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THE HISTORICAL and CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT of THE ‘FORCED TRANSFER of THE ETHNIC GROUPS’ FROM HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE: THE BALKAN CASE

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 2, 45 - 78, 08.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.69958/ihy.1571405

Öz

Since the 1990s, crimes against humanity have been codified in different international treaties such as the Statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (1993) and the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (1998). The Rome Statute provides the most recent and broad list of criminal acts that may constitute crimes against humanity, including forced migration. However, in the early 20th cc, within Southeastern Europe, population transfers were legitimated by the bilateral agreements based on so-called liberating actions and supported by the international institution as a tool to sustain peace in the region. This paper by analyzing the bilateral agreements and population transfers between the Balkan states aims to answer these main questions: Why did ‘forcible transfer of population’ began to be defined as ‘a crime against humanity’ by the UN in 1998 but not before? Why population and especially minority transfers were seen as a mean for peace before 1990s? The comparative approach of this paper based mainly on the Balkan region, by displaying the historical and contemporary contexts of population transfers, suggests a new theoretical framework that the early population transfers and contemporary displaced population are different in terms of 4 issues: legal frameworks; the impact on national identity; the geographical extension and lastly reintegration and return policies.

Kaynakça

  • Vermund, Aarbakke: The Muslim Minority of Greek Thrace, PhD Thesis, University of Bergen, Bergen, 2000.
  • Andrews, Peter, A.: Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey, Wiesbaden: Dr.Ludwig Reichert Verlag. 1989.
  • Armaoğlu, Fahir: 20.Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi 1914-1980, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, Ankara, 1984.
  • Avşar, B.Zaki/ F. Solak, S.Tosun; Son Beş Yılda Anadolu'ya Göçler, Silahlı Kuvvetler Dergisi, Gen. Kur. Bşk.lığı, ATASE Yayını, 399, 1994.
  • Barutciski, Michael: “EU States and the Refugee Crisis in the Former the Yugoslavia”. Refuge Canada’s Journal on Refugee, 1994, 14.3, 32-36.
  • Bassiouni, M. Cherif: Crimes Against Humanity in International Law (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999).
  • Bayata Canyaş, Aslı: “Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu Kapsamın¬daki Geri Gönderme Yasağının Uygulanma Koşullarının AİHM Ka¬rarları Çerçevesinde İrdelenmesi”, Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergi¬si, 5.1, 2015, 73-90.
  • BM Declaration on the rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious or Linguistic Minorities UN Res 47/135 of 18 December 1992.
  • Bookman, Milica Z.: Ethnic Groups in Motion: Economic Competition and Migration in Multiethnic States. London: Frank Class, 2002.
  • Çavuşoğlu, Naz: Uluslararası İnsan Hakları Hukukunda Azınlık Hakları, Su Yayınları, İstanbul, 2001.
  • Dündar, Fuat: İttihat ve Terakki’nin Müslümanları İskân Politikası (1913-1918), İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları, 2001.
  • Glenny, Misha: The Balkans: 1804–1999: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, London, 1991.
  • Christopher M. Goebel: “A Unified Concept of Population Transfer”, 22 Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 1, 1993.
  • Ishay, Micheline R.: The Human Rights Reader, Routledge, Inc. 1997.
  • Jelavich, Barbara: Russia’s Balkan Entanglements 1806–1914, Cambridge. 1999.
  • Jenne, Erin.K. (Ethnic Bargaining: The Paradox of Minority Empowerment. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2007.
  • Johnston, Darlene M.: "Native Rights as Collective Rights: A question of Self- Preservation", in Will Kymlicka (ed.). The Rights of Minority Cultures, Oxford University Press, 1995.
  • Kamusella, Thomas: “Ethnic Cleansing During the Cold War: The Forgotten 1989 Expulsion of Turks from Communist Bulgaria”, In Ethnic Cleansing During the Cold War, Routledge 2019.
  • Korkut, Levent: “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi Kararlarının Devletlerin Sığınmacıları Sınırdışı Etme Egemen Yetkisine Etkisi: Türkiye Örne¬ği”, Ankara Barosu Dergisi, 66.4, 2008, ss.20-35.
  • Kymlicka, Will: Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995.
  • McCarthy, Justin: Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims 1821-1922. Princeton: Darwin Press, 1995.
