Effect of CNG Manifold Injection on the Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a CNG-Biodiesel Dual Fuel Operation

Yıl 2015, , 223 - 244, 22.01.2016

Nagaraj Ramalingayya Banapurmath , Basavarajappa H. Y.

https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.46045

Öz

Energy demand at a global level is increasing day by day and fossil fuel resources are on the verge of becoming extinct. The drastic increase of the oil prices in the global oil market and the increased pollution levels created an interest to find renewable, sustainable and alternative fuels. Natural gas (NG) is considered as a most prominent alternative fuel due to its many advantages including its ready availability and its low emission levels. A diesel engine was converted to operate in dual fuel engine mode in which compressed natural gas (CNG) was injected using a specially developed electronic control unit (ECU) into the intake manifold while injected pilot biodiesel auto ignites and it becomes a source of ignition for CNG. Experimental investigations were conducted over a single cylinder water cooled four stroke dual fuel CI engine test rig operated using diesel, honge methyl ester (HOME), jatropha methyl ester (JOME) and their blends with 15% ethanol as injected pilot fuels and CNG as injected primary fuel. ECU was used for varying the injection timings and injection durations for CNG injection while the optimum injection timing for diesel/biodiesel was maintained at 27°bTDC. The pilot fuel injection pressure was maintained at 230 bar. Engine was operated with constant compression ratio of 17.5 and CNG flow rate was maintained at 0.5 kg/h. The experimental results showed that an injection timing of 5obTDC and injection duration of 60o CA for CNG injection was found to be optimum based on the improved performance, combustion and emission characteristics. The brake thermal efficiency for manifold injected CNG-diesel/biodiesel-ethanol blended dual fuel operation at 80% load was found to be 27.1%, 26.2% and 25.2% for diesel-ethanol blend, HOME-ethanol blend and JOME-ethanol blends respectively. The carbon exhaust emissions and smoke emissions were found to be lesser in CNG injected dual fuel operation compared to CNG inducted dual fuel operation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

