A Review Study on the Using of Diethyl Ether in Diesel Engines: Effects on NOx Emissions

Öz

This study was compiled from the results of various researches performed on using diethyl ether as a fuel or fuel additive in diesel engines. Three different techniques have used the reduction of the harmful exhaust emissions of diesel engines. The first technique for the reduction of harmful emissions has improved the combustion by modification of engine design and fuel injection system, but this process is expensive and time-consuming. The second technique is the using various exhaust gas devices like catalytic converter and diesel particulate filter. However, the use of these devices affects negatively diesel engine performance. The final technique to reduce emissions and improve diesel engine performance is the use of various alternative fuels or fuel additives. The major pollutants of diesel engines are an oxide of nitrogen (NOx) and smoke or particulate matter (PM). It is very difficult to reduce NOx and PM simultaneously in practice. The most researches declare that the best way to reduce is the use of various alternative fuels i.e. natural gas, biogas, biodiesel or using additives with alternative fuels or conventional diesel fuel. Therefore, it is very important that the results of various studies on alternative fuels or fuel additives are evaluated together to practical applications. Especially, this study focuses on the use of diethyl ether in diesel engines as fuel or fuel additive in various diesel engine fuels. This review study investigates the effects of diethyl ether addition on the NOx emissions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Diesel engine performance,NOx emissions,Fuel additives

Kaynakça

1. Manikandan R, Sethuraman N. Experimental investigation of nano additive ceric oxide (CeO2)-ethanol blend on single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. International Journal of Recent Development in Engineering and Technology 2014; 3(2): 24-28.
2. Londhekar AG, Kongre SC. Effects of different additives on performance and emission of biodiesel fuelled compression ignition engine. International Journal of Science and Research 2017; 6(2): 1947-1952.
3. Hagos FY, Ali OM, Mamat R, Abdullah AA. Effect of emulsification and blending on the oxygenation and substitution of diesel fuel for compression ignition engine. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2017; 75: 1281-1294.
4. Patil RN, Marlapalle BG. Karanja (pongamia pinnata) biodiesel as an alternative fuel for DICI engine: A review. International Journal of Research in Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering 2016; 4(1): 96-101.
5. Geng P, Cao E, Tan Q, Wei L. Effects of alternative fuels on the combustion characteristics and emission products from diesel engines: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2017; 71: 523-534.
6. Kumar BR, Saravanan S. Use of higher alcohol biofuels in diesel engines: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016; 60: 84-115.
7. Patil AR, Taji SG. Effect of oxygenated fuel additive on diesel engine performance and emission: a review. Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering 2013; X: 30-35
8. Senthilkumar R, Ramadoss K, Manimaran R, Prabu M. Emission, combustion, performance and characteristics of a CI engine using MTBE blended diesel fuel. International Conference on Advances in Engineering, Science and Management (lCAESM); March 30-31, 2012; 360-364.

9. Saravanakumar L, Bapu BRR, Prasad BD. Performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine operating on methyl esters blended diesel with di-methyl carbonate additives. International Energy Journal 2014; 14: 121-132.
10. Jawre SS, Bhagat A, Moghe SM, Pakhale VA. Diethyl ether as additive and its effect on diesel engine performance-a review. Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering 2016; 1(5): 27-31.
11. Chauhan BS, Singh RK, Cho HM, Lim HC. Practice of diesel fuel blends using alternative fuels: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2016; 59: 1358-1368.
12. Valipour A. A review on effect of fuel additives on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of diesel and biodiesel fuelled engine. International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management 2014; 3(1): 366-273.
13. Krishnamoorthi M, Malayalamurthi R. A review on effect of diethyl ether additive on combustion, performance and emission characteristics of a diesel and biodiesel/vegetable oil fuelled engine. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences 2016; 10(7): 9-17.
14. Bailey B, Eberhardt J, Goguen S, Erwin J. Diethyl ether (DEE) as a renewable diesel fuel. SAE Technical Paper 1997; Paper no: 972978.
15. Sezer I. Thermodynamic, performance and emission investigation of a diesel engine running on dimethyl ether and diethyl ether. International Journal of Thermal Sciences 2011; 50: 1594-1603.
16. Mohan B, Yang W, Yu W, Tay KL. Numerical analysis of spray characteristics of dimethyl ether and diethyl ether fuel. Applied Energy 2017; 185: 1403-1410.
