la laboralidad de los riders” (2021) 7(1) Labour&Law Issues, 2-27. google scholar
  • Blâzquez Agudo, EM, “La proteccion juridico-laboral de los “riders”. El trabajo en plataformas en la encrucijada de la laboralidad” (2021) 15 Revista Derecho Social y Empresa, 2-21. google scholar
  • CJEU, Case 434/15 Elite Taxi v Uber Systems Spain, S.L. [2017]. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:62015CJ0434&from=EN Erişim Tarihi 27 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • CJEU, Case 692/19 B v Yodel Delivery Network Ltd [2020]. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:62019CO0692&from=en#Footnote* Erişim Tarihi 10 Aralık 2021. google scholar
  • Colâs Neila, E, “Prestacion de servicios a traves de plataformas digitales en la doctrina judicial espanola. ^Trabajadores por cuenta ajena o autonomos?” (2019) 5(1) Labour&Law Issues, 19-46. google scholar
  • Digital Future Society, El trabajo enplataformas digitales en Espana: ^que sabemos? Una revision bibliogrâfica. (Mobile World Capital 2020). google scholar
  • Fernândez Docampo, MB, “Anâlisis casmstico de la prestacion de servicios de los riders de Glovo a traves del contenido fâctico de las resoluciones judiciales” (2020) 151 Temas Laborales, 157173. google scholar
  • Gallego Losada, R, “A critical analysis of the job instability in platform economy”, (2021) 11(2) Lex Social, 122-144. google scholar
  • Gines i Fabrellas, A, “El tiempo de trabajo en plataformas: ausencia de jornada mmima, gamificacion e inseguridad algoritmica” (2020) 2(1) Labos, 19-42. google scholar
  • Gines i Fabrellas, A, “El Derecho a Conocer El Algoritmo: Una Oportunidad Perdida De La ‘Ley Lider’” (2021) 2 IUSLabor, 1-5. google scholar
  • Gomez Gordillo, R, “Algoritmos y derecho de informacion de la representacion de las personas trabajadoras” (2021) 157 Temas Laborales, 161-182. google scholar
  • “Ley 20/2007, de 11 de julio, del Estatuto del trabajo autonomo” https://www.boe.es/buscar/ pdf/2007/BOE-A-2007-13409-consolidado.pdf Erişim Tarihi 02 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • Lopez Balaguer, M, “Trabajo en plataformas digitales en Espana: primeras sentencias y primeras discrepancias” (2018) 4(2) Labour&Law Issues, 51-78. google scholar
  • Molina Navarrete, C, “La “Ley” de personas repartidoras en plataformas online (“riders”): ^pequeno paso legal, gran paso para humanizar el precariado digital?”, https://www.transformaw.com/ blog/la-ley-de-personas-repartidoras-en-plataformas-online-riders-pequeno-paso-legal-gran-paso-para-humanizar-el-precariado-digital/ Erişim Tarihi 08 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • Monereo Perez, JL ve Martın Munoz, MR, “La laboralidad de quienes prestan servicios a traves de plataformas digitales” (2020) 9 Revista de Jurisprudencia Laboral, 1-13. google scholar
  • Moreno Gene, J, “El Caracter Laboral de la Prestacion de Servicios de Reparto a Traves de la Plataforma Digital Glovo:El Tribunalsupremo Zanja el Debate”, (2020) 3 IUSLabor, 23-80. google scholar
  • Perez del Prado, D, “The Legal Framework of Platform Work in Spain: The New Spanish ‘Riders’ Law’” (2021) Dispatch 36 Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal, 1-5. google scholar
  • Perez Guerrero, ML and Rodriguez-Pınero Royo, M, “Social Security for Spain’s Platform Workers: Self-employed or Employee Status?” (2021) 74(3-4) International Social Security Review, 177-194. google scholar
  • Poquet Catala, R, “Reflexion en torno al encuadramiento juridico de las personas repartidoras de plataformas digitales” (2021) 45 Lan Harremanak, 79-109. google scholar
