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Güvenliksiz U-Civata Bağlantısının Kendi̇li̇ği̇nden Gevşemesinin Sonlu Elemanlar Anali̇zi̇ ile İncelenmesi̇

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 1 - 12, 24.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1794093
https://izlik.org/JA66BK76LN

Öz

U-cıvatalı bağlantılar, ağır hizmet tipi araçların süspansiyon sistemlerinde yapısal bütünlüğü sağlamak için yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Montaj sırasında uygulanan ön yük, bağlantının güvenliğini sağlayan ve parçaların ayrılmasını engelleyen temel faktördür. Ancak, tekrarlı enine yükler altında bu ön yük zamanla azalabilir ve bağlantının kendiliğinden gevşemesine yol açarak sistem bütünlüğü ve araç güvenliği açısından ciddi riskler oluşturabilir. Bu nedenle, bu tür bağlantıların ne zaman gevşeyeceğinin öngörülebilmesi araç dayanıklılığı ve güvenliğinin sağlanması açısından kritik öneme sahiptir.
Bu çalışma, ön gerilmeli güvenliksiz U-cıvata bağlantılarının kesme yükü altındaki kendiliğinden gevşeme davranışını sonlu elemanlar analizi (SEA) ile incelemektedir. Boru dingili ile süspansiyon sistemi arasındaki tipik bir U-cıvata bağlantısı modellenmiş ve gerçek kullanım koşullarına uygun bağlantı geometrisi oluşturulmuştur. En kötü durum senaryosu dikkate alınarak, düşey, frenleme ve viraj alma kuvvetlerinin birleşiminden elde edilen maksimum kesme yer değiştirmeleri U-cıvatalara çevrimsel olarak uygulanmıştır. Bu yer değiştirmeler, titreşim kaynaklı gevşeme davranışını simüle etmek için kullanılmıştır.
Analiz sonuçları, hesaplama açısından mümkün olan çevrim sayısının ötesine ekstrapole edilerek %10 tork kaybına ulaşmak için gerekli gevşeme ömrü tahmin edilmiştir. Bulgular, yaklaşık 2170 çevrimlik titreşimin, M27 güvenliksiz U-cıvata bağlantısında kritik ön yük kaybına neden olduğunu göstermektedir. Gevşeme ömrünün nicel olarak belirlenmesinin yanı sıra, gerilme dağılımları ve ön yük azalım eğilimleri de incelenmiştir.
Bu çalışma, SEA yönteminin yalnızca gevşeme olgusunu yeniden üretme değil, aynı zamanda bakım planlaması için öngörü kapasitesi sağlama potansiyelini ortaya koymaktadır. Sayısal öngörülerin yol test verileriyle ilişkilendirilmesi sayesinde maliyetli deneysel çalışmalar en aza indirilebilir. Böylece çalışma, cıvata gevşemesini öngörmek, yeniden sıkma aralıklarını belirlemek ve otomotiv mühendisliği uygulamalarında kestirimci bakım stratejilerini desteklemek için ihtiyatlı fakat pratik bir çerçeve sunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Nishimura, N. ‘Loosening Evaluation of Bolt-Nut Fastener Under Transverse Cyclic Loading’, Engineering Transactions, 61(2), p. 151–160, 2013. doi:10.24423/engtrans.26.
  • Du, J., Qiu, Y. and Li, J. ‘Research on bolt loosening mechanism under sine-on-random coupling vibration excitation’, Machines, 13(2), p. 80. doi:10.3390/machines13020080. Published: 23 January 2025.
  • Zhao, P., Liu, J., Gong, H. and Xue, F. ‘Study on Tightening, Anti-Loosening, and Fatigue Resistance Performances of Bolted Joints with Different Anti-Loosening Washers and Nuts’, Applied Sciences, 13(24), 13253, 2023. doi:10.3390/app132413253.
  • Junker, G. ‘New criteria for self-loosening of fasteners under vibration’, SAE Transactions, 78, pp. 314–335, 1969. doi:10.4271/690055.
  • Sun, L., Liu, S., Muhammad, U. and Zhao, H. ‘Study on bolt loosening mechanism under transverse load considering slip and adhesion status of contact surfaces’, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 224(A), 2024. doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2024.109149.
  • Yang, G., Zhao, H., Yang, L. et al. ‘Bolt loosening evaluation method based on normalized screw root equivalent stress and loosening life curve’, Scientific Reports, 15(1), 2025. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-02936-6.
  • Yamamoto, N., Ohno, T. and Hashimura, S. ‘Loosening phenomenon on thin plates bolted joint due to offset load’, Journal of Advanced Joining Processes, 10, 100247, 2024. doi:10.1016/j.jajp.2024.100247.
  • Güler, B., Şengör, Ö., Yavuz, O. and Öztürk, F. ‘Prediction of self-loosening mechanism and behavior of bolted joints on automotive chassis using artificial intelligence’, Machines, 11(9), p. 895, 2023. doi:10.3390/machines11090895.
  • Zhao, H., Burke, A. and Miller, M. ‘Analysis of Class 8 truck technologies for their fuel savings and economics’, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 23, pp. 55–63, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2013.04.004.
  • Hadi, S., Sumithra, M. D. and Anil Kumar, E. S. ‘Significance of Nut Factor in Fastening of Joints in Engineering Structures’, International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 9(6), 2020. doi:10.35940/ijitee.F4405.049620.
  • Liu, J., Ouyang, H., Ma, L., Zhang, C. and Zhu, M. ‘Numerical and theoretical studies of bolted joints under harmonic shear displacement’, Latin American Journal of Solid and Structures, 12(1), 2015. doi:10.1590/1679-78251379.
  • Saber, M. & Chouikhi, H. ‘Finite Element Analyses of Bolted Joints Using Different Thread Modelling Techniques’, Technical Gazette, 30(1), pp. 178–184, 2022. doi:10.17559/TV-20220504091929.
  • Yuan, L., Sun, M., Yan, G., Que, K., Wang, B., Xu, S., Lian, Y. and Tang, Z. ‘Experimental Study on Loosening and Vibration Characteristics of Vibrating Screen Bolts of Combine Harvester’, Agriculture, 15(7), 749, 2025. doi:10.3390/agriculture15070749.