17. Rakopoulos DC, Rakopoulos CD, Giakoumis EG, Dimaratos AM. Characteristics of performance and emissions in high-speed direct injection diesel engine fueled with diethyl ether/diesel fuel blends. Energy 2012; 43: 214-224.
18. Rakopoulos DC, Rakopoulos CD, Giakoumis EG, Dimaratos AM. Studying combustion and cyclic irregularity of diethyl ether as supplement fuel in diesel engine. Fuel 2013; 109: 325-335.
19. Patil KR, Thipse SS. The effect of injection timing on the performance and emission of direct injection CI engine running on diethyl ether-diesel blends. International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering 2016; 13 (3): 3773-3787.
20. Rathod PH, Darunde DS. Experimental investigation and performance analysis of diethyl ether (DEE) and tert-amyl ethyl ether (TAEE) blend with diesel in C.I.D.I. engine: a review. International Journal of Research In Science & Engineering 2015; 2 (1): 137-142.
21. Karthik AV, Kumar SP. Experimental study of 4-stroke diesel engine blending with alternate fuel diethyl ether (DEE) and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system. International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing 2016; 6: 7054-7058.
22. Banapurmath NR, Khandal SV, Ranganatha SL, Chandrashekar TK. Alcohol (ethanol and diethyl ethyl ether)-diesel blended fuels for diesel engine applications-a feasible solution. Advances in Automobile Engineering 2015; 4(1): 1-8.
23. Lee S, Kim TY. Performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine operated with diesel/DEE blended fuel. Applied Thermal Engineering 2017; 121: 454-461.
24. Saravanan D, Vijayakumar T, Thamaraikannan M. Experimental analysis of combustion and emissions characteristics of CI engine powered with diethyl ether blended diesel as fuel. Research Journal of Engineering Sciences 2012; 1 (4): 41-47.
25. Ibrahim A. Investigating the effect of using diethyl ether as a fuel additive on diesel engine performance and combustion. Applied Thermal Engineering 2016; 107: 853-862.
26. Likhitha SSS, Prasad BD, Kumar RV. Investigation on the effect of diethyl ether additive on the performance of variable compression ratio diesel engine. International Journal of Engineering Research 2014; 3 (1): 11-15.
27. Kumar RS, Nagaprasad KS. Investigation on diesel engine performance by injecting di-ethyl ether as an additive with exhaust gas recirculation using diesel particulate filter. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 2014; 3 (8); 15192-15200.
28. Balamurugan T, Nalini R. Comparative study on performance and emission in four stroke diesel engine using different blended fuel. International Journal of Current Research and Development 2016; 4 (1): 58-64.
29. Madhu S, Chaitanya AVK, Bridjesh P. effects of diethyl ether on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using toroidal profile bowl piston by varying injection pressure. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 2017; 8 (6): 96-106.
30. Danesha D, Manjunath H. Production and characterization of biodiesel from Simarouba Glauca seed oil with diethyl ether as an additive and its performance and emission evaluation on single cylinder, four stroke C.I engine. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology 2016; 5 (13): 64-68.
31. PrasadaRao BVV, HariBabu N, Ramana MV. The role of oxygenated fuel additive (DEE) along with palm methyl ester and diesel to estimate performance and emission analysis of DI-diesel engine. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology 2014; 3 (1): 1-9.
32. Cinar C, Can Ö, Sahin F, Yucesu HS. Effects of premixed diethyl ether (DEE) on combustion and exhaust emissions in a HCCI-DI diesel engine. Applied Thermal Engineering 2010; 30: 360-365.
33. Iranmanesh M. Experimental investigations about the effect of new combination of biofuels on simultaneous reduction of NOx and smoke emissions in DI-diesel engine. International Journal of Automotive Engineering 2013; 3 (2), 379-392.
34. Sudhakar S, Sivaprakasam S. Experimental investigation on combustion characteristics in DI diesel engine using diethyl ether fumigation with ethanol blended diesel. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 2014; 4 (4): 872-878.
35. Sudhakar S, Sivaprakasam S. Effects of diethyl ether fumigation in DI diesel engine using bio ethanol blended diesel. International Journal of Innovation and Scientific Research 2014; 11 (1): 65-71.
36. Sudhakar S, Sivaprakasam S. The effect of exhaust gas recirculation on diethyl ether fumigation in DI diesel engine with ethanol blended diesel. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology 2014; 3 (10): 538-548.
37. Paul A, Bose PK, Panua RS, Debroy D. Study of performance and emission characteristics of a single cylinder CI engine using diethyl ether and ethanol blends. Journal of the Energy Institute 2015; 88: 1-10.
