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Measuring the quality of place in aerotropolis: A descriptive study on the creative class theory quality of place amenities in operational aerotropolises in the United States

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 61 - 70, 31.12.2021

Öz

The area surrounding a major airport has been widely conceptualised as an aerotropolis in recent decades. Many aerotropolises position themselves as a premier business and residential location, oriented to knowledge-intensive firms and knowledge workers (Creative Class). Nevertheless, aerotropolises’ shortcoming in urban quality sometimes hinders them from attracting the targeted high-status ‘customers’. This descriptive study empirically measures the urban quality in the aerotropolises of Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport (DFW), LA/Ontario International Airport (ONT) and O’Hare International Airport (ORD) by counting the frequencies of amenity dimensions defined and described in creative class theory literature. ArcGIS Business Analyst is used for data collection. Based on the sum of z-scores of amenity categories, findings suggest that the quality of place indexes of ONT, DFW and ORD aerotropolises are 4.961, 1.8 and -3.76 respectively. Findings also suggest the top four most prominent amenity dimensions, i.e., restaurants, cafes, beauty parlours and sports facilities, are consistent throughout the sample aerotropolises. This study adds to the Airport City body of knowledge by defining and providing data about urban quality in aerotropolises. The data could be used for future studies to analyse the causality between amenity provision and location decision of knowledge-intensice firms and the Creative Class on an urban precinct level.