  • Mulalıć Muhidin/ Hasan Korkut: “Implications of Dayton Peace Agreement on CurrentPolitical Issues in Bosnia-Herzegovina”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2009, 107-117.
  • Özer, Utku/ Taşkın, Burcu: The Human Rights Action Plan and Turkey’s Non-Muslim Minorities, Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, 2023, 22.1, 63–93.
  • Pekesen, Berna: Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans, European History Online, 2011. pekesenb-2011-en.pdf
  • Petropoulos, John. A.: The Compulsory Exchange of Populations: Greek-Turkish Peacemaking 1922–1930, in: Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 2, 1976.
  • Progonati, Erjada: “A Historical Framework for the Balkan Migrations to Turkey”, ANKASAM, 2017. https://www.ankasam.org/a-historical-framework-for-the-balkan-migrations-to-turkey/?lang=en
  • Soner, B Ali: “Azınlık Hakları: Ayrılıkçı mı, Çoğulcu Mu?” İnsan Hakları Yıllığı 26, 2008, 79-95.
  • Mariana Lukic Tanovic/ Stevo Pasalic/ Jelena Golijanin: “Demographic Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Ottoman Period Till 1991 and the Modern Demographic Problems” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 120, 2014, 238-247.
  • Şeker, Nesim: “Forced Population Movements in the Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic: An Attempt at Reassessment through Demographic Engineering”, European Journal of Turkish Studies, 16, 2013.
  • Scott McTaggart/ Laura Barnett/ Benjamin Dolin: The International Criminal Court: History and Role, Hill Studies, 2023.
  • Taşkın, Burcu: Political Representation of Minorities in Greece and Turkey: Nationalism, Reciprocity and Europeanization. İstanbul, Libra Kitap, 2019. Taşkın, Burcu: “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Gayrimüslim Tebaa’nın Yönetimi ve Yönetimdeki Gayrimüslümler”, Sessiz Gemi: Prof. Dr.Bilal Eryılmaz’a Armağan. Marmara Belediyeler Birliği Kültür Yayınları, 2021.
  • Taşkın, Burcu: “100. Yılında Lozan Barış Antlaşması ve Azınlık Haklarının Korunmasına Yönelik Diğer İkili Antlaşmalar: Balkanlar Örneği”, İçinde Balkanlar: Tarih, Din ve Toplum, Abdula, S. ve Murtazani, S. (ed.), IDEFE Publications. 2024, 245- 265.
  • Todorova, Maria:“The Ottoman Legacy in the Balkans,” Imperial Legacy: The Ottoman Imprint in the Balkans and the Middle East, Ed. Carl Brown, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
  • Uzun, Elif: “Geri Göndermeme (Non-Refoulement) İlkesinin Uluslararası Hukuktaki Konumu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, 8.30, 2012, 25-58.
  • Weller, Marc: Rights of Minorities in Europe: A Commentary on the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • ELECTRONIC SOURCES Parliament of EU, Doc. 7397. 25 September 1995. https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=7025&lang=EN#:~:text=After%20four%20years%20of%20war,the%20Yugoslav%20Federation%20in%201991 (accessed: 14.10.2024).
  • https://trialinternational.org/topics-post/crimes-against-humanity/ (accessed: 25.01.2024)
  • https://www.unhcr.org/about-unhcr/overview/1951-refugee-convention (accessed 12.02.2024)
  • UN, International Law Commission, Draft Statute for an International Criminal Court, 1994.
  • https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/7_4_1994.pdf (accessed: 11.04.2024) U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 2000 – Macedonia.
  • https://www.refworld.org/reference/annualreport/uscri/2000/en/24426 (accessed: 15.05.2024) U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 1997 - Rwanda
  • https://www.refworld.org/reference/annualreport/uscri/1997/en/15547 (accessed: 15.06.2024)
  • UNICTY 2017. ICTY convicts Ratko Mladić for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. https://www.icty.org/en/press/icty-convicts-ratko-mladi%C4%87-for-genocide-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity (accessed: 10.09.2024)
  • The Economist. https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/06/18/the-number-of-forcibly-displaced-people-reaches-another-record-high?utm_medium=cpc.adword.pd&utm_source=google&ppccampaignID=18151738051&ppcadID=&utm_campaign=a.22brand_pmax&utm_content=conversion.direct-response.anonymous&gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwgrO4BhC2ARIsAKQ7zUl-pqwdkLlK3T6vnKOKNA9J7Cem8zyurbO9RQDj3Ud2N69h7IBWGKkaAtrREALw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds (accessed: 11.08.2024)
  • Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement,https://api.internal-displacement.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/199808-training-OCHA-guiding-principles-Eng2.pdf (accessed: 11.10.2024).