38. Paul A, Panua RS, Debroy D, Bose PK. Effect of diethyl ether and ethanol on performance, combustion, and emission of single cylinder compression ignition engine. International Journal of Ambient Energy 2017; 38 (1): 2-13.
39. Lukhman MM, Sadees P, Pradeep V, Murali M. Experimental investigation on diethyl ether as an ignition improver in diesel- ethanol emulsified fuel for C.I. engine. International Conference on Systems, Science, Control, Communication, Engineering and Technology 2016; 2: 554-560.
40. Kumar MM, Reddy SSK. Performance characteristics of single cylinder DI diesel engine by using di-ethyl ether as an additive with diesel ethanol blend. International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research 2015; 4 (9): 3272-3275.
41. Patnaik PP, Jena SP, Acharya SK, Das HC. Effect of FeCl3 and diethyl ether as additives on compression ignition engine emissions. Sustainable Environment Research 2017; 27: 154-161.
42. Patil KR, Thipse SS. Experimental investigation of CI engine combustion, performance and emissions in DEE-kerosene-diesel blends of high DEE concentration. Energy Conversion and Management 2015; 89: 396-408.
43. Mahla SK, Kumar S, Shergill H, Kumar A. Study the performance characteristics of acetylene gas in dual fuel engine with diethyl ether blends. International Journal on Emerging Technologies 2012; 3 (1): 80-83.
44. Sudheesh K, Mallikarjuna JM. Diethyl ether as an ignition improver for biogas homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) operation-an experimental investigation. Energy 2010; 35: 3614-3622.
45. Jothi NKM, Nagarajan G, Renganarayanan S. Experimental studies on homogeneous charge CI engine fueled with LPG using DEE as an ignition enhancer. Renewable Energy 2007; 32: 1581-1593.
46. Karabektas M, Ergen G, Hosoz M. The effects of using diethylether as additive on the performance and emissions of a diesel engine fuelled with CNG. Fuel 2014; 115: 855-860.
47. Polat S. An experimental study on combustion, engine performance and exhaust emissions in a HCCI engine fuelled with diethyl ether-ethanol fuel blends. Fuel Processing Technology 2016; 143: 140-150.
48. Mack JH, Buchholz BA, Flowers DL, Dibble RW. The effect of the di-tertiary butyl peroxide (DTBP) additive on HCCI combustion of fuel blends of ethanol and diethyl ether. Society of Automotive Engineering 2015; Paper no: 2005-01-2135.
49. Pranesh G, Samuel PM, Thankachan B, Manimaran M, Silambarasan R. Performance and emission characteristics of blending diethyl ether in cotton seed oil methyl ester using a direct injection diesel engine. International Journal on Applications in Mechanical and Production Engineering 2015; 1 (6): 14-16.
50. Rakopoulos DC. Combustion and emissions of cottonseed oil and its bio-diesel in blends with either n-butanol or diethyl ether in HSDI diesel engine. Fuel 2013; 105: 603-613.
51. Rakopoulos DC, Rakopoulos CD, Kyritsis DC. Butanol or DEE blends with either straight vegetable oil or biodiesel excluding fossil fuel: Comparative effects on diesel engine combustion attributes, cyclic variability and regulated emissions trade-off. Energy 2016; 115: 314-325.
52. Rakopoulos DC, Rakopoulos CD, Giakoumis EG, Papagiannakis RG, Kyritsis DC. Influence of properties of various common bio-fuels on the combustion and emission characteristics of high-speed DI (direct injection) diesel engine: Vegetable oil, bio-diesel, ethanol, n-butanol, diethyl ether. Energy 2014; 73: 354-366.
53. Krishna R, Bandewar AG, Dongare VK. Experimental investigations of blending diethyl ether in karanja vegetable oil using a multi-cylinder diesel engine. International Journal of Research and Innovative Technology 2014; 1 (5): 70-73.
54. Singh I, Sahni V. Performance analysis of the compression ignition engine using karanja biodiesel with additive diethyl ether. Int'l Conference on Aeronautical, Automotive and Manufacturing Engineering 2015; 9-12.
55. Jawre SS, Lawankar SM. Performance analysis of Kusum methyl ester as alternative bio-fuel in diesel engine with diethyl ether as additive. International Journal of Innovative Research & Development 2014; 3 (5): 139-144.