Kaynakça

  • Aerotropolis Business Concepts LLC, Aerotropolis, n.d. http://aerotropolis.com/airportcity/. (18 June 2021).
  • Kasarda, J. D. and Lindsay, G. Aerotropolis: the way we’ll live next, First edition, Straus and Giroux, United States, 2011.
  • Kasarda, J. D. 2019. Aerotropolis, in: Orm, A., The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies, First edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc, United States, 2019, 1-7.
  • Kasarda, J.D. Airport cities: The evolution, 2013. http://aerotropolisbusinessconcepts.aero/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/3_AirportCities_TheEvolution2.pdf . (31 May, 2021).
  • Florida, R. The rise of the creative class, Third edition, Basic Books, United States, 2019.
  • Appold, S. J. 2015. Airport cities and metropolitan labor markets: an extension and response to Cidell. Journal of Economic Geography, 15(6), 1145-1168.
  • Cidell, J. 2015. The role of major infrastructure in subregional economic development: an empirical study of airports and cities. Journal of Economic Geography, 15(6), 1125-1144.
  • Wiedemann, M. I. 2014. “The role of infrastructure for economic development in an airport metropolis' region”. Ph.D. thesis, Southern Cross University, School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Gold Coast, Australia, 1-364.
  • Kasarda, J. D. and Appold, S. J. Planning a competitive aerotropolis, in: Peoples, J., The Economics of International Airline Transport (Advances in Airline Economics, Vol. 4), First edition, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, United Kingdom, 2014, 281-308.
  • Amr, A. A. 2020. Re-centring peripheries along ring roads under a smart growth agenda: Case studies of Espoo Innovation Garden and Vantaa Aviapolis in Finland. European Planning Studies, 28(2), 357- 379.
  • Sonnenburg, J. and Sonnenburg, F. 2020. Airport areas as resilient spaces – from vision to reality. Urban Development Issues, 68(2), 81–90.
  • Nikolova, T., Hervouët, M., Gollain, V. and Boichon, N, Sustainable Airport Areas. Guidelines for Decision Makers, 2018.(31 May 2021).
  • Reiss, B. 2007. Maximising non-aviation revenue for airports: Developing airport cities to optimise real estate and capitalise on land development opportunities. Journal of Airport Management, 1(3), 284-293.
  • Uber, T. 2010. Frankfurt Airport City. Airports in Cities and Regions: Research and Practice: 1st International Colloquium on Airports and Spatial Development, 9th-10th July 2009, Karlsruhe, Germany, 187-189.
  • Rauhala, A. 2020. “Future of aviation areas as key parts of globally interesting urban cities”. Master thesis, Tampere University, Faculty of Built Environment, Tampere, Finland, 1-65.
  • Stangel, M. 2020. Future trends for the smart airport cities: safety, sustainability, new mobility. Urban Development Issues, 68(2), 103–114.
  • Wróbel, P. 2020. Trends and development perspectives in the architectural and urban forms of development in Polish airports and their surrounding areas compared with current European trends. Urban Development Issues, 68(2), 91–101.
  • Yun, J. 2015. A new city prototype?: Songdo International City as an airport city. Journal of Asian architecture and building engineering, 14(3), 549-556.
  • Wang, K. J., Hong, W. C., Chen, S. H. and Jiang, J. T. 2011. Strategic development trend and key factors analysis of Airport City in Taiwan. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), 807-820.
  • Florida, R. 2002. The economic geography of talent. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 92(4), 743-755.
  • Florida, R., Mellander, C. and Stolarick, K. 2008. Inside the black box of regional development—human capital, the creative class and tolerance. Journal of economic geography, 8(5), 615-649.
  • Reese, L. A., Faist, J. M. and Sands, G. 2010. Measuring the creative class: Do we know it when we see it?. Journal of Urban Affairs, 32(3), 345-366.
  • Adler, P. and Florida, R. 2020. Geography as strategy: the changing geography of corporate headquarters in post-industrial capitalism. Regional Studies, 54(5), 610-620.
  • Marlet, G. and Van Woerkens, C. 2007. The Dutch creative class and how it fosters urban employment growth. Urban Studies, 44(13), 2605-2626.
  • Clifton, N. 2008. The “creative class” in the UK: an initial analysis. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 90(1), 63-82.
  • Boschma, R. A. and Fritsch, M. 2009. Creative class and regional growth: Empirical evidence from seven European countries. Economic geography, 85(4), 391-423.
  • Tohmo, T. 2015. The Creative Class Revisited: Does the Creative Class Affect the Birth Rate of High-tech Firms in Nordic Countries?. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 23(01), 63-89.
  • Kluike, M. and Conway, M. A. 2016. The Location of Creativity and US Companies in Germany. The Professional Geographer, 68(4), 686-696.
  • Østbye, S., Moilanen, M., Tervo, H. and Westerlund, O. 2018. The creative class: do jobs follow people or do people follow jobs?. Regional Studies, 52(6), 745-755.
  • Durmaz, S. B. 2015. Analysing the quality of place: Creative clusters in Soho and Beyoğlu. Journal of Urban Design, 20(1), 93-124.
  • Murphy, E., Fox‐Rogers, L. and Redmond, D. 2015. Location Decision Making of “Creative” Industries: The Media and Computer Game Sectors in Dublin, Ireland. Growth and Change, 46(1), 97-113.
