NOx emission reduction through selective catalytic reduction using copper-based Y zeolite catalyst: experimental investigation and characterization

Öz

Growing concerns surrounding global warming and environmental degradation have prompted the widespread adoption of various emission control methodologies, with a particular emphasis on reducing nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) stands out as a highly effective technique, applicable not only to large-scale industrial machinery but also to smaller vehicles, aimed at converting NOx emissions into less harmful nitrogen (N2) using specialized catalysts and reductants. This particular study focuses on synthesizing copper-based Y zeolite and conducting experiments using ethanol as a reductant in the exhaust stream of a two-cylinder diesel engine operating under different loads. Furthermore, the catalyst was subjected to thorough characterization using techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analysis. Results indicate that as temperature and engine load increase, the efficiency of NOx conversion also improves. The highest conversion rate, reaching 94.67%, was achieved at 260°C under a 5 kW load. Additionally, average conversion rates of 90%, 90.70%, and 92.62% were observed for loads of 1 kW, 3 kW, and 5 kW, respectively. These findings not only highlight the effectiveness of SCR technology in reducing NOx emissions but also underscore the potential of copper-based Y zeolite catalysts in this regard. The comprehensive characterization of the catalyst provides valuable insights into its structural and chemical properties, paving the way for further advancements in emission control strategies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Selective catalytic reduction
• NOx emission
• Zeolite
• Characterization

Kaynakça

1. Z. Wang, X. Pan, W. Zhang, Y. Zhao, H. Li, and P. Liu, “The Development Trend of Internal Combustion Engine,” J Phys Conf Ser, vol. 1626, no. 1, p. 012139, Oct. 2020. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1626/1/012139.
2. B. Sajjadi, A. A. A. Raman, and H. Arandiyan, “A comprehensive review on properties of edible and non-edible vegetable oil-based biodiesel: Composition, specifications and prediction models,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 63, pp. 62–92, 84 Sep. 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.035.
3. Arul Gnana Dhas, B. Nagappan, Y. K., A. T., S. Varghese, and C. D., “Effect of nano-86 fluid on reducing the smoke emissions from diesel engine,” Pet Sci Technol, vol. 37, no. 87 22, pp. 2283–2287, Nov. 2019. doi: 10.1080/10916466.2019.1633349.
4. Ş. U. H. Sümer, S. Keiyinci, A. Keskin, H. Özarslan, and Z. Keskin, “The effect of fusel oil as a reductant over the multi-metallic catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NOx in diesel exhaust at low-temperature conditions,” Pet Sci Technol, pp. 1–17, Jul. 2022. doi: 10.1080/10916466.2022.2097262.
5. M. Zyrkowski, M. Motak, B. Samojeden, and K. Szczepanek, “Deactivation of V2O5−WO3/TiO2 DeNOx Catalyst under Commercial Conditions in Power Production Plant,” Energies 2020, Vol. 13, Page 6200, vol. 13, no. 23, p. 6200, Nov. 2020. doi: 10.3390/EN13236200.
6. J. Rodríguez-Fernández, A. Tsolakis, R. F. Cracknell, and R. H. Clark, “Combining GTL fuel, reformed EGR and HC-SCR aftertreatment system to reduce diesel NOx emissions. A statistical approach,” Int J Hydrogen Energy, vol. 34, no. 6, pp. 2789–2799, Mar. 2009. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.01.026.
7. Corma, V. Fornés, and E. Palomares, “Selective catalytic reduction of NO(x) on Cu-beta zeolites,” Appl Catal B, vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 233–242, Feb. 1997. doi: 10.1016/S0926-3373(96)00042-2.
8. M. J. Heimrich and M. L. Deviney, “Lean NOx Catalyst Evaluation and Characterization,” SAE Technical Paper, no. x, Mar. 1993. doi: 10.4271/930736.

9. K. Lee, H. Kosaka, S. Sato, T. Yokoi, B. Choi, and D. Kim, “Effects of Cu loading and zeolite topology on the selective catalytic reduction with C3H6 over Cu/zeolite catalysts,” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 72, pp. 73–86, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.12.005.
10. K. Lee, B. Choi, C. Lee, and K. Oh, “Effects of SiO2/Al2O3 ratio, reaction atmosphere and metal additive on de-NOx performance of HC-SCR over Cu-based ZSM-5,” Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, vol. 90, pp. 132–144, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.07.005.
11. Z. Gao et al., “Influence of Copper Locations on Catalytic Properties and Activities of Cu/SAPO-34 in C 3 H 6 -SCR,” Ind Eng Chem Res, vol. 60, no. 19, pp. 6940–6949, May 2021. doi: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05809.
12. Y. Zhao, B. Choi, and D. Kim, “Effects of Ce and Nb additives on the de-NOx performance of SCR/CDPF system based on Cu-beta zeolite for diesel vehicles,” Chem Eng Sci, vol. 164, pp. 258–269, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.02.009.
13. Z. Keskin, T. Özgür, H. Özarslan, and A. C. Yakaryılmaz, “Effects of hydrogen addition into liquefied petroleum gas reductant on the activity of Ag–Ti–Cu/Cordierite catalyst for selective catalytic reduction system,” Int J Hydrogen Energy, vol. 46, no. 10, pp. 7634–7641, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.11.200.
14. H. A. Habib, R. Basner, R. Brandenburg, U. Armbruster, and A. Martin, “Selective catalytic reduction of NOx of ship diesel engine exhaust gas with C3H6 over Cu/Y zeolite,” ACS Catal, vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 2479–2491, Aug. 2014. doi: 10.1021/cs500348b.
15. H. He, C. Zhang, Y. Wang, L. Zhang, and J. Zeng, “Low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with CO over Nix-MOF-5,” J Mater Sci, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 2502–2513, Jan. 2022. doi: 10.1007/s10853-021-06795-0.
16. P. Predecki, J. Haas, J. Faber, and R. L. Hitterman, “Structural Aspects of the Lattice Thermal Expansion of Hexagonal Cordierite,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol. 70, no. 3, pp. 175–182, Mar. 1987. doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1987.tb04954.x.
17. J. G. Nery, M. V. Giotto, Y. P. Mascarenhas, D. Cardoso, F. M. Z. Zotin, and E. F. Sousa-Aguiar, “Rietveld refinement and solid state NMR study of Nd-, Sm-, Gd-, and Dy- containing Y zeolites,” Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol. 41, no. 1–3, pp. 281–293, Dec. 2000. doi: 10.1016/S1387-1811(00)00304-8.
18. N. Shigapov, G. W. Graham, R. W. McCabe, M. Paputa Peck, and H. Kiel Plummer, “The preparation of high-surface-area cordierite monolith by acid treatment,” Appl Catal A Gen, vol. 182, no. 1, pp. 137–146, Jun. 1999. doi: 10.1016/S0926-860X(99)00003-4.