56. Jawre SS, Lawankar SM. Experimental analysis of performance of diesel engine using kusum methyl ester with diethyl ether as additive. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications 2014; 4 (5): 106-111.
57. Rao KP, Reddi VL. Performance evaluation of diesel engine with biodiesel along with additive for replacing diesel fuel. Int. J. Chem. Sci. 2016; 14 (4): 2379-2388.
58. Babu PR, Rao KP, Rao BVA. The role of oxygenated fuel additive (DEE) along with mahuva methyl ester to estimate performance and emission analysis of DI-diesel engine. International Journal of Thermal Technologies 2012; 2(1): 119-123.
59. Sivalakshmi S, Balusamy T. Effect of biodiesel and its blends with diethyl ether on the combustion, performance and emissions from a diesel engine. Fuel 2013; 106: 106-110.
60. Ali OM, Mamat R, Faizal CKM. Effects of diethyl ether additives on palm biodiesel fuel characteristics and low temperature flow properties. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology 2013; 52: 111-120.
61. Ali OM, Yusaf T, Mamat R, Abdullah NR, Abdullah AA. Influence of chemical blends on palm oil methyl esters’ cold flow properties and fuel characteristics. Energies 2014; 7: 4364-4380.
62. Kumar JS, Prasad SVM. Experimental study on performance characteristics of C.I. engine fueled with biodiesel and its blends diethyl ether. International Journal & Magazine of Engineering, Technology, Management and Research 2014; 1 (8): 36-40.
63. Satyanarayanamurthy YVV. Experimental investigations of real time secondary co-injection of water-diethyl ether solution in DI-diesel engine fuelled with palm kernel methyl ester. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology 2012; 7 (6): 711-721.
64. Rajan K, Prabhahar M, Senthilkumar KR. Experimental studies on the performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a biodiesel-fuelled (pongamia methyl ester) diesel engine with diethyl ether as an oxygenated fuel additive. International Journal of Ambient Energy 2016; 37 (5): 439-445.
65. Geo VE, Nagarajan G, Nagalingam B. Studies on improving the performance of rubber seed oil fuel for diesel engine with DEE port injection. Fuel 2010; 89: 3559-3567.
66. Hariharan S, Murugan S, Nagarajan G. Effect of diethyl ether on tyre pyrolysis oil fueled diesel engine. Fuel 2013; 104: 109-115.
67. Devaraj J, Robinson Y, Ganapathi P. Experimental investigation of performance, emission and combustion characteristics of waste plastic pyrolysis oil blended with diethyl ether used as fuel for diesel engine. Energy 2015; 85: 304-309.
68. Kaimal VK, Vijayabalan P. An investigation on the effects of using DEE additive in a DI diesel engine fuelled with waste plastic oil. Fuel 2016; 180: 90-96.
69. Barik D, Murugan S. Effects of diethyl ether (DEE) injection on combustion performance and emission characteristics of Karanja methyl ester (KME)–biogas fueled dual fuel diesel engine. Fuel 2016; 164: 286-296.
70. Sachuthananthan B, Jeyachandran K. Combustion, performance and emission characteristics of water-biodiesel emulsion as fuel with DEE as ignition improver in a DI diesel engine. Journal of Environmental Research and Development 2007; 2 (2): 164-172.
71. Krishnamoorthi M, Malayalamurthi R. Experimental investigation on performance, emission behavior and exergy analysis of a variable compression ratio engine fueled with diesel-aegle marmelos oil-diethyl ether blends. Energy 2017; 128: 312-328.
72. Roy MM, Calder J, Wang W, Mangad A, Diniz FCM. Cold start idle emissions from a modern Tier-4 turbo-charged diesel engine fueled with diesel-biodiesel, diesel-biodiesel-ethanol, and diesel-biodiesel-diethyl ether blends. Applied Energy 2016; 180: 52-65.
73. Kumar A, Rajan K, Naraynan MR, Kumar KRS. Performance and emission characteristics of a DI diesel engine fuelled with Cashew Nut Shell Oil (CNSO)-diesel blends with Diethyl ether as additive. Applied Mechanics and Materials 2015; 787: 746-750.
74. Kumar A, Rajan K, Kumar KRS, Maiyappan K, Rasheed UT. Green fuel utilization for diesel engine, combustion and emission analysis fuelled with CNSO diesel blends with diethyl ether as additive. Materials Science and Engineering 2017; 197: 1-10.