  • Khoo, S. L., Badarulzaman, N., Samat, N. and Sheikh Dawood, S. R. 2017. How possible is a creative city in Penang? An analysis of architects’ perceptions about creativity and quality of place. Creative Industries Journal, 10(1), 3-20.
  • Jacobs, J. The death and life of great American cities, First edition, Random House, United States, 1961.
  • Montgomery, J. 1997. Café culture and the city: The role of pavement cafés in urban public social life. Journal of urban design, 2(1), 83-102.
  • Clark, T. N. Urban amenities: Lakes, opera, and juice bars: Do they drive development?, in: Clark, T. N., The City as an Entertainment Machine (Research in Urban Policy, Vol. 9), First edition, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, United Kingdom, 2003, 103-140.
  • McGranahan, D. and Wojan, T. 2007. Recasting the creative class to examine growth processes in rural and urban counties. Regional studies, 41(2), 197-216.
  • Trip, J. J. What Makes a City? Planning for Quality of Place': The Case of High-Speed Train Station Area Development (Sustainable Urban Areas Volume 12), First edition, IOS press, The Netherlands, 2007.
  • Wojan, T. R., Lambert, D. M. and McGranahan, D. A. 2007. Emoting with their feet: Bohemian attraction to creative milieu. Journal of economic geography, 7(6), 711-736.
  • Brown, J. and Mczyski, M. 2009. Complexcities: Locational choices of creative knowledge workers. Built Environment, 35(2), 238-252.
  • Clifton, N. and Cooke, P. 2009. Creative knowledge workers and location in Europe and North America: a comparative review. Creative Industries Journal, 2(1), 73-89.
  • Verdich, M. 2010. Creative migration? The attraction and retention of the ‘creative class’ in Launceston, Tasmania. Australian geographer, 41(1), 129-140.
  • Natekal, A. N. 2018. “Creative Class and the Promotion of Sustainability: Insights from the Five-county Region of Southern California”. Ph. D. thesis, University of California, Irvine, Planning, Policy and Design, Irvine, United States, 1-171.
  • Yum, S. 2020. How Can We Measure the Magnitude of Creative Cities? A New Creativity Index: 3Ci. Creativity Research Journal, 32(2), 174-183.
  • Besser, T. L., Miller, N. J. and Malik, R. 2012. Community amenity measurement for the great fly-over zones. Social indicators research, 106(2), 393-405.
  • Esmaeilpoorarabi, N., Yigitcanlar, T., Guaralda, M. and Kamruzzaman, M. 2018. Evaluating place quality in innovation districts: A Delphic hierarchy process approach. Land use policy, 76, 471-486.
  • Zandiatashbar, A., & Hamidi, S. 2018. Impacts of transit and walking amenities on robust local knowledge economy. Cities, 81, 161-171.
  • Heebels, B. and Van Aalst, I. 2010. Creative clusters in Berlin: Entrepreneurship and the quality of place in Prenzlauer Berg and Kreuzberg. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 92(4), 347-363.
  • Kiroff, L. 2017. Auckland and the creative industries: The spatial distribution of the design subsector. Urban Geography, 38(10), 1573-1602.
  • Bereitschaft, B. 2017. Do “creative” and “non-creative” workers exhibit similar preferences for urban amenities? An exploratory case study of Omaha, Nebraska. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 10(2), 198-216.
  • Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. Research Methods For Business Students, Eighth edition, Pearson Education Limited, England, 2019.
  • United States Census Bureau, 2010 Census Regions and Divisions of the United States, 2018. https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-maps/2010/geo/2010-census-regions-and-divisions-of-the-united-states.html .(31 May 2021).
  • Kasarda, J.D., Aerotropolis engines beyond Asia, 2020. https://airport-world.com/aerotropolis-engines-beyond-asia/. (31 May 2021).
  • Kasarda, J. D. Aviation Infrastructure, Competitiveness, and Aerotropolis Development in the Global Economy: Making Shanghai China’s True Gateway City in: Chen, X., Zhou, Z., Shanghai Rising: State Power and Local Transformations in a Global Megacity, First edition, University Of Minnesota Press, United States, 2009, 49-72.
  • Esri, Methodology Statement: 2020 US Business Locations and Business Summary Data, 2020. https://downloads.esri.com/esri_content_doc/dbl/us/J9940_Methodology_Stmt_Business_Locations_Summary_2020.pdf . (31 May 2021).
  • Krueger, S. G. 2012. “Delimiting the postmodern urban center: An analysis of urban amenity clusters in Los Angeles”. Master thesis, University of Southern California, College of Letters, Arts And Sciences, Los Angeles, United States, 1-169.
  • Executive Office of the President Office of Management and Budget, 2017 NAICS Manual, 2017.https://www.census.gov/naics/#:~:text=The%20North%20American%20Industry%20Classification,to%20the%20U.S.%20business%20economy . (31 May 2021).
  • Esri, Business Data, 2020. https://doc.arcgis.com/en/esri-demographics/data/business.htm . (31 May 2021).
  • Van der Heijden, B. and Schaafsma, M. 2020. Amsterdam Zuidas – Schiphol. Urban Development Issues, 68(2), 27–38.
  • Ke, M. 2020. “Mechanisms of industrial clusters in airport landside development”. Ph.D. thesis, Queensland University of Technology, School of Built Environment Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, Australia, 1-293.

