Reducing fuel consumption of a light-duty vehicle by incorporating CuO nanoparticles in compressor lubricant of air-conditioning system

Ali Can Yılmaz; Ozlem Erdem

doi:10.18245/ijaet.1376297

Araştırma Makalesi

Reducing fuel consumption of a light-duty vehicle by incorporating CuO nanoparticles in compressor lubricant of air-conditioning system

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 12 - 22, 27.03.2024

Ali Can Yılmaz , Ozlem Erdem

https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1376297

Öz

This experimental study aims to investigate the effects of copper (II) oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (~50 nm, 99.9% trace metal basis) incorporation in polyalkylene glycol (PAG) lubricant of a compressor included in air-conditioning (AC) system of a light duty passenger car. Observations on fuel consumption in real-world driving tests while the AC system is fully running were conducted. In order to determine the impacts of CuO nanoparticle incorporation in PAG oil, friction (pin-on-disc tribotester) and wear tests were carried out along with surface visualization analyses of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) on the disc samples laser-cut from the spare AC compressor vanes. Morphology and thermal stability of the CuO nanoparticles were also investigated via SEM and thermal gravimetric (TG) analyses, respectively. Wear rate (WR), average coefficient of friction (µa) and surface roughness analyses on the specimen surfaces were conducted to procure a comprehensive knowledge about the tribological improvement of CuO nanoparticles. All analyses were repeated on the identical metal samples in PAG lubricant bath (PL) and CuO nanolubricant (NL) separately under the same conditions and average of the test results were taken into account to minimize error. The results demonstrate that reductions of 15.5% in average coefficient of friction, 33% in wear rate and 9% in average surface roughness were achieved resulting in a decrease of 7.7% in fuel consumption at designated driving conditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

CuO nanoparticles, AC rotary compressor, nanolubricant, fuel consumption

Destekleyen Kurum

This study was fiscally supported by Cukurova University, Scientific Research Projects (Grant number: FBA-2021-14009).

Teşekkür

The authors would like to thank Cukurova University, Central Research Laboratory for their technical help in conducting this study.

Kaynakça

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Yıl 2024, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1, 12 - 22, 27.03.2024