FEA-based prediction of self-loosening in unsecured u-bolted joints

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 1 - 12, 24.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1794093
https://izlik.org/JA66BK76LN

Öz

U-bolted joints are widely used in heavy-duty vehicle suspension systems to ensure structural integrity under dynamic service conditions. The preload applied during assembly is the key factor that keeps the joint secured and prevents premature separation. However, under repeated transverse loading, preload can gradually decrease, leading to self-loosening of the joint and potential safety risks. This study aims to develop a predictive framework for identifying the self-loosening behavior of unsecured U-bolted joints, focusing on preload degradation under realistic transverse loading conditions. A finite element analysis (FEA) model representing a typical U-bolt connection between a tube axle and suspension system was developed. Cyclic transverse displacements, derived from combined vehicle operating loads, were applied to simulate vibration-induced loosening. The preload decay trend was monitored and extrapolated to determine the loosening threshold. The numerical results reveal a clear progressive reduction in preload under cyclic shear loading, allowing estimation of the vibration cycles leading to critical torque loss. The study demonstrates that unsecured U-bolt joints exhibit predictable loosening behavior when subjected to sustained transverse excitation. The novelty of this work lies in introducing a cycle-based predictive FEA framework specifically tailored for unsecured U-bolted joints under realistic multi-directional service conditions. By correlating numerical predictions with representative road test behavior, the approach enables reduction of costly experimental campaigns while improving the reliability of maintenance planning. This engineering-oriented methodology supports early detection of loosening risk, establishment of optimized re-torque intervals, and implementation of proactive predictive maintenance strategies, thereby enhancing the durability and safety of heavy-duty vehicle suspension systems.

Etik Beyan

I hereby declare that this study is an original study; that I have acted in accordance with the principles and rules of scientific ethics at all stages of the study, including preparation, data collection, analysis and presentation of information; that I have cited sources for all data and information not obtained within the scope of this study and included these sources in the bibliography; that I have not made any changes in the data used, and that I comply with ethical duties and responsibilities by accepting all the terms and conditions of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). If, at any time, a situation contrary to this statement I made about the study is detected, I agree to all moral and legal consequences that may arise.

Destekleyen Kurum

Ege Endüstri ve Ticaret A.Ş.

Teşekkür

Dear Editor, I sincerely appreciate your consideration of our paper, which focuses on the self-loosening life investigation of bolted joints—recognized as critical safety elements in vehicles. It is my expectation that this study will offer meaningful contributions to understanding the issues in this domain and support further advancements in the field. I also would like to expresses gratitude to EGE ENDÜSTRİ VE TİCARET A.Ş. for their invaluable support. Best regards,