Measuring the quality of place in aerotropolis: A descriptive study on the creative class theory quality of place amenities in operational aerotropolises in the United States

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3, 61 - 70, 31.12.2021

Öz

The area surrounding a major airport has been widely conceptualised as an aerotropolis in recent decades. Many aerotropolises position themselves as a premier business and residential location, oriented to knowledge-intensive firms and knowledge workers (Creative Class). Nevertheless, aerotropolises’ shortcoming in urban quality sometimes hinders them from attracting the targeted high-status ‘customers’. This descriptive study empirically measures the urban quality in the aerotropolises of Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport (DFW), LA/Ontario International Airport (ONT) and O’Hare International Airport (ORD) by counting the frequencies of amenity dimensions defined and described in creative class theory literature. ArcGIS Business Analyst is used for data collection. Based on the sum of z-scores of amenity categories, findings suggest that the quality of place indexes of ONT, DFW and ORD aerotropolises are 4.961, 1.8 and -3.76 respectively. Findings also suggest the top four most prominent amenity dimensions, i.e., restaurants, cafes, beauty parlours and sports facilities, are consistent throughout the sample aerotropolises. This study adds to the Airport City body of knowledge by defining and providing data about urban quality in aerotropolises. The data could be used for future studies to analyse the causality between amenity provision and location decision of knowledge-intensice firms and the Creative Class on an urban precinct level.