Ali Can Yılmaz , Ozlem Erdem

https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1376297

Öz

Kaynakça

T. Klier and J. Linn, “Fuel prices and new vehicle fuel economy — Comparing the United States and Western Europe,” J. Environ. Econ. Manage., vol. 66, no. 2, pp. 280–300, 2013. doi: 10.1016/j.jeem.2013.03.003.
H. Allcot, "The welfare effects of misperceived product costs: data and calibrations from the automobile market. American Economic J.: Economic Pol., vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 30-66, 2013. doi: 10.1257/pol.5.3.30.
J. Thomas, S. Huff and B. West, "Fuel economy and emissions effects of low tire pressure, open windows, roof top and hitch-mounted cargo, and trailer," SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Mech. Syst. vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 862-872, 2014. doi: 10.4271/2014-01-1614.
S. d'Ambrosio, R. Vitolo, N. Salamone and E. Oliva, "Active tire pressure control (ATPC) for passenger cars: Design, performance, and analysis of the potential fuel economy improvement" SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Mech. Syst. Vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 321-339, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4271/2018-01-1340.
L. J. Bachman, "Do changes in temperature and inflation pressure affect rolling resistance during road and track testing for fuel economy of class 8 tractor-trailers?" Tire Science and Technol. vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 93–104, 2018. doi: https://doi.org/10.2346/tire.18.460203.
S. d’Ambrosio, R. Vitolo, "Potential impact of active tire pressure management on fuel consumption reduction in passenger vehicles" J. Auto. Eng. vol. 233, no. 4, pp. 961-975, 2019. doi:10.1177/0954407018756776.
W. H. Waddell, “Effect of inflation pressure on tire rolling resistance and vehicle fuel economy,” pp. 77–79, 2017.
C. Samaras, Y. Choueiri, J. Lund, M. Woody and P. Vaishnav, “Measuring of traction and speed characteristics as well as of fuel economy of a car in road conditions measuring of traction and speed characteristics as well as of fuel economy of a car in road conditions,” 2016. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/142/1/012101.
J. Abinesh and J. Arunkumar, “CFD analysis of aerodynamic drag reduction and improve fuel economy,” Int. J. Mech. Eng, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 430-440, 2014.
Y. Onishi, K. Ogawa, J. Sawada, Y. Suwa et al., "On road fuel economy impact by the aerodynamic specifications under the natural wind," SAE Technical Paper, pp. 12, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4271/2020-01-0678.
Y. Cho, C. Chang, A. Shestopalov and E. Tate, "Optimization of active grille shutters operation for improved fuel economy," SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Mech. Syst. vol.10, no. 2, pp. 563-572, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-1513.
L. Dalessio, B. Duncan, C. Chang, J. Gargoloff et al., "Accurate fuel economy prediction via a realistic wind averaged drag coefficient," SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars - Mech. Syst. vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 265-277, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-1535.
Y. Pourasad, A. Ghanati and M. Khosravi, “Optimal design of aerodynamic force supplementary devices for the improvement of fuel consumption and emissions,” 2017. doi: 10.1177/0958305X16681686.
W. Pan, C. Yao, G. Han, H. Wei and Q. Wang, “The impact of intake air temperature on performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel methanol dual fuel engine,” Fuel, vol. 162, pp. 101–110, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.08.073.
N. R. Abdullah, et.al. "M. Engineering, “Fuel economy and exhaust emissions of a small gasoline,” vol. 6, pp. 949–958, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/jmes.6.2014.21.0091.
M. Guo, N. Shimasaki, K. Nishida, Y. Ogata and Y. Wada, “Experimental study on fuel spray characteristics under atmospheric and pressurized cross-flow conditions,” Fuel, vol. 184, pp. 846–855, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.07.083.
J. Hu, et al. “E ff ects of pilot injection strategy of diesel fuel on combustion characteristics in a premixed methanol-air mixture atmosphere in a CVCC,” Fuel, vol. 234, no. 92, pp. 1132–1143, 2018. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2018.07.160.
T. Balasubramani, S. Jeyapaul, K. Karthick, M. Karthick, G. Manikandan, "Fuel efficiency improvement in a petrol engine by using water injection." Int. J. Latest Trends in Eng. Technol., vol. 6, no. 4, 2016.
C. Cinar, A. Uyumaz, H. Solmaz, F. Sahin, and E. Yilmaz, “Effects of intake air temperature on combustion , performance and emission characteristics of a HCCI engine fueled with the blends of 20 % n-heptane and 80 % isooctane fuels,” Fuel, vol. 130, pp. 275–281, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.10.026.
Á. Ramos, J. Barba, and C. Dolores, “Improving fuel economy and engine performance,” Energies, vol. 13, pp. 1–14, 2020. doi:10.3390/en13133499.
P. Iodice, G. Langella, and A. Amoresano, "Ethanol in gasoline fuel blends: Effect on fuel consumption and engine out emissions of SI engines in cold operating conditions," Appl. Therm. Eng. vol. 130, no. 3, pp. 1081-1089, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.11.090 1359-4311.
C. Orlebar, A. Joedicke and W. Tudzinski, "The effects of octane, sensitivity and k on the performance and fuel economy of a direct injection spark ignition vehicle," SAE Technical Paper, 2014. https://doi.org/10.4271/2014-01-1216.
Y. Huang, N. C. Surawski, B. Organ, J. L. Zhou, O. H. H. Tang, and E. F. C. Chan, “Science of the total environment fuel consumption and emissions performance under real driving : Comparison between hybrid and conventional vehicles,” Sci. Total Environ., vol. 659, pp. 275–282, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.349.
M. Zhou, H. Jin, and W. Wang, “A review of vehicle fuel consumption models to evaluate eco-driving and eco-routing,” Transp. Res. Part D, vol. 49, no. 5, pp. 203–218, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2016.09.008.
T. Tang, X. Luo, and K. Liu, “Impacts of the driver’s bounded rationality on the traffic running cost under the car-following model,” Physica A, vol. 457, pp. 316–321, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.physa.2016.03.113.
R. Farrington and J. Rugh, “Impact of vehicle air-conditioning on fuel economy, tailpipe emissions, and electric vehicle range preprint,” no. September, 2000.
M. Bentrcia, M. Alshitawi, and H. Omar, “Developments of alternative systems for automotive air conditioning-A review,” J. Mech. Sci. Tech. vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 1857–1867, 2018. doi: 10.1007/s12206-018-0342-2.
T. Onoda, “IEA policies—G8 recommendations and an afterwards,” Energy Policy, vol. 37, no. 10, pp. 3823–3831, 2009. doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2009.07.021.