Kaynakça

  • Nishimura, N. ‘Loosening Evaluation of Bolt-Nut Fastener Under Transverse Cyclic Loading’, Engineering Transactions, 61(2), p. 151–160, 2013. doi:10.24423/engtrans.26.
  • Du, J., Qiu, Y. and Li, J. ‘Research on bolt loosening mechanism under sine-on-random coupling vibration excitation’, Machines, 13(2), p. 80. doi:10.3390/machines13020080. Published: 23 January 2025.
  • Zhao, P., Liu, J., Gong, H. and Xue, F. ‘Study on Tightening, Anti-Loosening, and Fatigue Resistance Performances of Bolted Joints with Different Anti-Loosening Washers and Nuts’, Applied Sciences, 13(24), 13253, 2023. doi:10.3390/app132413253.
  • Junker, G. ‘New criteria for self-loosening of fasteners under vibration’, SAE Transactions, 78, pp. 314–335, 1969. doi:10.4271/690055.
  • Sun, L., Liu, S., Muhammad, U. and Zhao, H. ‘Study on bolt loosening mechanism under transverse load considering slip and adhesion status of contact surfaces’, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 224(A), 2024. doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2024.109149.
  • Yang, G., Zhao, H., Yang, L. et al. ‘Bolt loosening evaluation method based on normalized screw root equivalent stress and loosening life curve’, Scientific Reports, 15(1), 2025. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-02936-6.
  • Yamamoto, N., Ohno, T. and Hashimura, S. ‘Loosening phenomenon on thin plates bolted joint due to offset load’, Journal of Advanced Joining Processes, 10, 100247, 2024. doi:10.1016/j.jajp.2024.100247.
  • Güler, B., Şengör, Ö., Yavuz, O. and Öztürk, F. ‘Prediction of self-loosening mechanism and behavior of bolted joints on automotive chassis using artificial intelligence’, Machines, 11(9), p. 895, 2023. doi:10.3390/machines11090895.
  • Zhao, H., Burke, A. and Miller, M. ‘Analysis of Class 8 truck technologies for their fuel savings and economics’, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 23, pp. 55–63, 2013. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2013.04.004.
  • Hadi, S., Sumithra, M. D. and Anil Kumar, E. S. ‘Significance of Nut Factor in Fastening of Joints in Engineering Structures’, International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 9(6), 2020. doi:10.35940/ijitee.F4405.049620.
  • Liu, J., Ouyang, H., Ma, L., Zhang, C. and Zhu, M. ‘Numerical and theoretical studies of bolted joints under harmonic shear displacement’, Latin American Journal of Solid and Structures, 12(1), 2015. doi:10.1590/1679-78251379.
  • Saber, M. & Chouikhi, H. ‘Finite Element Analyses of Bolted Joints Using Different Thread Modelling Techniques’, Technical Gazette, 30(1), pp. 178–184, 2022. doi:10.17559/TV-20220504091929.
  • Yuan, L., Sun, M., Yan, G., Que, K., Wang, B., Xu, S., Lian, Y. and Tang, Z. ‘Experimental Study on Loosening and Vibration Characteristics of Vibrating Screen Bolts of Combine Harvester’, Agriculture, 15(7), 749, 2025. doi:10.3390/agriculture15070749.
Toplam 13 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Otomotiv Güvenlik Mühendisliği, Taşıt Tekniği ve Dinamiği
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Fatma Dilay Aksoy 0000-0001-9544-1412

Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Eylül 2025
Kabul Tarihi 19 Ocak 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Mart 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1794093
IZ https://izlik.org/JA66BK76LN
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Aksoy, F. D. (2026). FEA-based prediction of self-loosening in unsecured u-bolted joints. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 15(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1794093
AMA 1.Aksoy FD. FEA-based prediction of self-loosening in unsecured u-bolted joints. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. 2026;15(1):1-12. doi:10.18245/ijaet.1794093
Chicago Aksoy, Fatma Dilay. 2026. “FEA-based prediction of self-loosening in unsecured u-bolted joints”. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 15 (1): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1794093.
EndNote Aksoy FD (01 Mart 2026) FEA-based prediction of self-loosening in unsecured u-bolted joints. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 15 1 1–12.
IEEE [1]F. D. Aksoy, “FEA-based prediction of self-loosening in unsecured u-bolted joints”, International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, c. 15, sy 1, ss. 1–12, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.18245/ijaet.1794093.
ISNAD Aksoy, Fatma Dilay. “FEA-based prediction of self-loosening in unsecured u-bolted joints”. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 15/1 (01 Mart 2026): 1-12. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1794093.
JAMA 1.Aksoy FD. FEA-based prediction of self-loosening in unsecured u-bolted joints. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. 2026;15:1–12.
MLA Aksoy, Fatma Dilay. “FEA-based prediction of self-loosening in unsecured u-bolted joints”. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, c. 15, sy 1, Mart 2026, ss. 1-12, doi:10.18245/ijaet.1794093.
Vancouver 1.Fatma Dilay Aksoy. FEA-based prediction of self-loosening in unsecured u-bolted joints. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. 01 Mart 2026;15(1):1-12. doi:10.18245/ijaet.1794093