Kaynakça

  • Aerotropolis Business Concepts LLC, Aerotropolis, n.d. http://aerotropolis.com/airportcity/. (18 June 2021).
  • Kasarda, J. D. and Lindsay, G. Aerotropolis: the way we’ll live next, First edition, Straus and Giroux, United States, 2011.
  • Kasarda, J. D. 2019. Aerotropolis, in: Orm, A., The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Urban and Regional Studies, First edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc, United States, 2019, 1-7.
  • Kasarda, J.D. Airport cities: The evolution, 2013. http://aerotropolisbusinessconcepts.aero/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/3_AirportCities_TheEvolution2.pdf . (31 May, 2021).
  • Florida, R. The rise of the creative class, Third edition, Basic Books, United States, 2019.
  • Appold, S. J. 2015. Airport cities and metropolitan labor markets: an extension and response to Cidell. Journal of Economic Geography, 15(6), 1145-1168.
  • Cidell, J. 2015. The role of major infrastructure in subregional economic development: an empirical study of airports and cities. Journal of Economic Geography, 15(6), 1125-1144.
  • Wiedemann, M. I. 2014. “The role of infrastructure for economic development in an airport metropolis' region”. Ph.D. thesis, Southern Cross University, School of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Gold Coast, Australia, 1-364.
  • Kasarda, J. D. and Appold, S. J. Planning a competitive aerotropolis, in: Peoples, J., The Economics of International Airline Transport (Advances in Airline Economics, Vol. 4), First edition, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, United Kingdom, 2014, 281-308.
  • Amr, A. A. 2020. Re-centring peripheries along ring roads under a smart growth agenda: Case studies of Espoo Innovation Garden and Vantaa Aviapolis in Finland. European Planning Studies, 28(2), 357- 379.
  • Sonnenburg, J. and Sonnenburg, F. 2020. Airport areas as resilient spaces – from vision to reality. Urban Development Issues, 68(2), 81–90.
  • Nikolova, T., Hervouët, M., Gollain, V. and Boichon, N, Sustainable Airport Areas. Guidelines for Decision Makers, 2018.(31 May 2021).
  • Reiss, B. 2007. Maximising non-aviation revenue for airports: Developing airport cities to optimise real estate and capitalise on land development opportunities. Journal of Airport Management, 1(3), 284-293.
  • Uber, T. 2010. Frankfurt Airport City. Airports in Cities and Regions: Research and Practice: 1st International Colloquium on Airports and Spatial Development, 9th-10th July 2009, Karlsruhe, Germany, 187-189.
  • Rauhala, A. 2020. “Future of aviation areas as key parts of globally interesting urban cities”. Master thesis, Tampere University, Faculty of Built Environment, Tampere, Finland, 1-65.
  • Stangel, M. 2020. Future trends for the smart airport cities: safety, sustainability, new mobility. Urban Development Issues, 68(2), 103–114.
  • Wróbel, P. 2020. Trends and development perspectives in the architectural and urban forms of development in Polish airports and their surrounding areas compared with current European trends. Urban Development Issues, 68(2), 91–101.
  • Yun, J. 2015. A new city prototype?: Songdo International City as an airport city. Journal of Asian architecture and building engineering, 14(3), 549-556.
  • Wang, K. J., Hong, W. C., Chen, S. H. and Jiang, J. T. 2011. Strategic development trend and key factors analysis of Airport City in Taiwan. Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), 807-820.
  • Florida, R. 2002. The economic geography of talent. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 92(4), 743-755.
  • Florida, R., Mellander, C. and Stolarick, K. 2008. Inside the black box of regional development—human capital, the creative class and tolerance. Journal of economic geography, 8(5), 615-649.
  • Reese, L. A., Faist, J. M. and Sands, G. 2010. Measuring the creative class: Do we know it when we see it?. Journal of Urban Affairs, 32(3), 345-366.
  • Adler, P. and Florida, R. 2020. Geography as strategy: the changing geography of corporate headquarters in post-industrial capitalism. Regional Studies, 54(5), 610-620.
  • Marlet, G. and Van Woerkens, C. 2007. The Dutch creative class and how it fosters urban employment growth. Urban Studies, 44(13), 2605-2626.
  • Clifton, N. 2008. The “creative class” in the UK: an initial analysis. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 90(1), 63-82.
  • Boschma, R. A. and Fritsch, M. 2009. Creative class and regional growth: Empirical evidence from seven European countries. Economic geography, 85(4), 391-423.
  • Tohmo, T. 2015. The Creative Class Revisited: Does the Creative Class Affect the Birth Rate of High-tech Firms in Nordic Countries?. Journal of Enterprising Culture, 23(01), 63-89.
  • Kluike, M. and Conway, M. A. 2016. The Location of Creativity and US Companies in Germany. The Professional Geographer, 68(4), 686-696.
  • Østbye, S., Moilanen, M., Tervo, H. and Westerlund, O. 2018. The creative class: do jobs follow people or do people follow jobs?. Regional Studies, 52(6), 745-755.
  • Durmaz, S. B. 2015. Analysing the quality of place: Creative clusters in Soho and Beyoğlu. Journal of Urban Design, 20(1), 93-124.
  • Murphy, E., Fox‐Rogers, L. and Redmond, D. 2015. Location Decision Making of “Creative” Industries: The Media and Computer Game Sectors in Dublin, Ireland. Growth and Change, 46(1), 97-113.
