ADİL YARGILAMANIN ULUSLARARASI BİÇİMSEL STANDARTLARININ GACACA YARGISI ANALİZİ İÇİN YETERLİLİĞİ SORUNU

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 40, 1 - 54, 13.01.2023

Omca Özdemir

Öz

Ruanda soykırımı faillerinin yargılanmasında olağan mahkemeler yanında işlerlik kazandırılan Gacaca yargısı, özellikle halkın katılımına dayanan işleyişiyle Batılı liberal yargı modelinden farklı bir sistem olarak adil yargılamanın uluslararası biçimsel standartları temelinde eleştirilere tabi tutulmuştur. Bu eleştirilerde, hükümeti olağan mahkeme sistemini destekleyecek arayışlara sürüklemiş olan mevcut koşulların göz ardı edildiği görülmektedir. Bu koşullar hem devletin maddi imkânsızlıklarını hem de soykırım vahşetiyle parçalanmış sosyal dokunun yeniden inşası ihtiyacını içermekteydi. Bu eleştiriler aynı zamanda da Gacaca yargısının dayandığı değer, amaç ve mantığı temelinde sanıklara sunduğu güvenceleri ihmal etmekteydi. Gacaca geçiş süreci adaletinin sihirli bir değneği olmasa da, göz ardı edilen bu hususlar, pratiğinde ortaya çıkan sorunların Gacaca’nın Batılı liberal yargı modeline dönüştürülerek çözülmesinin hem koşullar itibariyle olanaklı olmadığını hem de Ruanda’nın soykırım sonrası ihtiyaçlarına karşılık veremeyeceğini göstermektedir. Bu durumda Gacaca pratiğinde ortaya çıkan sorunların kaynaklarının belirlenmesi ve bu şekilde gelecekteki geçiş süreci adaleti uygulamalarına yol gösterilmesi isteniyorsa, Gacaca analizinin Gacaca’nın temellerini oluşturan koşullar, amaçlar ve yapısal özellikleri arasındaki bağlantılar ile içerisinde işlediği siyasal durum esas alınarak yapılması gerekmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ruanda Soykırımı, geçiş süreci adaleti, Gacaca, adil yargılanma hakkı, uzlaşma., Rwandan genocide, transitional justice, right to a fair trial, reconciliation.

THE PROBLEM OF THE ADEQUACY OF INTERNATIONAL FORMAL STANDARDS OF FAIR TRIAL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE GACACA COURTS

Öz

The Gacaca judiciary which was functionalized along with ordinary courts in the trials of the perpetrators of the Rwandan genocide as a system differing particularly with its operation based on the participation of the people from the Western liberal judiciary model, was subjected to criticism based on international formal standards of fair trial. It is observed in these criticisms that the existing conditions, which led the government to pursuits aiming to reinforce the regular court system, are ignored. These criticisms were, at the same time, neglecting the guarantees that the defendants were provided with before the Gacaca courts on the basis of the values, purpose and logic on which they were based. Even though the Gacaca might not be the magic wand of transitional justice, these neglected points demonstrate that solving the problems that have arisen during its practice by transforming Gacaca into a Western liberal judiciary system was not possible considering the circumstances, and it could not respond to Rwanda’s post-genocide needs. In this case, if one wishes the sources of the problems that emerged within the practice of Gacaca to be determined and in this way transitional justice practices in the future to be guided, the analysis of Gacaca needs to be carried out by grounding it on the connections between the conditions, purposes and structural properties that constitute its base, and the political context within which it has functioned.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ruanda Soykırımı, geçiş süreci adaleti, Gacaca, adil yargılanma hakkı, uzlaşma., Rwandan genocide, transitional justice, right to a fair trial, reconciliation.

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