A. Subiantoro, K. T. Ooi, and U. Stimming, “Energy saving measures for automotive air conditioning (AC) system in the tropics,” 15th International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference at Purdue, July 14-17, 2014.
A. Elagouz, M. K. Ahmed, W. H. Azmi, and M. Z. Sharif, “Composite nanolubricants in automotive air conditioning system : An investigation on its performance composite nanolubricants in automotive air conditioning system,” Mat. Sci Tech., vol. 469, 2019. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/469/1/012078.
N. N. M. Zawawi, W. H. Azmi, and M. F. Ghazali, “Tribological performance of Al2O3–SiO2/PAG composite nanolubricants for application in air-conditioning compressor,” Wear, vol. 492–493, pp. 204238, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2022.204238.
M. Z. Sharif, W. H. Azmi, A. A. M. Redhwan, R. Mamat, and T. M. Yusof, “Performance analysis of SiO2/PAG nanolubricant,” Int. J. Refrig., vol. 75, pp. 204–216, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2017.01.004.
A. H. Hamisa and W. H. Azmi, “The stability of TiO2/POE nanolubricant for automotive air-conditioning system of hybrid electric vehicles,” Mat. Sci. Eng., vol. 863, 2020. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/863/1/012050.
A. O. Pag et al., “Optimization of air conditioning performance with Al2O3-SiO2/PAG composite nanolubricants using the response surface method,” Lubricants, vol. 10, pp. 243, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/lubricants10100243 2022.
A. A. M. Redhwan, W. H. Azmi, G. Najafi, M. Z. Sharif, and N. N. M. Zawawi, “Application of response surface methodology in optimization of automotive air-conditioning performance operating with SiO2/PAG nanolubricant,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol. 135, no. 2, pp. 1269–1283, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s10973-018-7539-6.
M. Z. Sharif, W. H. Azmi, A. A. M. Redhwan, R. Mamat, and G. Najafi, “Energy saving in automotive air conditioning system performance using SiO2/PAG nanolubricants automotive air conditioning,” J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol. 135, no. 2, pp. 1285–1297, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s10973-018-7728-3.
M. Kamal et al., “Tribology International Improving the tribological characteristics of piston ring assembly in automotive engines using Al2O3 and TiO2 nanomaterials as nano- lubricant additives,” Tribol. Int., vol. 103, pp. 540–554, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.triboint.2016.08.011.
M. K. A. Ali, H. Xianjun, R. F. Turkson, Z. Peng and X. Chen, "Enhancing the thermophysical properties and tribological behaviour of engine oils using nano-lubricant additives," RSC Adv., vol. 6, no. 81, pp. 77913-77924, 2016. doi: 10.1039/C6RA10543B.
W. Dai, B. Kheireddin, H. Gao and H. Liang, " Roles of nanoparticles in oil lubrication," Tribol. Int. vol. 102, pp. 88-98, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2016.05.020.
Y. Y. Wu, W. C. Tsui, and T. C. Liu, “Experimental analysis of tribological properties of lubricating oils with nanoparticle additives,” vol. 262, pp. 819–825, 2007. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2006.08.021.
Y. Peng, Y. Hu, and H. Wang, “Tribological behaviors of surfactant-functionalized carbon nanotubes as lubricant additive in water,” Tribol. Lett., vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 247–253, 2007. doi: 10.1007/s11249-006-9176-7.
A. Krishnamurthy, A. Razak, B. S. Halemani, A. Buradi, A. Afzal, and A. S. C, “Materials Today : Proceedings Performance enhancement in tribological properties of lubricants by dispersing TiO2 nanoparticles,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 47, pp. 6180–6184, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2021.05.083.
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A. H. Battez et al., “CuO , ZrO2 and ZnO nanoparticles as antiwear additive in oil lubricants,” Wear, vol. 265, pp. 422–428, 2008. doi: 10.1016/j.wear.2007.11.013.
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Toplam 62 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Otomotiv Mühendisliği ve Malzemeleri, Otomotiv Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm	Article
Yazarlar	Ali Can Yılmaz 0000-0001-9832-9880 Ozlem Erdem 0000-0002-0976-2162
Yayımlanma Tarihi	27 Mart 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi	15 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi	4 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2024 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA	Yılmaz, A. C., & Erdem, O. (2024). Reducing fuel consumption of a light-duty vehicle by incorporating CuO nanoparticles in compressor lubricant of air-conditioning system. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 13(1), 12-22. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1376297
AMA	Yılmaz AC, Erdem O. Reducing fuel consumption of a light-duty vehicle by incorporating CuO nanoparticles in compressor lubricant of air-conditioning system. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. Mart 2024;13(1):12-22. doi:10.18245/ijaet.1376297
Chicago	Yılmaz, Ali Can, ve Ozlem Erdem. “Reducing Fuel Consumption of a Light-Duty Vehicle by Incorporating CuO Nanoparticles in Compressor Lubricant of Air-Conditioning System”. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 13, sy. 1 (Mart 2024): 12-22. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1376297.
EndNote	Yılmaz AC, Erdem O (01 Mart 2024) Reducing fuel consumption of a light-duty vehicle by incorporating CuO nanoparticles in compressor lubricant of air-conditioning system. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 13 1 12–22.
IEEE	A. C. Yılmaz ve O. Erdem, “Reducing fuel consumption of a light-duty vehicle by incorporating CuO nanoparticles in compressor lubricant of air-conditioning system”, International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, c. 13, sy. 1, ss. 12–22, 2024, doi: 10.18245/ijaet.1376297.
ISNAD	Yılmaz, Ali Can - Erdem, Ozlem. “Reducing Fuel Consumption of a Light-Duty Vehicle by Incorporating CuO Nanoparticles in Compressor Lubricant of Air-Conditioning System”. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 13/1 (Mart 2024), 12-22. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.1376297.
JAMA	Yılmaz AC, Erdem O. Reducing fuel consumption of a light-duty vehicle by incorporating CuO nanoparticles in compressor lubricant of air-conditioning system. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. 2024;13:12–22.
MLA	Yılmaz, Ali Can ve Ozlem Erdem. “Reducing Fuel Consumption of a Light-Duty Vehicle by Incorporating CuO Nanoparticles in Compressor Lubricant of Air-Conditioning System”. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, c. 13, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 12-22, doi:10.18245/ijaet.1376297.
Vancouver	Yılmaz AC, Erdem O. Reducing fuel consumption of a light-duty vehicle by incorporating CuO nanoparticles in compressor lubricant of air-conditioning system. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. 2024;13(1):12-2.

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