  • “Real Decreto Legislativo 2/2015, de 23 de octubre, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley del Estatuto de los Trabajadores” https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2015/BOE-A-2015-11430-consolidado.pdf Erişim Tarihi 02 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • “Real Decreto-ley 9/2021, de 11 de mayo, por el que se modifica el texto refundido de la Ley del Estatuto de los Trabajadores, aprobado por el Real Decreto Legislativo 2/2015, de 23 de octubre, para garantizar los derechos laborales de las personas dedicadas al reparto en el ambito de plataformas digitales” https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2021/05/12/pdfs/BOE-A-2021-7840.pdf Erişim Tarihi 26 Ekim 2021. google scholar
  • Rodriguez-Pinero Royo, M, “Platforms and Platform Work in Spanish Industrial Relations” (2020) 41(2) Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal, 443-472. google scholar
  • Rodrıguez-Pinero Royo, MC, “Por Fin, La Ley Rider” http://grupo.us.es/iwpr/2021/05/13/por-fin-la-ley-rider/ Erişim Tarihi 04 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • Rojo Torrecilla, E, “De la Sentencia del TS de 25 de Septiembre de 2020 al RDL 9/2021. La Relacion Laboral de los Repartidores de las Empresas de Reparto” (2021) 158 Temas Laborales, 11-43. google scholar
  • Suarez Corujo, B, “la gran transicion: la economıa de plataformas digıtales y su proyeccion en el ambito laboral y de la seguridad social” (2018) 141 Temas Laborales, 37-66. google scholar
  • Todolı Signes, A, “Workers, the self-employed and TRADEs: Conceptualisation and collective rights in Spain” (2019) 10(3) European Labour Law Journal, 254-270. google scholar
  • Todolı Signes, A, “Notes On The Spanish Supreme Court Ruling That Considers Riders To Be Employees” (2020) Dispatch 30 Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal, 1-7. google scholar
  • Todolı Signes, A, “Cambios normativos en la digitalizacion del trabajo: comentario a la “Ley Rider” y los derechos de informacion sobre los algoritmos”, (2021) 2 IUSLabor, 28-65. google scholar
  • TodoH Signes, A, “Spanish riders law and the right to be informed about the algorithm” (2021) 12(3) European Labour Law Journal, 399-402. google scholar
  • Tribunal Supremo, 4746/805, 25.09.2020. google scholar
  • https://www.poderjudicial.es/search/openDocument/05986cd385feff03 Erişim Tarihi 26 Ekim 2021. google scholar
  • Valdes Dal-Re, F, “El estatuto del trabajador autonomo en la legislacion espanola” (2021) Extraordinario Revista de Derecho de la Seguridad Social, 29-45. google scholar
  • https://dle.rae.es/ Erişim Tarihi 10 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://cincodias.elpais.com/cincodias/2021/07/28/companias/1627486939_151153.html Erişim Tarihi 12 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://cincodias.elpais.com/cincodias/2021/09/09/companias/1631215957_225936. html?rel=buscador_noticias Erişim Tarihi 12 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://www.eldiario.es/economia/just-eat-negocia-sindicatos-primer-convenio-colectivo-riders_1_8192639.html Erişim Tarihi 19 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://elpais.com/economia/2021-02-10/glovo-paga-21-millones-a-la-seguridad-social-por-los-repartidores.html Erişim Tarihi 10 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://elpais.com/economia/2021-05-11/el-consejo-de-ministros-aprueba-la-ley-de-riders-el-mundo-nos-esta-mirando.html Erişim Tarihi 25 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://elpais.com/economia/2021-11-18/deliveroo-se-marchara-de-espana-el-29-de-noviembre. html?rel=buscador_noticias