CNG, Combustion, Dual fuel engine, Injection strategies, ECU, Injector

Kaynakça

• Banapurmath N.R., Tewari P.G., and Hosmath R.S., Combustion an emission characteristics of a direct injection, compression-ignition operated on Hongeoil, HOME and blends of HOME and diesel. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 2008;1 (2): 80-93.
• Murugesan A., Umarani C., Subramanian R., and Nedunchezhian N., Bio-diesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines - A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2009; 13(3): 653-662.
• Lei J., Bi Y., and Shen L., Performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with ethanol-diesel blends in different altitude regions. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2011; Article ID417421 doi:10.1155/2011/417421.
• Banapurmath N.R., Budzianowski W.M., Basavarajappa Y.H., Hosmath R.S., Yaliwal V.S. and Tewari P.G., Effects of compression ratio, swirl augmentation techniques and ethanol addition on the combustion of CNG–biodiesel, in a dual-fuel engine, International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 2013, DOI:10.1080/19397038.2013.798712
• Karim G.A. and Burn K.S., The Combustion of Gaseous Fuels in a Dual Fuel Engine of the Compression Ignition Type with Particular Reference to Cold Intake Temperature Conditions, Society of Automotive Engineers1980; Paper No. 800263, USA.
• Karim G.A., An Examination of Some Measures for Improving the Performance of Gas Fuelled Diesel Engines at Light Load. Society of Automotive Engineers1991; Paper No. 912366, USA.
• Sahoo B.B., Sahoo N., and Saha U.K., Effect of engine parameters and type of gaseous fuel on the performance of dual-fuel gas diesel engines-A critical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2009;13 : 1151-1184.
• Karim G.A. and Amoozegar N., Determination of the performance of a dual Fuel Diesel Engine with addition of various liquid fuels to the Intake Charge. Society of Automotive Engineers1983 ; Paper No. 830265 USA.
• Papagiannakis R.G. and Hountalas D.T., Experimental investigation concerning the effect of natural gas percentage on performance and emissions of a DI dual fuel engine. Journal of Applied Thermal Engineering2003; 23: 353-356.
• Carlucci A.P., de Risi A., Laforgia D and Naccarato F., Experimental investigation and combustion analysis of a direct injection dual-fuel diesel–natural gas engine. Energy 2008;33(2): 256-263.
• Srinivasan K.K., Qi Y, Krishnan S..R, Yang H and Midkiff K.C., Effect of hot exhaust gas recirculation on the performance and emissions of an advanced injection low pilot-ignited natural gas engine. International Journal of Engine Research 2007;01: 8(3):289-3032006.
• Jie Liu, Fuyuan Yang, Hewu Wang, Minggao Ouyang, Shougang Hao, Effects of pilot fuel quantity on the emissions characteristics of a CNG/diesel dual fuel engine with optimized pilot injection timing. J. Applied Energy 2013;110: 201–206
• Banapurmath N.R., Tewari P.G. and Hosmath R.S., Effect of biodiesel derived from Hongeoil and its blends with diesel when directly injected at different injection pressures and injection timings in single-cylinder water-cooled compression ignition engine. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part A: Journal of Power and Energy2009; 223: 31-40.
• Banapurmath N.R., and Tewari P.G., Performance combustion and emissions characteristics of a single cylinder compression ignition engine operated on ethanol-biodiesel blended fuels. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy 2010; 224; 533-543.
• Banapurmath, N.R., Marikatti, M.K., Hunashyal, A.M., and Tewari, P.G., Combustion characteristics of a four-stroke CI engine operated on Honge and Jatropha oil methyl ester-ethanol blends when directly injected and dual fuelled with CNG induction. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering 2011;4(2): 145-152.
• Nwafor O.M.I., Effect of advanced injection timing on emission characteristics of diesel engine running on natural gas. Renewable Energy 2007; 32: 2361-2368.
• Raheman H., and Phadatare A.G., Diesel engine emissions and performance from blends of karanja methyl ester and diesel. Biomass and Bioenergy 2004;27: 393-397.
• Selim M.Y.E., Radwan M.S., and. Saleh H.E., Improving the performance of dual fuel engines running on natural gas/LPG by using pilot fuel derived from jojoba seeds. Renewable Energy 2008;33(6): 1173-1185.
• Karim G.A., The Dual fuel Engine, A chapter in Automotive Engine Alternatives, Edited by R.L. Evens bleham press 1987.
• Karim G.A., Jones W and Raine R.R., Examination of the Ignition Delay Period in Dual Fuel Engines. Society of Automotive Engineers;1989, Paper No. 892140, USA.
• Ryu K., Effects of pilot injection timing on the combustion and emissions characteristics in a diesel engine using biodiesel–CNG dual fuel, Applied Energy 2013;111: 721–730
• Selim M.Y.E., Effect of engine parameters and gaseous fuel type on the cyclic variability of dual fuel engines. Fuel 2005; 84: 961-971.
• Bahman N., Vahab P., Gholamhassan N., Talal Y., Barat G., Experimental investigation of performance and emission parameters of a small diesel engine using CNG and biodiesel, Society of Automotive Engineers2007;32:0075.
• Yasufumi Y, Combustion Characteristics of a Dual Fuel Diesel Engine with Natural Gas (Study with Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Used as auto ignition Fuels), Society of Automotive Engineers2010; Paper Number: 32:0050.
• Heywood J.B., Internal combustion engine fundamentals (New York: McGraw Hill), 1988.
