Hukuk ve Kalkınma Çalışmalarında Üç Dönem: Modernleşme, Piyasalaşma ve Piyasa-Sonrası

Abstract

‘Hukuk ve Kalkınma Çalışmaları’ iktisadi kalkınmaya elverişli hukuki kural, kurum ve uygulamaları tespit etmeye yönelen bir araştırma alanıdır. 1950’lerde başlayan bu çalışmaların gelişimi üç döneme ayrılarak incelenebilir. Bu çalışmaların ilk yirmi yılını kapsayan ‘Modernleşme Dönemi’ni devlet eliyle sanayileşme ve ithal ikamecilik fikirleri şekillendirmiştir. 1970’lere gelindiğinde modernleşme dönemi çalışmalarının başarısızlıkları görünür olmuş ve hukuk ve kalkınma alanı metruk bir alana dönüşmüştür. 1980’lerde bu alanda yeniden bir hareketlenme gözlenmiştir. ‘Piyasalaşma Dönemi’ adını verdiğimiz bu ikinci dönemde Dünya Bankası ve Uluslararası Para Fonu gibi kuruluşların etkinliği artmıştır. Bu dönemde devletin iktisadi alandan tamamen çekilmesi ve serbest küresel ticaret savunulmuştur. 1990’lı yılların sonuna gelindiğinde bu yaklaşımın uygulandığı ülkelerin kalkınamadığı, aksine yoksulluğun ve gelir adaletsizliğinin arttığı görülmüş ve böylece piyasalaşma dönemi sona ermiştir. 2000’lerde başlayan ‘Piyasa-sonrası Dönem’de kalkınmakta olan ülkeler uluslararası finans kuruluşlarından uzaklaşmaya başlamışlardır. İktisadi alanda meşruluğunu kaybeden bu kuruluşlar etik alandan meşruluk devşirmeye yönelmişlerdir. Amartya Sen’in ‘özgürlük olarak kalkınma’ kuramı bu bakımdan işlevsel olmuştur. Dünya Bankası bu kuramdan esinlenen ‘Kapsayıcı Kalkınma Çerçevesi’ adlı bir bildiri yayımlamış ve bu çerçevede kalkınma, iktisadi büyümeden fazlasını kapsayacak şekilde yeniden tanımlanmış; eğitim, sağlık, çevre, eşitlik, demokrasi gibi birçok mesele bu alana dahil edilmiştir. Bu dönemde kalkınmanın iktisadi anlamına ağırlık veren yeni bir yaklaşım da ortaya çıkmıştır. ‘Yeni Kalkınmacı Devlet’ adlı bu yaklaşımda kalkınmada devlete ve piyasaya ayrı ayrı görevler düştüğü savunulmaktadır. Buna göre devlet, iktisadi yaşamı yönetmemeli ancak piyasa aktörlerinin bireysel olarak çözemeyecekleri sorunları çözmeli, yaygın etki vaat eden ilk girişimlerde riski paylaşmalı ve girişimcileri yenilikçiliğe özendirmelidir. Bu yaklaşımda bağlamsal, çoğulcu ve devingen kalkınma siyasaları öne çıkmaktadır.

Keywords

• Hukuk ve kalkınma
• Müdahalecilik
• Legalizm
• Neoliberalizm
• Yönetişim
• İnsani kalkınma
• Kapsayıcı kalkınma
• Yeni kalkınmacı devlet

Three Periods on Law and Development Studies: Modernization, Marketization and Post-Market

Abstract

‘Law and Development Studies’ aim to identify legal rules, institutions, and practices that are conducive to development. The development of these studies, which started in the 1950s, can be divided into three periods. The ‘Modernization Period’, which covers the first twenty years, was shaped by the idea of state-led industrialization. These studies failed to produce positive results. The ‘Marketization Period’, which started in the 1980s the effectiveness of international finance institutions has increased; and the complete withdrawal of the state from the economic field were advocated. By the end of the 1990s, in the countries where this approach was implemented, development could not be achieved. In the ‘Post-Market Era’ that started in the 2000s, developing countries move away from international financial institutions. These institutions, which have lost their legitimacy in the economic f ield, have turned to the ethical field to regain legitimacy. Inspired by Amartya Sen, The World Bank published ‘The Comprehensive Development Framework’. Within this framework, development was redefined to mean more than economic growth; many issues such as education, health, equality, and democracy were entered to this notion. During this period, a new approach that focused on the economic meaning of development also emerged. In this approach called ‘New Developmental State’, it is argued that the state and the market both have duties in development processes. The state should not manage economic life but should solve problems that market actors cannot solve individually, share the risk in the initiatives that promise widespread impact, and encourage entrepreneurs to innovate.

Keywords

• Law and development
• Interventionism
• Legalism
• Neoliberalism
• Governance
• Human development
• Compre hensive development
• New developmental state

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