75. Ganesha T, Chethan KS. An experimental investigation of the performance and emission of diesel engine fueled with cashew shell oil methyl ester (CSOME) and it’s blend with diethyl ether and conventional diesel. Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research 2016; 2 (9): 922-929.
76. Srihari S, Thirumalini S, Prashanth K. An experimental study on the performance and emission characteristics of PCCI-DI engine fuelled with diethyl ether-biodiesel-diesel blends. Renewable Energy 2017; 107: 440-447.
77. Karthick D, Dwarakesh R, Premnath. Combustion and emission characteristics of jatropha blend as a biodiesel for compression ignition engine with variation of compression ratio. International Review of Applied Engineering Research 2014; 4 (1): 39-46.
78. Satya VPU, Murthy KM, Rao GAP. Effective utilization of B20 blend with oxygenated additives. Thermal Science 2011; 15 (4): 1175-1184.
79. Abraham BC, Thomas AJ. Performance evaluation of biodiesel with a combustion enhancer additive. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology 2015; 6(8): 118-125.
80. Firew D, Babu NR, Didwania M. The performance evaluation of diethyl-ether (DEE) additive with diesel blends using diesel engine test rig. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research 2016; 7(6): 23-29.
81. Prasad USV, Madhu Murthy K, Amba Prasad RG. Effect of oxygenated additives on control of emissions in a DI diesel engine using biodiesel-diesel blends. International Conference on Mechanical, Automobile and Robotics Engineering 2012; 256-260.
82. Biradar CH, Subramanian KA, Dastidar MG. Performance improvement and emissions reduction of a DI diesel engine for use of karanja biodiesel-diesel blend (B20) using diethyl ether. SAE 2011; Paper no: 2011-26-0004.
83. Manickam AR, Rajan K, Manoharan N, Senthil Kumar KR. Experimental analysis of a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel blend using di-ethyl ether as fuel additives. International Journal of Engineering and Technology 2014; 6 (5): 2412-2420.
84. Channe PK, Kulkarni RK. Performance testing of diesel engine using KME and DEE blends with kerosene: a review. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering 2015; 3(6): 1-5.
85. Nagdeote DD, Deshmukh MM. Experimental study of diethyl ether and ethanol additives with biodiesel-diesel blended fuel engine. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering 2012; 2 (3): 195-199.
86. Vadivel N, Somasundaram P, Krishnamoorthi M. Performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine fueled with diesel -biodiesel (mahua/mustard) blend with diethyl ether additive. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2015; 7: 109-115.
87. Mallikarjun MV, Mamilla VR, Rao GLN. NOx emission control techniques when CI engine is fuelled with blends of mahua methyle esters and diesel. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Emerging Technologies 2013; 4 (2): 96-104.
88. Sudhakar S, Sivaprakasam S. Potential of diethyl ether blends with biodiesel in DI diesel engine-an experimental investigation. International Journal of Research in Engineering & Advanced Technology 2014; 2 (5): 1-6.
89. Krishnamoorthi M. Exergy analysis of diesel engine powered by diesel-mustard biodiesel blend with diethyl ether as additive. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research 2015; 7 (8): 809-816.
90. Sathiyamoorthi R, Sankaranarayanan G, Pitchandi K. Combined effect of nanoemulsion and EGR on combustion and emission characteristics of neat lemongrass oil (LGO)-DEE-diesel blend fuelled diesel engine. Applied Thermal Engineering 2017; 112: 1421-1432.
91. Imtenan S, Masjuki HH, Varman M, Rizwanul Fattah IM, Sajjad H, Arbab MI. Effect of n-butanol and diethyl ether as oxygenated additives on combustion-emission-performance characteristics of a multiple cylinder diesel engine fuelled with diesel-jatropha biodiesel blend. Energy Conversion and Management 2015; 94: 84-94.
92. Akshatha DS, Manavendra G, Kumarappa S. Performance evaluation of Neem biodiesel on CI engine with diethyl ether as additive. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology 2013; 2(8): 3729-3736.
93. Kumar JV, Rao CJ. Experimental investigation of performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine working on diesel and neem oil blend with diethyl ether as additive. International Journal of Technological Exploration and Learning 2014; 3(5): 581-588.
94. Annamalai K, Kumar ARP, Premkartik K. Adelfa (NOME-Nerium Oil Methyl Ester) with DEE as the fuel additive for NOx reduction in DI Diesel engines-An experimental investigation. Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research 2014; 73: 627-632.