İNSAN HAKLARI AÇISINDAN ETNİK GRUPLARIN ZORUNLU GÖÇLERİNİN TARİHSEL ve GÜNCEL BAĞLAMDA ANALİZİ: BALKANLAR ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 42 Sayı: 2, 45 - 78, 08.01.2025
https://doi.org/10.69958/ihy.1571405

Öz

1990'lı yıllardan bu yana insanlığa karşı işlenen suçlar, Eski Yugoslavya Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi Statüsü (1993) ve Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi Roma Statüsü (1998) gibi çeşitli uluslararası antlaşmalarla kodlanmıştır. Roma Statüsü, zorunlu göç de dahil olmak üzere insanlığa karşı suç teşkil edebilecek belirli cezai fiillerin en güncel ve kapsamlı listesini sunmaktadır. Diğer yandan 20. yüzyılın başlarında Güneydoğu Avrupa’da nüfus transferleri, bölgedeki barışı sağlamak için uluslararası kurumların desteğiyle sözde kurtarıcı eylemlere dayanan ikili anlaşmalarla meşrulaştırılmıştır. Bu makale, Balkan devletleri arasındaki ikili anlaşmaları ve nüfus transferlerini analiz ederek şu temel sorulara yanıt vermeyi amaçlamaktadır: Zorunlu nüfus transferi neden 1998’de BM tarafından ‘insanlığa karşı suç’ olarak tanımlanmaya başlanmıştır; daha önce değil? 1990'lı yıllardan önce nüfus ve özellikle azınlık transferleri neden barış için bir araç olarak görülüyordu? Bu makalenin özellikle Balkan bölgesine dayanan karşılaştırmalı yaklaşımı, nüfus transferlerinin tarihsel ve güncel bağlamlarını göstererek, erken dönem nüfus transferleri ile günümüzdeki yerinden edilmiş nüfus arasında yeni bir kuramsal çerçeve çizmektedir. Nüfus transferleri şu dört konuda farklılık göstermektedir: yasal çerçeveler; ulusal kimlik üzerindeki etkileri; geniş coğrafi etkiler ve gruplar arası yeniden uyum ile geri dönüş politikaları.