Erişim Tarihi 19 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://www.etuc.org/en/pressrelease/eu-must-follow-spains-riders-law Erişim Tarihi 26 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/nl/data/platform-economy/initiatives/riders-law Erişim Tarihi 26 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/nl/data/platform-economy/initiatives/riders-x-derechos-riders-for-rights Erişim Tarihi 25 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://glovoapp.com/ Erişim Tarihi 30 Ekim 2021. google scholar
  • https://www.lainformacion.com/empresas/auditor-recrimina-rival-glovo-stuart-provisionar-deuda-riders/2851817/ Erişim Tarihi 19 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com Erişim Tarihi 12 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://www.politico.eu/article/spain-approved-a-law-protecting-delivery-workers-heres-what-you-need-to-know/ Erişim Tarihi 26 Ekim 2021. google scholar
  • https://restaurants.deliveroo.com/es-es/ Erişim Tarihi 26 Ekim 2021. google scholar
  • https://www.seg-social.es/wps/portal/wss/internet/Trabajadores/Afiliacion/10548 Erişim Tarihi 09 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://sozluk.gov.tr/ Erişim Tarihi 10 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://s03.s3c.es/imag/doc/2020-06-04/carta-abierta-mintrab-062020.pdf Erişim Tarihi 27 Ekim google scholar

Teslimat Platformu Kuryelerini İşçi Olarak Kabul Eden İspanyol Kraliyet Kararnamesi “El Real Decreto Ley 9/2021” Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Year 2022, , 785 - 817, 05.10.2022

Burcu Ezer

https://doi.org/10.26650/mecmua.2022.80.3.0003

Abstract

Dijital platform çalışmaya ve bu platformlarda çalışanların hukuki statüsüne yönelik tartışmalar son yıllardaki en önemli konulardan biridir. Bu yeni çalışma ilişkilerinin geleneksel bağımlı çalışma ilişkilerinden farklılıklar içermesi, platform çalışanlarının hukuki statüsüne yönelik farklı görüşlerin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Çeşitli sosyo-kültürel ve ekonomik sebeplerle platform çalışma, İspanya’da çoğu Avrupa ülkesine kıyasla kısa sürede oldukça büyük bir yaygınlık kazanmış; İspanya, son yıllarda dijital platformlarda çalışanların çalışan nüfusa oranı en yüksek Avrupa ülkesi konumuna ulaşmıştır. Bu dijital platformların en yaygın olanlarından biri ise teslimat platformları olmuştur. Bu yaygınlığın da etkisiyle teslimat platformu çalışanlarının hukuki statüsü, İspanyol Hukukundaki en önemli konulardan biri haline gelmiştir. Özellikle teslimat platformu çalışanı kuryelerin hukuki statüsüne yönelik farklı yönde yargı kararlarına hükmedilmesiyle birlikte, konunun içtihadı birleştirme kararıyla çözülmesi bir gereklilik halini almıştır. 2020 yılında İspanyol Yüksek Mahkemesi, vermiş olduğu kararla teslimat platformu kuryelerinin İspanyol Hukukuna göre işçi statüsünde olduklarına karar vermiştir. Bu kararın ardından 9/2021 sayılı İspanyol Kraliyet Kararnamesiyle 2/2015 sayılı İşçi Kanununa teslimat platformu çalışanı kuryelerin işçi kabul edilmesine ilişkin adi bir karine eklenmiştir. Devamla, çalışma koşullarını düzenlemek adına algoritmalar kullanan işverenlere ve platformlara, işçi temsilcilerini kullanılan algoritmalar hakkında bilgilendirme yükümlülüğü getirilmiştir. Bu kanun değişikliği ile birlikte İspanya, teslimat platformu kuryelerini kanuni bir düzenlemeyle işçi olarak kabul eden ilk Avrupa ülkesi olmuştur. Bu çalışmada öncelikle İspanyol Yüksek Mahkemesinin içtihadı birleştirme kararına yer verilecek, ardından 9/2021 sayılı İspanyol Kraliyet Kararnamesiyle getirilen düzenlemeler incelenecektir.