  • Khoo, S. L., Badarulzaman, N., Samat, N. and Sheikh Dawood, S. R. 2017. How possible is a creative city in Penang? An analysis of architects’ perceptions about creativity and quality of place. Creative Industries Journal, 10(1), 3-20.
  • Jacobs, J. The death and life of great American cities, First edition, Random House, United States, 1961.
  • Montgomery, J. 1997. Café culture and the city: The role of pavement cafés in urban public social life. Journal of urban design, 2(1), 83-102.
  • Clark, T. N. Urban amenities: Lakes, opera, and juice bars: Do they drive development?, in: Clark, T. N., The City as an Entertainment Machine (Research in Urban Policy, Vol. 9), First edition, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, United Kingdom, 2003, 103-140.
  • McGranahan, D. and Wojan, T. 2007. Recasting the creative class to examine growth processes in rural and urban counties. Regional studies, 41(2), 197-216.
  • Trip, J. J. What Makes a City? Planning for Quality of Place': The Case of High-Speed Train Station Area Development (Sustainable Urban Areas Volume 12), First edition, IOS press, The Netherlands, 2007.
  • Wojan, T. R., Lambert, D. M. and McGranahan, D. A. 2007. Emoting with their feet: Bohemian attraction to creative milieu. Journal of economic geography, 7(6), 711-736.
  • Brown, J. and Mczyski, M. 2009. Complexcities: Locational choices of creative knowledge workers. Built Environment, 35(2), 238-252.
  • Clifton, N. and Cooke, P. 2009. Creative knowledge workers and location in Europe and North America: a comparative review. Creative Industries Journal, 2(1), 73-89.
  • Verdich, M. 2010. Creative migration? The attraction and retention of the ‘creative class’ in Launceston, Tasmania. Australian geographer, 41(1), 129-140.
  • Natekal, A. N. 2018. “Creative Class and the Promotion of Sustainability: Insights from the Five-county Region of Southern California”. Ph. D. thesis, University of California, Irvine, Planning, Policy and Design, Irvine, United States, 1-171.
  • Yum, S. 2020. How Can We Measure the Magnitude of Creative Cities? A New Creativity Index: 3Ci. Creativity Research Journal, 32(2), 174-183.
  • Besser, T. L., Miller, N. J. and Malik, R. 2012. Community amenity measurement for the great fly-over zones. Social indicators research, 106(2), 393-405.
  • Esmaeilpoorarabi, N., Yigitcanlar, T., Guaralda, M. and Kamruzzaman, M. 2018. Evaluating place quality in innovation districts: A Delphic hierarchy process approach. Land use policy, 76, 471-486.
  • Zandiatashbar, A., & Hamidi, S. 2018. Impacts of transit and walking amenities on robust local knowledge economy. Cities, 81, 161-171.
  • Heebels, B. and Van Aalst, I. 2010. Creative clusters in Berlin: Entrepreneurship and the quality of place in Prenzlauer Berg and Kreuzberg. Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography, 92(4), 347-363.
  • Kiroff, L. 2017. Auckland and the creative industries: The spatial distribution of the design subsector. Urban Geography, 38(10), 1573-1602.
  • Bereitschaft, B. 2017. Do “creative” and “non-creative” workers exhibit similar preferences for urban amenities? An exploratory case study of Omaha, Nebraska. Journal of Urbanism: International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability, 10(2), 198-216.
  • Saunders, M., Lewis, P. and Thornhill, A. Research Methods For Business Students, Eighth edition, Pearson Education Limited, England, 2019.
  • United States Census Bureau, 2010 Census Regions and Divisions of the United States, 2018. https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-maps/2010/geo/2010-census-regions-and-divisions-of-the-united-states.html .(31 May 2021).
  • Kasarda, J.D., Aerotropolis engines beyond Asia, 2020. https://airport-world.com/aerotropolis-engines-beyond-asia/. (31 May 2021).
  • Kasarda, J. D. Aviation Infrastructure, Competitiveness, and Aerotropolis Development in the Global Economy: Making Shanghai China’s True Gateway City in: Chen, X., Zhou, Z., Shanghai Rising: State Power and Local Transformations in a Global Megacity, First edition, University Of Minnesota Press, United States, 2009, 49-72.
  • Esri, Methodology Statement: 2020 US Business Locations and Business Summary Data, 2020. https://downloads.esri.com/esri_content_doc/dbl/us/J9940_Methodology_Stmt_Business_Locations_Summary_2020.pdf . (31 May 2021).
  • Krueger, S. G. 2012. “Delimiting the postmodern urban center: An analysis of urban amenity clusters in Los Angeles”. Master thesis, University of Southern California, College of Letters, Arts And Sciences, Los Angeles, United States, 1-169.
  • Executive Office of the President Office of Management and Budget, 2017 NAICS Manual, 2017.https://www.census.gov/naics/#:~:text=The%20North%20American%20Industry%20Classification,to%20the%20U.S.%20business%20economy . (31 May 2021).
  • Esri, Business Data, 2020. https://doc.arcgis.com/en/esri-demographics/data/business.htm . (31 May 2021).
  • Van der Heijden, B. and Schaafsma, M. 2020. Amsterdam Zuidas – Schiphol. Urban Development Issues, 68(2), 27–38.
  • Ke, M. 2020. “Mechanisms of industrial clusters in airport landside development”. Ph.D. thesis, Queensland University of Technology, School of Built Environment Science and Engineering Faculty, Brisbane, Australia, 1-293.
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bölgesel Çalışmalar
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Nigel Lai Hong Tse 0000-0003-1778-422X