Kaynakça

  • Vermund, Aarbakke: The Muslim Minority of Greek Thrace, PhD Thesis, University of Bergen, Bergen, 2000.
  • Andrews, Peter, A.: Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey, Wiesbaden: Dr.Ludwig Reichert Verlag. 1989.
  • Armaoğlu, Fahir: 20.Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi 1914-1980, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, Ankara, 1984.
  • Avşar, B.Zaki/ F. Solak, S.Tosun; Son Beş Yılda Anadolu'ya Göçler, Silahlı Kuvvetler Dergisi, Gen. Kur. Bşk.lığı, ATASE Yayını, 399, 1994.
  • Barutciski, Michael: “EU States and the Refugee Crisis in the Former the Yugoslavia”. Refuge Canada’s Journal on Refugee, 1994, 14.3, 32-36.
  • Bassiouni, M. Cherif: Crimes Against Humanity in International Law (The Hague: Kluwer Law International, 1999).
  • Bayata Canyaş, Aslı: “Yabancılar ve Uluslararası Koruma Kanunu Kapsamın¬daki Geri Gönderme Yasağının Uygulanma Koşullarının AİHM Ka¬rarları Çerçevesinde İrdelenmesi”, Hacettepe Hukuk Fakültesi Dergi¬si, 5.1, 2015, 73-90.
  • BM Declaration on the rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious or Linguistic Minorities UN Res 47/135 of 18 December 1992.
  • Bookman, Milica Z.: Ethnic Groups in Motion: Economic Competition and Migration in Multiethnic States. London: Frank Class, 2002.
  • Çavuşoğlu, Naz: Uluslararası İnsan Hakları Hukukunda Azınlık Hakları, Su Yayınları, İstanbul, 2001.
  • Dündar, Fuat: İttihat ve Terakki’nin Müslümanları İskân Politikası (1913-1918), İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları, 2001.
  • Glenny, Misha: The Balkans: 1804–1999: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers, London, 1991.
  • Christopher M. Goebel: “A Unified Concept of Population Transfer”, 22 Denv. J. Int'l L. & Pol'y 1, 1993.
  • Ishay, Micheline R.: The Human Rights Reader, Routledge, Inc. 1997.
  • Jelavich, Barbara: Russia’s Balkan Entanglements 1806–1914, Cambridge. 1999.
  • Jenne, Erin.K. (Ethnic Bargaining: The Paradox of Minority Empowerment. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 2007.
  • Johnston, Darlene M.: "Native Rights as Collective Rights: A question of Self- Preservation", in Will Kymlicka (ed.). The Rights of Minority Cultures, Oxford University Press, 1995.
  • Kamusella, Thomas: “Ethnic Cleansing During the Cold War: The Forgotten 1989 Expulsion of Turks from Communist Bulgaria”, In Ethnic Cleansing During the Cold War, Routledge 2019.
  • Korkut, Levent: “Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi Kararlarının Devletlerin Sığınmacıları Sınırdışı Etme Egemen Yetkisine Etkisi: Türkiye Örne¬ği”, Ankara Barosu Dergisi, 66.4, 2008, ss.20-35.
  • Kymlicka, Will: Multicultural Citizenship. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995.
  • McCarthy, Justin: Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims 1821-1922. Princeton: Darwin Press, 1995.
  • Mulalıć Muhidin/ Hasan Korkut: “Implications of Dayton Peace Agreement on CurrentPolitical Issues in Bosnia-Herzegovina”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2009, 107-117.
  • Özer, Utku/ Taşkın, Burcu: The Human Rights Action Plan and Turkey’s Non-Muslim Minorities, Journal on Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, 2023, 22.1, 63–93.
  • Pekesen, Berna: Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans, European History Online, 2011. pekesenb-2011-en.pdf
  • Petropoulos, John. A.: The Compulsory Exchange of Populations: Greek-Turkish Peacemaking 1922–1930, in: Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 2, 1976.
  • Progonati, Erjada: “A Historical Framework for the Balkan Migrations to Turkey”, ANKASAM, 2017. https://www.ankasam.org/a-historical-framework-for-the-balkan-migrations-to-turkey/?lang=en
  • Soner, B Ali: “Azınlık Hakları: Ayrılıkçı mı, Çoğulcu Mu?” İnsan Hakları Yıllığı 26, 2008, 79-95.
  • Mariana Lukic Tanovic/ Stevo Pasalic/ Jelena Golijanin: “Demographic Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the Ottoman Period Till 1991 and the Modern Demographic Problems” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 120, 2014, 238-247.
  • Şeker, Nesim: “Forced Population Movements in the Ottoman Empire and the Early Turkish Republic: An Attempt at Reassessment through Demographic Engineering”, European Journal of Turkish Studies, 16, 2013.
  • Scott McTaggart/ Laura Barnett/ Benjamin Dolin: The International Criminal Court: History and Role, Hill Studies, 2023.
  • Taşkın, Burcu: Political Representation of Minorities in Greece and Turkey: Nationalism, Reciprocity and Europeanization. İstanbul, Libra Kitap, 2019. Taşkın, Burcu: “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Gayrimüslim Tebaa’nın Yönetimi ve Yönetimdeki Gayrimüslümler”, Sessiz Gemi: Prof. Dr.Bilal Eryılmaz’a Armağan. Marmara Belediyeler Birliği Kültür Yayınları, 2021.
  • Taşkın, Burcu: “100. Yılında Lozan Barış Antlaşması ve Azınlık Haklarının Korunmasına Yönelik Diğer İkili Antlaşmalar: Balkanlar Örneği”, İçinde Balkanlar: Tarih, Din ve Toplum, Abdula, S. ve Murtazani, S. (ed.), IDEFE Publications. 2024, 245- 265.
  • Todorova, Maria:“The Ottoman Legacy in the Balkans,” Imperial Legacy: The Ottoman Imprint in the Balkans and the Middle East, Ed. Carl Brown, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.
  • Uzun, Elif: “Geri Göndermeme (Non-Refoulement) İlkesinin Uluslararası Hukuktaki Konumu Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, Uluslararası Hukuk ve Politika, 8.30, 2012, 25-58.
  • Weller, Marc: Rights of Minorities in Europe: A Commentary on the European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, Oxford University Press, 2005.
  • ELECTRONIC SOURCES Parliament of EU, Doc. 7397. 25 September 1995. https://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/X2H-Xref-ViewHTML.asp?FileID=7025&lang=EN#:~:text=After%20four%20years%20of%20war,the%20Yugoslav%20Federation%20in%201991 (accessed: 14.10.2024).
  • https://trialinternational.org/topics-post/crimes-against-humanity/ (accessed: 25.01.2024)
  • https://www.unhcr.org/about-unhcr/overview/1951-refugee-convention (accessed 12.02.2024)
  • UN, International Law Commission, Draft Statute for an International Criminal Court, 1994.
  • https://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/7_4_1994.pdf (accessed: 11.04.2024) U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 2000 – Macedonia.
  • https://www.refworld.org/reference/annualreport/uscri/2000/en/24426 (accessed: 15.05.2024) U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 1997 - Rwanda
  • https://www.refworld.org/reference/annualreport/uscri/1997/en/15547 (accessed: 15.06.2024)
  • UNICTY 2017. ICTY convicts Ratko Mladić for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity. https://www.icty.org/en/press/icty-convicts-ratko-mladi%C4%87-for-genocide-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity (accessed: 10.09.2024)
  • The Economist. https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/06/18/the-number-of-forcibly-displaced-people-reaches-another-record-high?utm_medium=cpc.adword.pd&utm_source=google&ppccampaignID=18151738051&ppcadID=&utm_campaign=a.22brand_pmax&utm_content=conversion.direct-response.anonymous&gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQjwgrO4BhC2ARIsAKQ7zUl-pqwdkLlK3T6vnKOKNA9J7Cem8zyurbO9RQDj3Ud2N69h7IBWGKkaAtrREALw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds (accessed: 11.08.2024)
  • Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement,https://api.internal-displacement.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/199808-training-OCHA-guiding-principles-Eng2.pdf (accessed: 11.10.2024).
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Göç, Sığınma ve Mülteci Hukuku, Siyaset Bilimi (Diğer), Uluslararası Göç
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Burcu Taşkın 0000-0003-4504-2098