• Sayin C., Uslu K., and Canakci M., Influence of injection timing on the exhaust emissions of a dual-fuel CI engine. Renewable Energy 2008; 33: 1314- 1323.
• Banapurmath N.R., Basavarajappa Y.H., and Tewari P.G., Effect of mixing chamber venturi, injection timing, compression ratio and EGR on the performance of dual-fuel engine operated with HOME and CNG, International Journal of Sustainable Engineering2012; Volume 5, Issue 3 : pp 265-279.
• Ishida M., Tagai T and Ueki H., Effect of EGR and preheating on natural gas combustion assisted with gas oil in a Diesel engine. JSME 2003; 46: 124–129.
• McTaggart-Cowan G., Bushe W.K., Hill P.G., and Munshi S.R., NOX reduction from a heavy-duty diesel engine with direct injection of natural gas and cooled exhaust gas recirculation. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers2004; Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, International Journal of Engine Research: 5(2).
• Srinivasan K.K., The advanced injection low pilot ignited natural gas engine: A combustion analysis. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power2006; 128: 213-218.
• Barnwal B.K., and Sharma M.P., Prospects of biodiesel production from vegetable oils in India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2005; 9: 363-378.
• Agarwal A.K., Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 2006; 33: 233-271.
• Rao P.V., Experimental investigations on the influence of properties of jatropha biodiesel on performance,Combustion and emission characteristics of a DI-CI engine, World academy of science, Engineering and Technology2011;75:855-868.
• Shasby B.M., Alternative Fuels:Incompletely Addressing the Problems of the automobile2004; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA.
• Semin, Awang Idris, Rosli Abu Bakar, An Overview of Compressed Natural Gas as
• an Alternative Fuel and Malaysian Scenario, European Journal of Scientific Research2009;
• -1: 6-15.
• Czerwinski J., Comte P and Zimmerli Y., Investigations of the gas injection system on a HDCNG-Engine. Society of Automotive Engineers2003; SP 1473: 11-22.
• Hyun G., Nogami M., Hosoyama K., Senda J and Fujimoto H., Flow characteristics in transient gas jet. Society of Automotive Engineers1995;Paper 950847.
• Fujimoto H, Hyun G, Nogami M, Hirakawa K, Asai T and. Senda J., Characteristics of free and impinging gas jets by means of image processing. Society of Automotive Engineers1995; Paper 970045.
• How H.G., Mohamad T.I., Abdullah S., Ali Y., Shamsudeen A and. Adril E., “Experimental investigation of performance and emission of a sequential port injection natural gas engine,” European Journal of Scientific Research2009; vol. 30, pp. 204-214,.
• Turns S.R., An introduction to combustion: concepts and applications. Boston: WCB/McGraw-Hill; 2000.
• Saravanan N., and Nagarajan G., Performance and emission studies on port injection of hydrogen with varied flow rates with Diesel as an ignition source, Applied Energy 2010;87: 2218–2229
• Jennings M.J., and Jeske F.R., Analysis of the injection process in direct injected natural gas engines: Part ii-effects of injector and combustion chamber design. Trans. ASME1994; 116: 806-813.
• Tree D.R., Svensson K.I., Soot processes in compression ignition engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 2007;33(3):272–309
• Xingcai L, Jianguang Y, Wugao Z and Zhen H., Effect of cetane number improver on heat release rate and emissions of high speed diesel engine fuelled with ethanol diesel blend fuel. Fuel 2004; 83: 2013-2020.
• Obert, E. F., Internal combustion engines: analysis and practice, Burgess Hill Jennings, International Textbook Co., 1950.
• Saanum I., Bysveen M., Hustad J.E., Study of particulate matter-, NOx- and hydrocarbon emissions from a diesel engine fueled with diesel oil and biodiesel with fumigation of hydrogen, methane and propane, Society of Automotive Engineers 2008;01:1809.
• Zhang Y, Boehman A.L., Impact of biodiesel on NOx emissions in s common rail direct injection diesel engine, Energy and Fuels 2007;21: 2003.
• Seung Hyun Yoon, Chang Sik Lee, Experimental investigation on the combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of biogas–biodiesel dual-fuel combustion in a CI engine, Fuel Processing Technology 2011;92 : 992–1000.
• Papagiannakis R..G, Rakopoulos C.D., Hountalas D.T., Rakopoulos D.C., Emission characteristics of high speed, dual fuel, compression ignition engine operating in a wide range of natural gas/diesel fuel proportions. Fuel 2010;89: 1397-1406.
• Papagiannakis, R.G., Hountalas, D.T., and Rigopoulos, C.D., Theoretical study of the effects of pilot fuel quantity and its injection timing on the performance and emissions of a dual fuel diesel engine. Energy Conversion and Management 2007, 48: 2951-2961.
• Saravanan N., Nagarajan G., Performance and emission studies on port injection of hydrogen with varied flow rates with Diesel as an ignition source, Applied Energy 2010;87: 2218–2229
• Seung Hyun Yoon, Chang Sik Lee, Experimental investigation on the combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of biogas–biodiesel dual-fuel combustion in a CI engine, Fuel Processing Technology 2011;92: 992–1000.
• Bahman Najafi, Vahab Pirouzpanah, Gholamhassan Najafi, Talal Yusaf, Barat Ghobadian, Experimental Investigation of Performance and Emission Parameters of a Small Diesel Engine Using CNG and Biodiesel , Society of Automotive Engineers 2007; Paper Number: 2007-32.
• Budzianowski, W.M., A comparative framework for recirculating combustion of gases, Archivum Combustionis 2010a ;30(1-2): 25-36.