Arthas Fei Ngong Lam 0000-0003-1768-7665

Cherie Tsz Kiu Tang Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-1996-2352

Mirjam Wiedemann

Kate Quigley 0000-0001-5113-9318

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Temmuz 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Tse, N. L. H., Lam, A. F. N., Tang, C. T. K., Wiedemann, M., vd. (2021). Measuring the quality of place in aerotropolis: A descriptive study on the creative class theory quality of place amenities in operational aerotropolises in the United States. International Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2(3), 61-70.
AMA Tse NLH, Lam AFN, Tang CTK, Wiedemann M, Quigley K. Measuring the quality of place in aerotropolis: A descriptive study on the creative class theory quality of place amenities in operational aerotropolises in the United States. International Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Aralık 2021;2(3):61-70.
Chicago Tse, Nigel Lai Hong, Arthas Fei Ngong Lam, Cherie Tsz Kiu Tang, Mirjam Wiedemann, ve Kate Quigley. “Measuring the Quality of Place in Aerotropolis: A Descriptive Study on the Creative Class Theory Quality of Place Amenities in Operational Aerotropolises in the United States”. International Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2, sy. 3 (Aralık 2021): 61-70.
EndNote Tse NLH, Lam AFN, Tang CTK, Wiedemann M, Quigley K (01 Aralık 2021) Measuring the quality of place in aerotropolis: A descriptive study on the creative class theory quality of place amenities in operational aerotropolises in the United States. International Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2 3 61–70.
IEEE N. L. H. Tse, A. F. N. Lam, C. T. K. Tang, M. Wiedemann, ve K. Quigley, “Measuring the quality of place in aerotropolis: A descriptive study on the creative class theory quality of place amenities in operational aerotropolises in the United States”, International Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics, c. 2, sy. 3, ss. 61–70, 2021.
ISNAD Tse, Nigel Lai Hong vd. “Measuring the Quality of Place in Aerotropolis: A Descriptive Study on the Creative Class Theory Quality of Place Amenities in Operational Aerotropolises in the United States”. International Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics 2/3 (Aralık 2021), 61-70.
JAMA Tse NLH, Lam AFN, Tang CTK, Wiedemann M, Quigley K. Measuring the quality of place in aerotropolis: A descriptive study on the creative class theory quality of place amenities in operational aerotropolises in the United States. International Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 2021;2:61–70.
MLA Tse, Nigel Lai Hong vd. “Measuring the Quality of Place in Aerotropolis: A Descriptive Study on the Creative Class Theory Quality of Place Amenities in Operational Aerotropolises in the United States”. International Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics, c. 2, sy. 3, 2021, ss. 61-70.
Vancouver Tse NLH, Lam AFN, Tang CTK, Wiedemann M, Quigley K. Measuring the quality of place in aerotropolis: A descriptive study on the creative class theory quality of place amenities in operational aerotropolises in the United States. International Journal of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 2021;2(3):61-70.

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