95. Ali OM, Mamat R, Masjuki HH, Abdullah AA. Analysis of blended fuel properties and cycle-to-cycle variation in a diesel engine with a diethyl ether additive. Energy Conversion and Management 2016; 108: 511-519.
96. Ali OM, Mamat R, Najafi G, Yusaf T, Ardebili SMS. Optimization of biodiesel-diesel blended fuel properties and engine performance with ether additive using statistical analysis and response surface methods. Energies 2015; 8: 14136-14150.
97. Ali OM, Mamat R, Abdullah NR, Abdullah AA. Investigation of blended palm biodiesel-diesel fuel properties with oxygenated additive. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2016; 11(8): 5289-5293.
98. Imtenan S, Masjukia HH, Varmana M, Arbaba MI, Sajjada H, Rizwanul Fattaha IM, Abedina MJ, Md. Hasib AS. Emission and performance improvement analysis of biodiesel-diesel blends with additives. Procedia Engineering 2014; 90: 472-477.
99. Imtenan S, Varman M, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Sajjad H, Arbab MI. Effect of DEE as an oxygenated additive on palm biodiesel-diesel blend in the context of combustion and emission characteristics on a medium duty diesel engine. 4th International Conference on Environmental, Energy and Biotechnology 2015; 85: 100-104.
100. Varaprasad KS, Rao HSB. Experimental investigation on engine performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine operating on palm oil biodiesel blends with diethyl ether as an additive. International Journal of Research and Innovation 2017.
101. Muneeswaran R, Thansekhar MR, Varatharajan K. Effect of diethyl ether addition to palm stearin biodiesel blends on NOx emissions from a diesel engine. Asian Journal of Research in Social Sciences and Humanities 2016; 6 (9): 1382-1394.
102. Samuel KJ, Raj RTK, Sreenivasulu N, Rajasekhar Y, Edison G, Saco SA. An experimental study on performance and emissions of a direct ignition diesel engine with crude pongamia, pongamia methyl ester and diethyl ether blended with diesel. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research 2016; 6 (4): 1506-1515.
103. Pugazhvadivu M, Rajagopan S. Investigations on a diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel blends and diethyl ether as an additive. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2009; 2 (5): 31-35.
104. Muneeswaran R, Thansekhar MR. Reduction of NOx emission in biodiesel (soyabean) fuelled DI diesel engine by cetane improver. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 2015; 10 (7): 2968-2973.
105. Navaneethakrishnan P, Vasudevan D. Experimental study on performance and exhaust emission characteristics of a C.I. engine fuelled with tri compound oxygenated diesel fuel blends. Indian Journal of Science and Technology 2015; 8 (4): 307-313.
106. Tudu K, Murugan S, Patel SK. Effect of diethyl ether in a DI diesel engine run on a tyre derived fuel-diesel blend. Journal of the Energy Institute 2016; 89: 525-535.
107. Murugan S, Tudu K, Patel SK. Performance and emission studies of a naturally aspirated diesel engine. Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 2017; 5 (5): 359-365.
108. Krishnamoorthi M, Natarajan A. Performance and emission characteristics of a CI engine fueled with diesel-waste fried oil blend with DEE as additive. International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology 2015; 3 (5): 65-72.
109. Senthil R, Sivakumar E, Silambarasan R. Effect of diethyl ether on the performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine using biodiesel-eucalyptus oil blends. RSC Advances 2015; 5: 54019-54027.
110. Venu H, Madhavan V. Effect of diethyl ether and Al2O3 nano additives in diesel-biodiesel-ethanol blends: performance, combustion and emission characteristics. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 2017; 31 (1): 409-420.
111. Venu H, Madhavan V. Effect of nano additives (titanium and zirconium oxides) and diethyl ether on biodiesel-ethanol fuelled CI engine. Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology 2016; 30 (5): 2361-2368.
112. Qi DH, Chen H, Geng LM, Bian YZ. Effect of diethyl ether and ethanol additives on the combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel-diesel blended fuel engine. Renewable Energy 2011; 36: 1252-1258.
113. Venu H, Madhavan V. Influence of diethyl ether (DEE) addition in ethanol-biodiesel-diesel (EBD) and methanol-biodiesel-diesel (MBD) blends in a diesel engine. Fuel 2017; 189: 377-390.
114. Shinde S, Yadav SD. Theoretical properties prediction of diesel-biodiesel-DEE blend as a fuel for C.I. engine with required modifications for optimum performance. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology 2016; 6 (5): 1562-1567.