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Ocak 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Ekim 2024
Kabul Tarihi 10 Aralık 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 42 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Taşkın, B. (2025). THE HISTORICAL and CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT of THE ‘FORCED TRANSFER of THE ETHNIC GROUPS’ FROM HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE: THE BALKAN CASE. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, 42(2), 45-78. https://doi.org/10.69958/ihy.1571405
AMA Taşkın B. THE HISTORICAL and CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT of THE ‘FORCED TRANSFER of THE ETHNIC GROUPS’ FROM HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE: THE BALKAN CASE. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı. Ocak 2025;42(2):45-78. doi:10.69958/ihy.1571405
Chicago Taşkın, Burcu. “THE HISTORICAL and CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT of THE ‘FORCED TRANSFER of THE ETHNIC GROUPS’ FROM HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE: THE BALKAN CASE”. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı 42, sy. 2 (Ocak 2025): 45-78. https://doi.org/10.69958/ihy.1571405.
EndNote Taşkın B (01 Ocak 2025) THE HISTORICAL and CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT of THE ‘FORCED TRANSFER of THE ETHNIC GROUPS’ FROM HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE: THE BALKAN CASE. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı 42 2 45–78.
IEEE B. Taşkın, “THE HISTORICAL and CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT of THE ‘FORCED TRANSFER of THE ETHNIC GROUPS’ FROM HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE: THE BALKAN CASE”, İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, c. 42, sy. 2, ss. 45–78, 2025, doi: 10.69958/ihy.1571405.
ISNAD Taşkın, Burcu. “THE HISTORICAL and CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT of THE ‘FORCED TRANSFER of THE ETHNIC GROUPS’ FROM HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE: THE BALKAN CASE”. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı 42/2 (Ocak 2025), 45-78. https://doi.org/10.69958/ihy.1571405.
JAMA Taşkın B. THE HISTORICAL and CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT of THE ‘FORCED TRANSFER of THE ETHNIC GROUPS’ FROM HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE: THE BALKAN CASE. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı. 2025;42:45–78.
MLA Taşkın, Burcu. “THE HISTORICAL and CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT of THE ‘FORCED TRANSFER of THE ETHNIC GROUPS’ FROM HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE: THE BALKAN CASE”. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, c. 42, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 45-78, doi:10.69958/ihy.1571405.
Vancouver Taşkın B. THE HISTORICAL and CONTEMPORARY CONTEXT of THE ‘FORCED TRANSFER of THE ETHNIC GROUPS’ FROM HUMAN RIGHTS PERSPECTIVE: THE BALKAN CASE. İnsan Hakları Yıllığı. 2025;42(2):45-78.