Keywords

Dijital Platform Platform Ekonomisi Teslimat Platformu Platform Çalışanı Kurye İşçi

References

  • Baylos Grau, A, “Una breve nota sobre la ley espanola de la laboralidad de los riders” (2021) 7(1) Labour&Law Issues, 2-27. google scholar
  • Blâzquez Agudo, EM, “La proteccion juridico-laboral de los “riders”. El trabajo en plataformas en la encrucijada de la laboralidad” (2021) 15 Revista Derecho Social y Empresa, 2-21. google scholar
  • CJEU, Case 434/15 Elite Taxi v Uber Systems Spain, S.L. [2017]. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:62015CJ0434&from=EN Erişim Tarihi 27 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • CJEU, Case 692/19 B v Yodel Delivery Network Ltd [2020]. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:62019CO0692&from=en#Footnote* Erişim Tarihi 10 Aralık 2021. google scholar
  • Colâs Neila, E, “Prestacion de servicios a traves de plataformas digitales en la doctrina judicial espanola. ^Trabajadores por cuenta ajena o autonomos?” (2019) 5(1) Labour&Law Issues, 19-46. google scholar
  • Digital Future Society, El trabajo enplataformas digitales en Espana: ^que sabemos? Una revision bibliogrâfica. (Mobile World Capital 2020). google scholar
  • Fernândez Docampo, MB, “Anâlisis casmstico de la prestacion de servicios de los riders de Glovo a traves del contenido fâctico de las resoluciones judiciales” (2020) 151 Temas Laborales, 157173. google scholar
  • Gallego Losada, R, “A critical analysis of the job instability in platform economy”, (2021) 11(2) Lex Social, 122-144. google scholar
  • Gines i Fabrellas, A, “El tiempo de trabajo en plataformas: ausencia de jornada mmima, gamificacion e inseguridad algoritmica” (2020) 2(1) Labos, 19-42. google scholar
  • Gines i Fabrellas, A, “El Derecho a Conocer El Algoritmo: Una Oportunidad Perdida De La ‘Ley Lider’” (2021) 2 IUSLabor, 1-5. google scholar
  • Gomez Gordillo, R, “Algoritmos y derecho de informacion de la representacion de las personas trabajadoras” (2021) 157 Temas Laborales, 161-182. google scholar
  • “Ley 20/2007, de 11 de julio, del Estatuto del trabajo autonomo” https://www.boe.es/buscar/ pdf/2007/BOE-A-2007-13409-consolidado.pdf Erişim Tarihi 02 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • Lopez Balaguer, M, “Trabajo en plataformas digitales en Espana: primeras sentencias y primeras discrepancias” (2018) 4(2) Labour&Law Issues, 51-78. google scholar
  • Molina Navarrete, C, “La “Ley” de personas repartidoras en plataformas online (“riders”): ^pequeno paso legal, gran paso para humanizar el precariado digital?”, https://www.transformaw.com/ blog/la-ley-de-personas-repartidoras-en-plataformas-online-riders-pequeno-paso-legal-gran-paso-para-humanizar-el-precariado-digital/ Erişim Tarihi 08 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • Monereo Perez, JL ve Martın Munoz, MR, “La laboralidad de quienes prestan servicios a traves de plataformas digitales” (2020) 9 Revista de Jurisprudencia Laboral, 1-13. google scholar
  • Moreno Gene, J, “El Caracter Laboral de la Prestacion de Servicios de Reparto a Traves de la Plataforma Digital Glovo:El Tribunalsupremo Zanja el Debate”, (2020) 3 IUSLabor, 23-80. google scholar
  • Perez del Prado, D, “The Legal Framework of Platform Work in Spain: The New Spanish ‘Riders’ Law’” (2021) Dispatch 36 Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal, 1-5. google scholar
  • Perez Guerrero, ML and Rodriguez-Pınero Royo, M, “Social Security for Spain’s Platform Workers: Self-employed or Employee Status?” (2021) 74(3-4) International Social Security Review, 177-194. google scholar
  • Poquet Catala, R, “Reflexion en torno al encuadramiento juridico de las personas repartidoras de plataformas digitales” (2021) 45 Lan Harremanak, 79-109. google scholar
  • “Real Decreto Legislativo 2/2015, de 23 de octubre, por el que se aprueba el texto refundido de la Ley del Estatuto de los Trabajadores” https://www.boe.es/buscar/pdf/2015/BOE-A-2015-11430-consolidado.pdf Erişim Tarihi 02 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • “Real Decreto-ley 9/2021, de 11 de mayo, por el que se modifica el texto refundido de la Ley del Estatuto de los Trabajadores, aprobado por el Real Decreto Legislativo 2/2015, de 23 de octubre, para garantizar los derechos laborales de las personas dedicadas al reparto en el ambito de plataformas digitales” https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2021/05/12/pdfs/BOE-A-2021-7840.pdf Erişim Tarihi 26 Ekim 2021. google scholar
  • Rodriguez-Pinero Royo, M, “Platforms and Platform Work in Spanish Industrial Relations” (2020) 41(2) Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal, 443-472. google scholar
  • Rodrıguez-Pinero Royo, MC, “Por Fin, La Ley Rider” http://grupo.us.es/iwpr/2021/05/13/por-fin-la-ley-rider/ Erişim Tarihi 04 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • Rojo Torrecilla, E, “De la Sentencia del TS de 25 de Septiembre de 2020 al RDL 9/2021. La Relacion Laboral de los Repartidores de las Empresas de Reparto” (2021) 158 Temas Laborales, 11-43. google scholar
  • Suarez Corujo, B, “la gran transicion: la economıa de plataformas digıtales y su proyeccion en el ambito laboral y de la seguridad social” (2018) 141 Temas Laborales, 37-66. google scholar
  • Todolı Signes, A, “Workers, the self-employed and TRADEs: Conceptualisation and collective rights in Spain” (2019) 10(3) European Labour Law Journal, 254-270. google scholar
  • Todolı Signes, A, “Notes On The Spanish Supreme Court Ruling That Considers Riders To Be Employees” (2020) Dispatch 30 Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal, 1-7. google scholar
  • Todolı Signes, A, “Cambios normativos en la digitalizacion del trabajo: comentario a la “Ley Rider” y los derechos de informacion sobre los algoritmos”, (2021) 2 IUSLabor, 28-65. google scholar
  • TodoH Signes, A, “Spanish riders law and the right to be informed about the algorithm” (2021) 12(3) European Labour Law Journal, 399-402. google scholar
  • Tribunal Supremo, 4746/805, 25.09.2020. google scholar
  • https://www.poderjudicial.es/search/openDocument/05986cd385feff03 Erişim Tarihi 26 Ekim 2021. google scholar
  • Valdes Dal-Re, F, “El estatuto del trabajador autonomo en la legislacion espanola” (2021) Extraordinario Revista de Derecho de la Seguridad Social, 29-45. google scholar
  • https://dle.rae.es/ Erişim Tarihi 10 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://cincodias.elpais.com/cincodias/2021/07/28/companias/1627486939_151153.html Erişim Tarihi 12 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://cincodias.elpais.com/cincodias/2021/09/09/companias/1631215957_225936. html?rel=buscador_noticias Erişim Tarihi 12 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://www.eldiario.es/economia/just-eat-negocia-sindicatos-primer-convenio-colectivo-riders_1_8192639.html Erişim Tarihi 19 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://elpais.com/economia/2021-02-10/glovo-paga-21-millones-a-la-seguridad-social-por-los-repartidores.html Erişim Tarihi 10 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://elpais.com/economia/2021-05-11/el-consejo-de-ministros-aprueba-la-ley-de-riders-el-mundo-nos-esta-mirando.html Erişim Tarihi 25 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://elpais.com/economia/2021-11-18/deliveroo-se-marchara-de-espana-el-29-de-noviembre. html?rel=buscador_noticias Erişim Tarihi 19 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://www.etuc.org/en/pressrelease/eu-must-follow-spains-riders-law Erişim Tarihi 26 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/nl/data/platform-economy/initiatives/riders-law Erişim Tarihi 26 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/nl/data/platform-economy/initiatives/riders-x-derechos-riders-for-rights Erişim Tarihi 25 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://glovoapp.com/ Erişim Tarihi 30 Ekim 2021. google scholar
  • https://www.lainformacion.com/empresas/auditor-recrimina-rival-glovo-stuart-provisionar-deuda-riders/2851817/ Erişim Tarihi 19 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com Erişim Tarihi 12 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://www.politico.eu/article/spain-approved-a-law-protecting-delivery-workers-heres-what-you-need-to-know/ Erişim Tarihi 26 Ekim 2021. google scholar
  • https://restaurants.deliveroo.com/es-es/ Erişim Tarihi 26 Ekim 2021. google scholar
  • https://www.seg-social.es/wps/portal/wss/internet/Trabajadores/Afiliacion/10548 Erişim Tarihi 09 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://sozluk.gov.tr/ Erişim Tarihi 10 Kasım 2021. google scholar
  • https://s03.s3c.es/imag/doc/2020-06-04/carta-abierta-mintrab-062020.pdf Erişim Tarihi 27 Ekim google scholar
There are 50 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Burcu Ezer 0000-0003-4376-656X

Publication Date October 5, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Ezer, B. (2022). Teslimat Platformu Kuryelerini İşçi Olarak Kabul Eden İspanyol Kraliyet Kararnamesi “El Real Decreto Ley 9/2021” Üzerine Bir İnceleme. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, 80(3), 785-817. https://doi.org/10.26650/mecmua.2022.80.3.0003
AMA Ezer B. Teslimat Platformu Kuryelerini İşçi Olarak Kabul Eden İspanyol Kraliyet Kararnamesi “El Real Decreto Ley 9/2021” Üzerine Bir İnceleme. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası. October 2022;80(3):785-817. doi:10.26650/mecmua.2022.80.3.0003
Chicago Ezer, Burcu. “Teslimat Platformu Kuryelerini İşçi Olarak Kabul Eden İspanyol Kraliyet Kararnamesi ‘El Real Decreto Ley 9/2021’ Üzerine Bir İnceleme”. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 80, no. 3 (October 2022): 785-817. https://doi.org/10.26650/mecmua.2022.80.3.0003.
EndNote Ezer B (October 1, 2022) Teslimat Platformu Kuryelerini İşçi Olarak Kabul Eden İspanyol Kraliyet Kararnamesi “El Real Decreto Ley 9/2021” Üzerine Bir İnceleme. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 80 3 785–817.
IEEE B. Ezer, “Teslimat Platformu Kuryelerini İşçi Olarak Kabul Eden İspanyol Kraliyet Kararnamesi ‘El Real Decreto Ley 9/2021’ Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, vol. 80, no. 3, pp. 785–817, 2022, doi: 10.26650/mecmua.2022.80.3.0003.
ISNAD Ezer, Burcu. “Teslimat Platformu Kuryelerini İşçi Olarak Kabul Eden İspanyol Kraliyet Kararnamesi ‘El Real Decreto Ley 9/2021’ Üzerine Bir İnceleme”. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası 80/3 (October 2022), 785-817. https://doi.org/10.26650/mecmua.2022.80.3.0003.
JAMA Ezer B. Teslimat Platformu Kuryelerini İşçi Olarak Kabul Eden İspanyol Kraliyet Kararnamesi “El Real Decreto Ley 9/2021” Üzerine Bir İnceleme. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası. 2022;80:785–817.
MLA Ezer, Burcu. “Teslimat Platformu Kuryelerini İşçi Olarak Kabul Eden İspanyol Kraliyet Kararnamesi ‘El Real Decreto Ley 9/2021’ Üzerine Bir İnceleme”. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası, vol. 80, no. 3, 2022, pp. 785-17, doi:10.26650/mecmua.2022.80.3.0003.
Vancouver Ezer B. Teslimat Platformu Kuryelerini İşçi Olarak Kabul Eden İspanyol Kraliyet Kararnamesi “El Real Decreto Ley 9/2021” Üzerine Bir İnceleme. İstanbul Hukuk Mecmuası. 2022;80(3):785-817.